Infectious disorders drug targets最新文献

Background: In this paper, we have discussed recent advances in our understanding of the aetiology of psoriasis, particularly as they relate to aryl hydrocarbon receptors in DCs, Langerhans cells, macrophages, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways, and dermal vascular endothelial cells. Here, we have shown that the ability to target specific cellular and molecular components of psoriasis pathogenesis with nanoscale precision using phos-phodiesterase 4 inhibitors represents a transformative opportunity to address the complex nature of this dermatological condition.

Objective: In this review, we have examined the molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenic features of psoriasis and new treatments being tested in clinical settings. There is research being done on new treatments created in the last ten years. This field highlights the advantages of nan-otechnological technologies as cutting-edge candidates for drug delivery systems in psoriasis and other inflammatory chronic skin disorders. Future Developments: Nanotechnology-based treatments currently under study show good effi-cacy and low side effect profiles. However, long-term prospective trials are required to demon-strate long-term safety and effectiveness. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, Janus kinase inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, combinations of vitamin D3 derivatives and corticoster-oids, and coal tar formulations are some of the newer topical treatments for psoriasis.

Conclusion: The psoriasis treatment continues to involve conventional medications (i.e., medi-cines that are generally acknowledged as either normal therapy or outdated remedies), whether used topically or orally. Nonetheless, we are starting to see initiatives to create pharmaceuticals and biosimilars with better therapeutic results, fewer side effects, and greater efficacy.

The pink eye outbreak in 2023 was caused due to humid weather conditions in most regions of India. The most affected states include Delhi, Gujrat (21% cases), Maharashtra (30%), Himachal Pradesh (4%) and Karnataka (4%). The epidemiological data indicates that males have a high prevalence rate as compared to females; urban areas were most affected, and professionals as well as students were the population group that had the highest prevalence rate. The most common clinical manifestations were the presence of red eye, eye discharge, grittiness, and eyelashes being stuck together. One of the hallmarks of histopathology is a cobblestone formation of flattened nodules with central vascular centers. Conjunctivitis is a virusmediated immune response accompanied by inflammation, which proceeds the immune reaction, giving rise to vasodilation, pseudo membrane formation, and conjunctivital discharge. The gold standard for the diagnosis of Conjunctivitis is the Adenoplus kit using PCR technology; apart from this slit lamp biomicroscope can be used for the evaluation. It is the need of the hour to spread awareness about the Pink Eye disease and the measures to prevent it.

Background: Iran has a relatively high prevalence of H. pylori, which correlates with high-risk areas for gastric cancer worldwide.

Methods: Our study aimed to investigate the underlying genetic mechanisms associated with resistance to metronidazole (frxA, rdxA), clarithromycin (23S rRNA), tetracycline (16S rRNA), and fluoroquinolone (gyrA) in H. pylori-positive dyspeptic patients using PCR and sequencing. We further examined the potential correlation between resistance profiles and various virulence genotypes.

Results: The rates of genetic mutations associated with resistance to metronidazole, fluoroquinolone, clarithromycin, and tetracycline were found to be 68%, 32.1%, 28.4%, and 11.1%, respectively. Well-documented multiple antibiotic resistance mutations were detected, such as rdxA and frxA (with missense and frameshift alterations), gyrA (Asp91, Asn87), 23S rRNA (A2142G, A2143G), and 16S rRNA (triple-base-pair substitutions AGA926-928→TTC). The cagA+ and vacA s1/m1 types were the predominant genotypes in our study. With the exception of metronidazole and tetracycline, no significant correlation was observed between the cagA+ and cagL+ genotypes and resistance-associated mutations.

Conclusion: The prevalence of antibiotic resistance-associated mutations in H. pylori was remarkably high in this region, particularly to metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and clarithromycin. By conducting a simultaneous screening of virulence and resistance genotypes, clinicians can make informed decisions regarding the appropriate therapeutic regimen to prevent the escalation of antibiotic resistance against H. pylori infection in this specific geographical location.

Emerging infectious diseases and increasing resistance to available antimicrobials are mapping the evolution of clinical microbiology and escalating the nature of undertakings required. Rapid diagnosis has become the need of the hour, which can affect diagnostic algorithms and therapeutic decisions simultaneously. Subsequently, the concept of 'diagnostic stewardship' was introduced into clinical practice for coherent implementation of available diagnostic modalities to ensure that these new rapid diagnostic technologies are conserved, rather than consumed as part of health care resources, with a view to improve the patient care and reduce Turnaround Time (TAT) and treatment expense. The present study highlights the requisite of diagnostic stewardship and outlines the infectious disease diagnostic modalities that can assist in its successful implementation. Diagnostic stewardship promotes precise, timely diagnostics, from the initial specimen collection and identification to reporting with appropriate TAT, so as to enable timely management of the patient. The main aim of diagnostic stewardship is to optimize the right choice of diagnostic test for the right patient to attain clinically significant reports with the least possible TAT for timely management and the least expected adverse effects for the patient, community, and the healthcare system. This underlines the requisite of a multifaceted approach to make technological advancements effective and successful for implementation as a part of diagnostic stewardship for the best patient care.

The Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) hasn't seen the dawn since its emergence, however waxing and waning has resulted in the emergence of deadly variants. The effects of pandemic have not been limited to its virulence, but have rather conferred multiple collateral effects, especially in developing countries; thereby, designating it as a SYNDEMIC. The same culminated in neglect of non-COVID-19 conditions like tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Besides being the prognostic factor for severe COVID-19, these infections in hidden pockets served as reservoir for emergence of the deadly Omicron. Another significant impact of this juxtaposition was on the delivery of healthcare services for TB and HIV.

The unanticipated COVID-19 pandemic turned the path of ongoing progress of elimination programs. Direct consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic were pronounced on diagnosis, treatment, and services for patients with TB and HIV. Essential TB services were reallocated to the COVID-19 rapid response task force. However, despite escalating the tribulations, this triple burden has simultaneously taught lessons to escalate the progress of halted programs. The pandemic has catalyzed an unusual level of collaboration among scientists, which can be exploited for TB and HIV. Fast-track diagnostics, digitalization, contact tracing, and vaccine development have enabled world to envision the same for TB/HIV.

Diphtheria, a vaccine-preventable disease, has resurfaced in Nigeria, where many outbreaks have been reported in recent years. The outbreaks have occurred across the country, including in areas with high vaccination coverage. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causal agent, is a highly contagious bacteria that can cause severe respiratory and systemic symptoms and can be fatal if not treated. The reemergence of diphtheria in Nigeria is most likely due to a combination of factors, including gaps in routine immunization regimens. The outbreak is further aggravated by multiple epidemics, which have diverted resources and attention away from the emergency of other infectious diseases. Furthermore, there is a lack of awareness of diphtheria in Nigeria. With a focus on the difficulties in controlling the disease, methods of diagnosis, available treatments, and preventive measures, this study provides a thorough analysis of diphtheria, covering its historical context, clinical presentation, associated complications, and current outbreaks. It emphasizes how important vaccination, early detection, and better access to healthcare are in reducing diphtheria outbreaks. The study highlights the serious effects of diphtheria on public health, particularly in regions with scarce resources and vaccine resistance, and offers a number of suggestions to overcome these challenges and prevent further outbreaks.