Lithium niobate, known as one of the most widely used nonlinear optical crystals, has recently received significant attention from both academia and industrial circles. The surge in interest can be attributed to the commercial availability of thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) wafers and the rapid advancements in nanofabrication techniques. A milestone was achieved in 2020 with the successful fabrication of wafer-scale TFLN photonic integrated circuits, which paved the way for mass-producible and cost-effective manufacturing of TFLN-based products.At present, the majority of research on TFLN photonic integrated devices focuses on light manipulation, i.e. field modulation and frequency conversion. The electro-optic, acousto-optic, photo-elastic and piezo-electric effects of lithium niobate are harnessed to modulate the amplitude, phase and frequency of light. The second-order and third-order nonlinearities of lithium niobate enable frequency conversion processes, which leads to the development of frequency converters, optical frequency combs, and supercontinuum generation devices. These exceptional optical properties of lithium niobate enable the electromagnetic wave to manipulate covering from radio-frequency to terahertz, infrared, and visible bands. Using the outstanding performance of TFLN photonic integrated devices, including remarkable modulation rate, wide operation bandwidth, efficient nonlinear frequency conversion, and low power consumption, diverse applications, such as spanning optical information processing, laser ranging, optical frequency combs, microwave optics, precision measurement, quantum optics, and quantum computing, are demonstrated.Additionally, it is reported that TFLN-based lasers and amplifiers have made remarkable progress, and both optical and electrical pumps are available. These achievements include combining gain materials, such as rare-earth ions or heterostructures, with III-V semiconductors. The integration of low-dimensional materials or absorptive metals with TFLN can also realize TFLN-based detectors. These significant developments expand the potential applications of TFLN photonic integrated devices, thus paving the way for monolithic TFLN chips.The versatility and high performances of TFLN photonic integrated devices have made revolutionary progress in these fields, opening up new possibilities for cutting-edge technologies and their practical implementations. In this point of view, we briefly introduce the development of TFLN nanofabricationn technology. Subsequently, we review the latest progress of TFLN photonic integrated devices, including lasers, functional nonlinear optical devices, and detectors. Finally, we discuss the future development directions and potential ways of TFLN photonics.
{"title":"Thin-film lithium niobate photonic integrated devices: Progresses and opportunities","authors":"None Xiao Xiong, None Qi-Tao Cao, None Yun-Feng Xiao","doi":"10.7498/aps.72.20231295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20231295","url":null,"abstract":"<sec>Lithium niobate, known as one of the most widely used nonlinear optical crystals, has recently received significant attention from both academia and industrial circles. The surge in interest can be attributed to the commercial availability of thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) wafers and the rapid advancements in nanofabrication techniques. A milestone was achieved in 2020 with the successful fabrication of wafer-scale TFLN photonic integrated circuits, which paved the way for mass-producible and cost-effective manufacturing of TFLN-based products.</sec><sec>At present, the majority of research on TFLN photonic integrated devices focuses on light manipulation, i.e. field modulation and frequency conversion. The electro-optic, acousto-optic, photo-elastic and piezo-electric effects of lithium niobate are harnessed to modulate the amplitude, phase and frequency of light. The second-order and third-order nonlinearities of lithium niobate enable frequency conversion processes, which leads to the development of frequency converters, optical frequency combs, and supercontinuum generation devices. These exceptional optical properties of lithium niobate enable the electromagnetic wave to manipulate covering from radio-frequency to terahertz, infrared, and visible bands. Using the outstanding performance of TFLN photonic integrated devices, including remarkable modulation rate, wide operation bandwidth, efficient nonlinear frequency conversion, and low power consumption, diverse applications, such as spanning optical information processing, laser ranging, optical frequency combs, microwave optics, precision measurement, quantum optics, and quantum computing, are demonstrated.</sec><sec>Additionally, it is reported that TFLN-based lasers and amplifiers have made remarkable progress, and both optical and electrical pumps are available. These achievements include combining gain materials, such as rare-earth ions or heterostructures, with III-V semiconductors. The integration of low-dimensional materials or absorptive metals with TFLN can also realize TFLN-based detectors. These significant developments expand the potential applications of TFLN photonic integrated devices, thus paving the way for monolithic TFLN chips.</sec><sec>The versatility and high performances of TFLN photonic integrated devices have made revolutionary progress in these fields, opening up new possibilities for cutting-edge technologies and their practical implementations. In this point of view, we briefly introduce the development of TFLN nanofabricationn technology. Subsequently, we review the latest progress of TFLN photonic integrated devices, including lasers, functional nonlinear optical devices, and detectors. Finally, we discuss the future development directions and potential ways of TFLN photonics.</sec>","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135550689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Zhang Shan-Liang, None Xing Hongxi, None Wang Enke
One of the main goals of high-energy nuclear physics is to explore the fundamental properties of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a new state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, in which the energetic quarks and gluons, known as fast partons, created prior to the formation of the QGP, traverse the hot-dense medium and experience strong interactions with the constituents of the medium, and eventually lead to the attenuation of jet energy. Such a novel phenomenon, referred to as jet quenching, plays an essential role in probing the transport properties of the QGP. The objective of this paper is to review some of the latest experimental and theoretical progress of jet quenching, such as medium modification on the large begin{document}$ p_{rm T} $end{document} hadrons, full jets, and jet substructures in heavy-ion collisions, as well as the challenges in the forefront theoretical investigations.
