Treatment options for obstructive sleep apnea include positive airway pressure and alternatives such as behavioral interventions, oral appliances, nasal expiratory positive airway pressure, negative pressure interventions, and surgical procedures. Certain drugs are also promising. An important aspect of the treatment includes troubleshooting the reasons for poor adherence to positive airway pressure treatment, discussing alternatives based either on individual preference or on phenotypic characterization of the sleep apnea, and managing expectations.
Interventions for benign prostatic hyperplasia have evolved from transurethral resection of the prostate and simple prostatectomy to a myriad of office-based and operating-room procedures. The contemporary approach involves matching the right procedure to the right patient, choosing on the basis of prostate characteristics, patient preference, and urologist expertise. This review details currently available and guideline-backed surgical and procedural treatments.
For patients with decompensated cirrhosis, health maintenance is critical to improve survival rates and prevent adverse outcomes. We review the primary care management of cirrhosis and its complications, such as esophageal varices, hepatocellular carcinoma, and chemical or medication exposures. We also highlight specific immunizations and lifestyle modifications to prevent decompensation, and we summarize current screening guidelines.
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