Infectious disorders drug targets最新文献

Hygiene has been identified as an important step in anticipating health-related pollution, with conflicting reports about consistent sanitation standards in the nation. This narrative review of published studies has led to the discussion of hand hygiene and health practices, as well as the identification of necessary methods that are available in low and middle-income countries. An effective survey of accessible information is conducted in this way based on review questions. A number of 372 articles were found on the web, and 32 articles were used in the final analysis. Overall, the standard of hand hygiene is set at 20.49%. Difficulties identified for the people in low or middle-income countries are poor awareness and sound information about hand hygiene, lack of resources including water, soap, hand scrubbing gel, etc., as misinterpretations related to hand hygiene practices. People are paying more attention to healthcare-related illnesses as it becomes increasingly clear that most of them may be prevented. The free evidence-based practice states that to lower the danger of contamination, hand hygiene should be properly adhered to. The difficulties recognized in this review are reliable, with the discoveries of studies that have been led somewhere else. By conducting a basic examination of the "Clean Care is Safer Care" as an excellent arrangement of WHO's global initiative activity on patient well-being programs, developing nations will have more time to consider the essential approaches for the use of fundamental disease prevention exercises in our health care settings.

Objective: The current study aimed to formulate and evaluate herbal gels containing essential oils for the treatment of infection caused by microbial species, i.e., S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and B. subtilis. These species are also responsible for acne directly and indirectly.

Material and methods: The gels were prepared using a gelling agent with 1% Carbopol-940, and they were further evaluated for physical appearance, drug content, in-vitro drug release, viscosity, extrudability, pH, and spreadability. Further, anti-microbial screening was done with various microbial species.

Results: Studies revealed that the gel was highly effective against the selected species except for the fungal strain. ZOI was observed ranging from 3.1 ± 0.01 mm to 13.4 ± 0.14 mm. The maximum ZOI was observed at 13.4 ± 0.14 mm against S. aureus. The physical properties of the gel satisfied the standard parameters.

Conclusion: The prepared herbal gel was found to have highly promising activity against bacterial species associated with bacterial infection but in a dose-dependent manner. However, more research is required.

Background: In this article, we present the results of a multicenter clinical trial of IFN-γ in patients with drug-susceptible and drug-resistant pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) in routine clinical practice.

Objective: This study aimed to confirm the efficacy and safety of IFN-γ administered to patients with TB.

Methods: All patients were diagnosed with TB after being tested by bacterioscopic and molecular genetic methods and had no contraindications to standard chemotherapy.

Results: Recombinant human IFN-γ proved high efficacy in multi-center clinical trial in routine TB practice.

Conclusion: The results show that IFN-γ is efficient and safe in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinical Trial Registration #: NCT06118619.

This article explores the Human Monkeypox Virus (MPV), a contagious virus that causes disease in both vertebrates and insects. It originated in Denmark in 1958 and expanded beyond Africa during the 1970s. The virus was initially detected in the United States in 2003 following the hospitalisation of a toddler who had been bitten by a prairie dog. The article examines the identification of the virus, its categorization into two genetic groups with different levels of harmfulness, and its genetic changes over time due to specific influences. Additionally, it investigates the immunological reaction to MPXV, encompassing both the innate and adaptive systems. This article also addresses the diagnostic difficulties presented by MPXV's resemblance to other orthopoxviruses and the progress made in molecular diagnostics. The paper analyses different therapeutic interventions, such as tecovirimat, an antiviral medication, and JYNNEOS, a vaccine, in terms of their efficacy, potential drawbacks, and the difficulties encountered in managing outbreaks. The future outlook emphasises the necessity of inventive research methodologies, worldwide monitoring, and individualised medical treatments to counteract the dissemination of MPXV and alleviate its consequences on public health.

Pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, etc., are common types of acne that pop up on the skin each time, whenever dead cells and oils obstruct the outgrowth of hair from the hair follicle. It is very common to observe this condition in teenagers, but regardless of age, if the causing condition is met, acne can occur at any point in life. The characteristic feature of all types of acne is it starts with inflammation of the skin. These inflammatory marks (like black spots, pores, small scars, etc.) leave behind even when acne disappears. Plants like vegetables and flowers are naturally rich in different types of polyphenolic compounds called flavonoids. These flavonoids have various key functions, from guiding cell movement to maintaining oxidative pressure in the body. In this study, we discuss six types of flavonoids that have the potential to be used as medicine for the treatment of different kinds of skin breakouts. Moreover, the result of molecular docking of different proteins that have an association with acne is also discussed.

Background: COVID-19 patient hospitalization, particularly in intensive care units, exposes them to bacterial and fungi co-infections, which can have very serious consequences, including increased mortality. In addition, antibiotic resistance among pathogens is a hidden threat behind COVID-19.