One of the main goals of high-energy nuclear physics is to explore the fundamental properties of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a new state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, in which the energetic quarks and gluons, known as fast partons, created prior to the formation of the QGP, traverse the hot-dense medium and experience strong interactions with the constituents of the medium, and eventually lead to the attenuation of jet energy. Such a novel phenomenon, referred to as jet quenching, plays an essential role in probing the transport properties of the QGP. The objective of this paper is to review some of the latest experimental and theoretical progress of jet quenching, such as medium modification on the large <inline-formula><tex-math id="M11111">begin{document}$ p_{rm T} $end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="20-20230993_M11111.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="20-20230993_M11111.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> hadrons, full jets, and jet substructures in heavy-ion collisions, as well as the challenges in the forefront theoretical investigations.
{"title":"Jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions","authors":"None Zhang Shan-Liang, None Xing Hongxi, None Wang Enke","doi":"10.7498/aps.72.20230993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20230993","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main goals of high-energy nuclear physics is to explore the fundamental properties of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a new state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, in which the energetic quarks and gluons, known as fast partons, created prior to the formation of the QGP, traverse the hot-dense medium and experience strong interactions with the constituents of the medium, and eventually lead to the attenuation of jet energy. Such a novel phenomenon, referred to as jet quenching, plays an essential role in probing the transport properties of the QGP. The objective of this paper is to review some of the latest experimental and theoretical progress of jet quenching, such as medium modification on the large <inline-formula><tex-math id=\"M11111\">begin{document}$ p_{rm T} $end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"20-20230993_M11111.jpg\"/><graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"20-20230993_M11111.png\"/></alternatives></inline-formula> hadrons, full jets, and jet substructures in heavy-ion collisions, as well as the challenges in the forefront theoretical investigations.","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, the formation energy, band structure, state density, differential charge density and optoelectronic properties of undoped and Si doped β-Ga2O3 are calculated using GGA+U method based on density functional theory. The results show that the Si-substituted tetrahedron Ga(1) is more easily synthesized in experiments, and the obtained β-Ga2O3 band gap and Ga 3d state peak are in good agreement with the experimental results, and the effective doping is more likely to be obtained under oxygen-poor conditions. After Si doping, the total energy band moves to the low-energy end, and Fermi level enters the conduction band, showing n-type conductive characterastic. Si 3s orbital electrons occupy the bottom of the conduction band, the degree of electronic coocupy is strengthened, and the conductivity is improved. The dielectric function ε2(ω) results show that with the increase of Si doping concentration, the ability to stimulate conductive electrons first increases and then decreases, which is in good agreement with the quantitative analysis results of conductivity. The optical band gap increases and the absorption band edge rises slowly with the increase of Si doping concentration. The results of absorption spectra show that Si-doped β-Ga2O3 has strong deep ultraviolet photoelectric detection ability. The calculated results provide a theoretical reference for the further experimental investigation and the optimization innovation of Si-doped β-Ga2O3 and relative device design.
{"title":"Invesigation of the electronic structure and Optoelectronic properties of Si-doped <i>β</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> using GGA+U method based on first-principle","authors":"None Zhang Ying-Nan, None Zhang Min, None Zhang Pai, None Hu Wen-Bo","doi":"10.7498/aps.72.20231147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20231147","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the formation energy, band structure, state density, differential charge density and optoelectronic properties of undoped and Si doped <i>β</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> are calculated using GGA+U method based on density functional theory. The results show that the Si-substituted tetrahedron Ga(1) is more easily synthesized in experiments, and the obtained <i>β</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> band gap and Ga 3d state peak are in good agreement with the experimental results, and the effective doping is more likely to be obtained under oxygen-poor conditions. After Si doping, the total energy band moves to the low-energy end, and Fermi level enters the conduction band, showing n-type conductive characterastic. Si 3s orbital electrons occupy the bottom of the conduction band, the degree of electronic coocupy is strengthened, and the conductivity is improved. The dielectric function ε2(ω) results show that with the increase of Si doping concentration, the ability to stimulate conductive electrons first increases and then decreases, which is in good agreement with the quantitative analysis results of conductivity. The optical band gap increases and the absorption band edge rises slowly with the increase of Si doping concentration. The results of absorption spectra show that Si-doped <i>β</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> has strong deep ultraviolet photoelectric detection ability. The calculated results provide a theoretical reference for the further experimental investigation and the optimization innovation of Si-doped <i>β</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and relative device design.","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"377 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136053389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the current growth technology of quantum dot in the experiment, considering that the probe fields and control fields at different frequencies are coupled between different energy levels of the InAs/GaAs quantum dot, the ladder-type, Λ-type and V-type energy level configurations can be formed. The linear and nonlinear properties of these energy level configurations of InAs/GaAs quantum dots are studied by using semiclassical theory combined with multiple scale method. It is shown that in the linear case, electromagnetic induction transparency windows can be formed among ladder-type, Λ-type and V-type energy level configurations. And the width of the transparent window increases with the strength of the control pulse increasing. For the nonlinear case, under the current experimental condition, optical solitons can be formed and stored in ladder-type configuration and begin{document}$ {{Lambda }} $end{document}-type energy level configuration. However, optical solitons cannot be formed in the V-type energy level configurations, which is because the nonlinear effect of the system is very weak. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the fidelity of the storage and retrieval of the optical solitons is higher than that of linear optical pulse and strongly nonlinear optical pulse. Interestingly, it is also found that the amplitude of stored optical solitons in begin{document}$ {{Lambda }} $end{document}-type energy level configuration is higher than that in ladder-type energy level configuration. This study provides a theoretical basis for semiconductor quantum dot devices to modulate the amplitude of the stored optical solitons.
Based on the current growth technology of quantum dot in the experiment, considering that the probe fields and control fields at different frequencies are coupled between different energy levels of the InAs/GaAs quantum dot, the ladder-type, Λ-type and V-type energy level configurations can be formed. The linear and nonlinear properties of these energy level configurations of InAs/GaAs quantum dots are studied by using semiclassical theory combined with multiple scale method. It is shown that in the linear case, electromagnetic induction transparency windows can be formed among ladder-type, Λ-type and V-type energy level configurations. And the width of the transparent window increases with the strength of the control pulse increasing. For the nonlinear case, under the current experimental condition, optical solitons can be formed and stored in ladder-type configuration and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">begin{document}$ {{Lambda }} $end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="8-20221965_M6.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="8-20221965_M6.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-type energy level configuration. However, optical solitons cannot be formed in the V-type energy level configurations, which is because the nonlinear effect of the system is very weak. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the fidelity of the storage and retrieval of the optical solitons is higher than that of linear optical pulse and strongly nonlinear optical pulse. Interestingly, it is also found that the amplitude of stored optical solitons in <inline-formula><tex-math id="M8">begin{document}$ {{Lambda }} $end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="8-20221965_M8.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="8-20221965_M8.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-type energy level configuration is higher than that in ladder-type energy level configuration. This study provides a theoretical basis for semiconductor quantum dot devices to modulate the amplitude of the stored optical solitons.