Methods: In the period from 2020 September to 2021 August, bacterial isolates from COVID- 19 patients admitted to the ICU of Sina Hospital in Hamadan, Iran, were collected and identified based on standard biochemical tests. COVID-19 cases were confirmed based on clinical symptoms, computed tomography, and polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods.

Results: In total, 207 bacterial isolates were collected, with Klebsiella pneumoniae accounting for 69 (33.33%) and Acinetobacter baumannii accounting for 59 (28.15%). The frequency and percentage of isolated bacteria were as follows: Alcaligenes species 28 (13.59%), Staphylococcus aureus 18 (8.73%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15 (7.28%), Escherichia coli 11 (5.33%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 3 (1.45%), Enterococcus species 3 (1.45%), and Serratia species 1 (0.48%). About 95.38% resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime and 92.31% resistance to ciprofloxacin and cefepime were found in K. pneumoniae isolates. A. baumannii isolates were 100% resistant to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime. About 22.22% resistance to vancomycin and 66.67% resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, and cefoxitin were seen in S. aureus isolates.

Conclusion: Knowledge of bacterial co-infections and their antibiotic resistance pattern in COVID-19 patients can help in choosing effective antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a significant global health threat, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. These infections can lead to severe illness and death, placing a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. Fungi were not previously considered a substantial risk to human health, but this perception changed with the rise of the HIV epidemic. The emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains further complicates the management of these infections, highlighting the urgent need for effective antifungal therapies. Innovative approaches in antifungal drug delivery formulations. This article explores the role of effective antifungal drug delivery formulations in combating the rise of IFIs. These formulations, ranging from lipid-based systems like liposomes and lipid emulsions to polymeric nanoparticles and microparticles, offer several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods. Optimizing these formulations may improve drug efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, and enhance patient outcomes. Furthermore, advancements in nanotechnology and targeted drug delivery systems hold promise in overcoming existing limitations and expanding the scope of antifungal therapies.

Introduction: Biosurfactants are naturally occurring compounds with various applications, biodegradable, non-toxic, and effective in different conditions. This study focuses on the extraction and evaluation of biosurfactants produced by five strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for their potential to inhibit biofilm formation and adhesion by Streptococcus mutans.

Methods: The strains of LAB-producing biosurfactants such as Lactobacillus salivarius, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei, and L. rhamnosus were confirmed by the hemolysis test. The presence of biosurfactants derived from LAB strains and their molecular composition were confirmed, and their cellular toxicity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were investigated. Ultimately, the anti-biofilm and anti-adhesive activities of LAB-derived biosurfactants against S. mutans were determined. Eventually, the effect of biosurfactants on the changes in gene expression associated with biofilm formation of S. mutans was assessed. All the LAB strains used in this study were biosurfactant producers. The LAB-derived biosurfactants exhibited no cytotoxicity towards the human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell line. According to the results, the lowest and highest MIC values were observed in the biosurfactants derived from L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum at 0.78 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. The MBC values for the biosurfactants derived from L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L. salivarius, L. acidophilus, and L. plantarum were 3.12, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The LAB-derived biosurfactants at MBC concentrations exhibited significant inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and adhesion of S. mutans (P<0.05) The highest anti-biofilm and anti-adhesion activities were attributed to the biosurfactants derived from L. plantarum, which were not significantly different from the 0.2% chlorhexidine as a positive control group (P>0.05). Moreover, all biosurfactants could significantly decrease the gene expression level of gtfB (P>0.05).

Results: The study found that LAB-derived biosurfactants exhibit significant anti-adhesion and anti-biofilm activities against S. mutans without any observed cellular toxicity towards HGF cells.

Conclusion: These promising bioactive compounds can be utilized as natural antimicrobial agents and biofilm inhibitors to prevent microbial biofilm formation and adhesion in various dental applications, offering a safe and effective alternative for controlling dental biofilms and improving oral health outcomes.

As of early October 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, resulted in approximately 35 million cases and one million fatalities worldwide. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease marked by the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies and a lack of tolerance to nuclear self-antigens. Hypocomplementemia, or an abnormal blood complement deficit, is a reliable predictor of infection in SLE patients. Moreover, it has been found that immunoglobulin (Ig), particularly IgG and IgM, is lowered in SLE patients, which may be a factor in their heightened susceptibility to infection. Bloodstream autoantibodies, lymphopenia, aberrant T-cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and impaired regulatory systems all lead to an immune response that is aberrant in lupus patients. SLE patients exhibit impaired CD8 T-cell responses, including abnormal phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Recent study has shown that COVID-19 infections significantly boost type I interferon responses. Patients with SLE and Covid-19 infection typically get immune-suppressing drugs viz corticosteroids, Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK), and tocilizumab, which improve their immune systems and diminution susceptible to COVID-19 infections.