{"title":"Effect of energy level configuration on storage of optical solitons in InAs/GaAs quantum dot electromagnetically induced transparency medium","authors":"Yin Wang, Si-Jie Zhou, Qiao Chen, Yong-He Deng","doi":"10.7498/aps.72.20221965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20221965","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the current growth technology of quantum dot in the experiment, considering that the probe fields and control fields at different frequencies are coupled between different energy levels of the InAs/GaAs quantum dot, the ladder-type, Λ-type and V-type energy level configurations can be formed. The linear and nonlinear properties of these energy level configurations of InAs/GaAs quantum dots are studied by using semiclassical theory combined with multiple scale method. It is shown that in the linear case, electromagnetic induction transparency windows can be formed among ladder-type, Λ-type and V-type energy level configurations. And the width of the transparent window increases with the strength of the control pulse increasing. For the nonlinear case, under the current experimental condition, optical solitons can be formed and stored in ladder-type configuration and <inline-formula><tex-math id=\"M6\">begin{document}$ {{Lambda }} $end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"8-20221965_M6.jpg\"/><graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"8-20221965_M6.png\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-type energy level configuration. However, optical solitons cannot be formed in the V-type energy level configurations, which is because the nonlinear effect of the system is very weak. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the fidelity of the storage and retrieval of the optical solitons is higher than that of linear optical pulse and strongly nonlinear optical pulse. Interestingly, it is also found that the amplitude of stored optical solitons in <inline-formula><tex-math id=\"M8\">begin{document}$ {{Lambda }} $end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"8-20221965_M8.jpg\"/><graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"8-20221965_M8.png\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-type energy level configuration is higher than that in ladder-type energy level configuration. This study provides a theoretical basis for semiconductor quantum dot devices to modulate the amplitude of the stored optical solitons.","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134996511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Zhang Zhi-Yu, None Zhao Yang, None Qing Bo, None Zhang Ji-Yan, None Ma Jian-Yi, None Lin Cheng-Liang, None Yang Guo-Hong, None Wei Min-Xi, None Xiong Gang, None Lv Min, None Huang Cheng-Wu, None Zhu Tuo, None Song Tian-Ming, None Zhao Yan, None Zhang Yu-Xue, None Zhang Lu, None Li Li-Ling, None Du Hua-Bing, None Che Xing-Sen, None Li Yu-Kun, None Zan Xia-Yu, None Yang Jia-Min
Warm dense matter (WDM), a state of matter which lies at the frontiers between condensed matter and plasma, is one of the main research objects of high energy density physics (HEDP). Compared to the isolated atom, the electron structure of WDM will change because of the influence of density and temperature effect. Since WDM is always strongly coupled and partially degenerated, the precise theoretical description is very complex and accurate experimental studies are also very challenging. In this paper, a study of the density effect on the warm dense matter electron structure based on the x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is presented. In the experiment, warm dense titanium with density larger than solid density is created based on a special designed hohlraum. Then, using the characteristic line spectrum emitted by the laser irradiation on pump material (Vanadium) as pump source, the titanium will emit fluorescence. The x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of titanium with different states is diagnosed by changing the delay time between the pump laser and drive laser. The experimental fluorescence spectrum indicates that the energy difference between Kβ and Kα (Kβ-Kα) of the compressed titanium (7.2~9.2 g/cm3, 1.6~2.4 eV) is about 2 eV smaller than that of cold titanium. Two theoretical methods, finite-temperature relativistic density functional theory (FTRDFT) and two-step Hartree-Fock-Slater (TSHFS), are used to calculate the fluorescence spectrum of warm dense titanium. The calculated results indicate that the energy difference (Kβ-Kα) will decrease with density but change slowly with temperature during the calculated state (4.5~13.5 g/cm3、 0.03~5 eV). FTRDFT overestimates the density effect on the line shift, while TSHFS underestimates the density effect. The future work will focus on optimizing the experimental method of x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, obtaining x-ray fluorescence spectrum of titanium with more state, and then testing the theoretical method for warm dense matter.
{"title":"Density effect on electronic structure of warm dense matter based on x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy","authors":"None Zhang Zhi-Yu, None Zhao Yang, None Qing Bo, None Zhang Ji-Yan, None Ma Jian-Yi, None Lin Cheng-Liang, None Yang Guo-Hong, None Wei Min-Xi, None Xiong Gang, None Lv Min, None Huang Cheng-Wu, None Zhu Tuo, None Song Tian-Ming, None Zhao Yan, None Zhang Yu-Xue, None Zhang Lu, None Li Li-Ling, None Du Hua-Bing, None Che Xing-Sen, None Li Yu-Kun, None Zan Xia-Yu, None Yang Jia-Min","doi":"10.7498/aps.72.20231215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20231215","url":null,"abstract":"Warm dense matter (WDM), a state of matter which lies at the frontiers between condensed matter and plasma, is one of the main research objects of high energy density physics (HEDP). Compared to the isolated atom, the electron structure of WDM will change because of the influence of density and temperature effect. Since WDM is always strongly coupled and partially degenerated, the precise theoretical description is very complex and accurate experimental studies are also very challenging. In this paper, a study of the density effect on the warm dense matter electron structure based on the x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is presented. In the experiment, warm dense titanium with density larger than solid density is created based on a special designed hohlraum. Then, using the characteristic line spectrum emitted by the laser irradiation on pump material (Vanadium) as pump source, the titanium will emit fluorescence. The x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of titanium with different states is diagnosed by changing the delay time between the pump laser and drive laser. The experimental fluorescence spectrum indicates that the energy difference between Kβ and Kα (Kβ-Kα) of the compressed titanium (7.2~9.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 1.6~2.4 eV) is about 2 eV smaller than that of cold titanium. Two theoretical methods, finite-temperature relativistic density functional theory (FTRDFT) and two-step Hartree-Fock-Slater (TSHFS), are used to calculate the fluorescence spectrum of warm dense titanium. The calculated results indicate that the energy difference (Kβ-Kα) will decrease with density but change slowly with temperature during the calculated state (4.5~13.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>、 0.03~5 eV). FTRDFT overestimates the density effect on the line shift, while TSHFS underestimates the density effect. The future work will focus on optimizing the experimental method of x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, obtaining x-ray fluorescence spectrum of titanium with more state, and then testing the theoretical method for warm dense matter.","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135400194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Zhao Rui, None Shen Lai-Quan, None Chang Chao, None Bai Hai-Yang, None Wang Wei-Hua
Lunar glass, a significant component of lunar soil, is produced by non-equilibrium processes on the moon, such as volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts, solar wind, and cosmic radiation. Lunar glass of different origins has ability to record historical information of the formation and evolution of the moon. This article presents a comprehensive review of the research progress of lunar glass found within the CE-5 lunar soil. Delving into its fundamental physical properties and microstructure, we explore the specific mechanismsbehind the formation of lunar glass. Furthermore, the investigation focuses on the diverse roles lunar glass plays in lunar evolution studies, such as acting as a “natural camera” that captures the moon's internal and surface changes over different epochs, encompassing lunar origin, magma activity, impact events, space weathering, and the origin of water. The ultra-stable lunar glass with disordered atomic structure can sustainably preserve lunar resources. It is worth noting that it is estimated that it has a substantial reserve of 3He, approximately 260,000 tons, and an astounding 27 billion tons of water. Moreover, lunar glass serves as an invaluable lunar chronometer, providing a reliable temporal framework for dating volcanic activity and impact events. This temporal framework, in turn, serves as a vital tool for investigating the evolution of lunar water, magnetic fields and reconstructing an extensive billion-year history of lunar impacts.
{"title":"Lunar Glasses","authors":"None Zhao Rui, None Shen Lai-Quan, None Chang Chao, None Bai Hai-Yang, None Wang Wei-Hua","doi":"10.7498/aps.72.20231238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20231238","url":null,"abstract":"Lunar glass, a significant component of lunar soil, is produced by non-equilibrium processes on the moon, such as volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts, solar wind, and cosmic radiation. Lunar glass of different origins has ability to record historical information of the formation and evolution of the moon. This article presents a comprehensive review of the research progress of lunar glass found within the CE-5 lunar soil. Delving into its fundamental physical properties and microstructure, we explore the specific mechanismsbehind the formation of lunar glass. Furthermore, the investigation focuses on the diverse roles lunar glass plays in lunar evolution studies, such as acting as a “natural camera” that captures the moon's internal and surface changes over different epochs, encompassing lunar origin, magma activity, impact events, space weathering, and the origin of water. The ultra-stable lunar glass with disordered atomic structure can sustainably preserve lunar resources. It is worth noting that it is estimated that it has a substantial reserve of <sup>3</sup>He, approximately 260,000 tons, and an astounding 27 billion tons of water. Moreover, lunar glass serves as an invaluable lunar chronometer, providing a reliable temporal framework for dating volcanic activity and impact events. This temporal framework, in turn, serves as a vital tool for investigating the evolution of lunar water, magnetic fields and reconstructing an extensive billion-year history of lunar impacts.","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135400395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Kong Meimei, None Xue Yinyan, None Xu Chunsheng, None Dong Yuan, None Liu Yue, None Pan Shicheng, None Zhao Rui
In this paper, based on the research of zoom liquid lens with parallel plate electrode and the principle of dielectrophoresis, a model of the biconvex liquid lens with circular hole plate electrode structure is proposed, which is a novel three-layer liquid lens structure. The dielectrophoretic effect refers to the phenomenon that free dielectric molecules will be polarized and moved by the force in a non-uniform electric field, thus deforming the dielectric liquid. In the dielectrophoretic liquid lens, only two insulating liquid materials with large refractive index difference and dielectric constant difference need to be selected, which can increase the selection range of liquid materials. The liquid lens structure mainly consists of a piece of double-sided conductive flat plate ITO glass with a circular hole and two pieces of single-sided conductive flat plate ITO glass, which respectively form two sets of flat electrode structures to control the upper and lower interfaces of the liquid droplet. In this structure, the influence of the intermediate glass plate on the focus and imaging is reduced by using the flat plate electrode with circular hole. The theoretical analysis of the structure is carried out with simulation software. Firstly, the models of the biconvex liquid lens with circular hole plate electrode under different voltages are built with Comsol software, the data of upper and lower interfaces of the liquid droplet are exported. Then by using Matlab, the surface shapes of the upper and lower interfaces of the droplet are fitted and the corresponding aspheric coefficients are obtained. Finally, the optical models are built with Zemax software, the imaging optical paths and the variation range of focal length under different voltages are analyzed. On the basis of the simulation, the corresponding device is manufactured, and the specific experimental analysis is carried out. The surface pattern of the upper and lower interfaces of the droplet of the biconvex liquid lens under different voltages are recorded, the focal length and imaging resolution of the liquid lens are measured. When the operating voltage is 0V-260V, the focal length varies from 23.8mm to 17.5mm, which is basically consistent with the simulation results(22.6mm-15.9mm). The feasibility of the structure of the biconvex liquid lens with circular hole plate electrode structure is verified by experiments. The imaging resolution can reach 45.255 lp/mm. The results show that this proposed novel three-layer liquid structure of the biconvex liquid lens has the characteristics of simple structure, easy to realize and good imaging quality. Therefore, the research of this biconvex liquid lens can provide a new idea for expanding the high-resolution imaging research of liquid lenses and their applications.
{"title":"Design and analysis of the biconvex liquid lens with circular hole plate electrode structure","authors":"None Kong Meimei, None Xue Yinyan, None Xu Chunsheng, None Dong Yuan, None Liu Yue, None Pan Shicheng, None Zhao Rui","doi":"10.7498/aps.73.20231291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.73.20231291","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, based on the research of zoom liquid lens with parallel plate electrode and the principle of dielectrophoresis, a model of the biconvex liquid lens with circular hole plate electrode structure is proposed, which is a novel three-layer liquid lens structure. The dielectrophoretic effect refers to the phenomenon that free dielectric molecules will be polarized and moved by the force in a non-uniform electric field, thus deforming the dielectric liquid. In the dielectrophoretic liquid lens, only two insulating liquid materials with large refractive index difference and dielectric constant difference need to be selected, which can increase the selection range of liquid materials. The liquid lens structure mainly consists of a piece of double-sided conductive flat plate ITO glass with a circular hole and two pieces of single-sided conductive flat plate ITO glass, which respectively form two sets of flat electrode structures to control the upper and lower interfaces of the liquid droplet. In this structure, the influence of the intermediate glass plate on the focus and imaging is reduced by using the flat plate electrode with circular hole. The theoretical analysis of the structure is carried out with simulation software. Firstly, the models of the biconvex liquid lens with circular hole plate electrode under different voltages are built with Comsol software, the data of upper and lower interfaces of the liquid droplet are exported. Then by using Matlab, the surface shapes of the upper and lower interfaces of the droplet are fitted and the corresponding aspheric coefficients are obtained. Finally, the optical models are built with Zemax software, the imaging optical paths and the variation range of focal length under different voltages are analyzed. On the basis of the simulation, the corresponding device is manufactured, and the specific experimental analysis is carried out. The surface pattern of the upper and lower interfaces of the droplet of the biconvex liquid lens under different voltages are recorded, the focal length and imaging resolution of the liquid lens are measured. When the operating voltage is 0V-260V, the focal length varies from 23.8mm to 17.5mm, which is basically consistent with the simulation results(22.6mm-15.9mm). The feasibility of the structure of the biconvex liquid lens with circular hole plate electrode structure is verified by experiments. The imaging resolution can reach 45.255 lp/mm. The results show that this proposed novel three-layer liquid structure of the biconvex liquid lens has the characteristics of simple structure, easy to realize and good imaging quality. Therefore, the research of this biconvex liquid lens can provide a new idea for expanding the high-resolution imaging research of liquid lenses and their applications.","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136052495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Wang Ning, None Huang Feng, None Chen Ying, None Zhu Guofeng, None Su Haobin, None Guo Cuixia, None Wang Xiangfeng
TmFeO3 exhibits rich physical properties such as the magneto-optical effect, multiferroicity, and spin reorientation, making it of significant research value in condensed matter physics and materials science. In this study, we utilized a time-domain terahertz magneto-optical spectroscopy system to investigate the change in spin resonance frequency of TmFeO3 single crystals at T=1.6 K under external magnetic fields 0-7 T. The TmFeO3 sample was grown in an optical floating zone furnace and its crystallographic orientation was determined using back-reflection Laue X-ray photography with a tungsten target. The measurement setup is a self-built time-domain terahertz magneto-optical spectroscopy system, with a magnetic field range of 0-7 T, a temperature range of 1.6-300 K, and a spectral range of 0.2-2.0 THz. A pair of 1mm-thick ZnTe nonlinear crystals were used to generate and detect terahertz signals through optical rectification and electro-optic sampling techniques. The system's variable temperature and magnetic field are controlled by a superconducting magnet. In experiments, a linearly polarized terahertz wave is incident perpendicularly to the sample surface, and its magnetic component HTHz is parallel to the sample surface. By rotating the sample, the angle (q) between macroscopic magnetic moment M and HTHzcan be tuned, achieving selective excitations of the two modes, that is, q=0 for q-AFM mode or 90° for q-FM mode. Terahertz absorption spectroscopy results indicate that as the magnetic field increases, the quasi-ferromagnetic resonance (q-FM) of TmFeO3 single crystal shifts towards high frequencies, and quasi-antiferromagnetic resonance (q-AFM) transitions to q-FM at low critical magnetic fields (2.2-3.6 T). Through magnetic structure analysis and theoretical fitting, it is confirmed that the magnetic moment of the single crystal undergoes magnetic field induced spin reorientation. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanism of the internal magnetic structure of rare earth ferrite under the combined effects of external magnetic field and temperature field, and the development of related spin electronic devices.
{"title":"Magnetic-Field-Induced Spin Reorientation in TmFeO<sub>3</sub> Single Crystals","authors":"None Wang Ning, None Huang Feng, None Chen Ying, None Zhu Guofeng, None Su Haobin, None Guo Cuixia, None Wang Xiangfeng","doi":"10.7498/aps.73.20231322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.73.20231322","url":null,"abstract":"TmFeO<sub>3</sub> exhibits rich physical properties such as the magneto-optical effect, multiferroicity, and spin reorientation, making it of significant research value in condensed matter physics and materials science. In this study, we utilized a time-domain terahertz magneto-optical spectroscopy system to investigate the change in spin resonance frequency of TmFeO<sub>3</sub> single crystals at T=1.6 K under external magnetic fields 0-7 T. The TmFeO<sub>3</sub> sample was grown in an optical floating zone furnace and its crystallographic orientation was determined using back-reflection Laue X-ray photography with a tungsten target. The measurement setup is a self-built time-domain terahertz magneto-optical spectroscopy system, with a magnetic field range of 0-7 T, a temperature range of 1.6-300 K, and a spectral range of 0.2-2.0 THz. A pair of 1mm-thick ZnTe nonlinear crystals were used to generate and detect terahertz signals through optical rectification and electro-optic sampling techniques. The system's variable temperature and magnetic field are controlled by a superconducting magnet. In experiments, a linearly polarized terahertz wave is incident perpendicularly to the sample surface, and its magnetic component H<sub>THz</sub> is parallel to the sample surface. By rotating the sample, the angle (q) between macroscopic magnetic moment M and H<sub>THz</sub>can be tuned, achieving selective excitations of the two modes, that is, q=0 for q-AFM mode or 90° for q-FM mode. Terahertz absorption spectroscopy results indicate that as the magnetic field increases, the quasi-ferromagnetic resonance (q-FM) of TmFeO<sub>3</sub> single crystal shifts towards high frequencies, and quasi-antiferromagnetic resonance (q-AFM) transitions to q-FM at low critical magnetic fields (2.2-3.6 T). Through magnetic structure analysis and theoretical fitting, it is confirmed that the magnetic moment of the single crystal undergoes magnetic field induced spin reorientation. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanism of the internal magnetic structure of rare earth ferrite under the combined effects of external magnetic field and temperature field, and the development of related spin electronic devices.","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Liao, Ning Yao, Lu-Ping Tang, Wei-Hua Shi, Shao-Ling Sun, Hao-Ran Yang
The development of colloidal near-infrared quantum dot (QD) lasers has been hindered by the high state degeneracy of lead salt QDs and the difficulty in coupling colloidal QDs to the resonant cavity. In this study, we show that the above challenges can be addressed by the self-assembly laser based on Ag2Se QDs. The Ag2Se QDs with the lowest quantized states 2-fold degeneracy are used to replace lead salt quantum dots to achieve low threshold near-infrared optical gain. We employ the finite element method to in depth analyze the mode field distribution and oscillation mechanism of the coffee-ring microcavity. Our results reveal that the light field oscillates in a zig-zag path along the cross-sectional area, indicating strong coupling between the QDs and the cavity mode. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship of cavity length with free spectrum range and laser emission wavelength. Using this relationship and the gain spectrum characteristics of Ag2Se QDs, we design a single-mode near-infrared laser and conduct a comprehensive analysis. The simulation results are used to fabricate a single-mode near-infrared Ag2Se QD coffee-ring microlaser, which exhibits a linewidth of 0.3 nm and a threshold of 158 μJ cm–2. Currently, it holds the record for the lowest laser threshold among near-infrared colloidal QD lasers. The increasing of the laser cavity length leads the emission wavelength to increase from 1300 nm to 1323 nm. In addition, the toxicity of Ag2Se QD is remarkably negligible. Our work promotes the development of environment-friendly near-infrared lasers toward practical lasers.
{"title":"Near-infrared self-assembled laser based on Ag<sub>2</sub>Se quantum dots","authors":"Chen Liao, Ning Yao, Lu-Ping Tang, Wei-Hua Shi, Shao-Ling Sun, Hao-Ran Yang","doi":"10.7498/aps.72.20231457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20231457","url":null,"abstract":"The development of colloidal near-infrared quantum dot (QD) lasers has been hindered by the high state degeneracy of lead salt QDs and the difficulty in coupling colloidal QDs to the resonant cavity. In this study, we show that the above challenges can be addressed by the self-assembly laser based on Ag<sub>2</sub>Se QDs. The Ag<sub>2</sub>Se QDs with the lowest quantized states 2-fold degeneracy are used to replace lead salt quantum dots to achieve low threshold near-infrared optical gain. We employ the finite element method to in depth analyze the mode field distribution and oscillation mechanism of the coffee-ring microcavity. Our results reveal that the light field oscillates in a zig-zag path along the cross-sectional area, indicating strong coupling between the QDs and the cavity mode. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship of cavity length with free spectrum range and laser emission wavelength. Using this relationship and the gain spectrum characteristics of Ag<sub>2</sub>Se QDs, we design a single-mode near-infrared laser and conduct a comprehensive analysis. The simulation results are used to fabricate a single-mode near-infrared Ag<sub>2</sub>Se QD coffee-ring microlaser, which exhibits a linewidth of 0.3 nm and a threshold of 158 μJ cm<sup>–2</sup>. Currently, it holds the record for the lowest laser threshold among near-infrared colloidal QD lasers. The increasing of the laser cavity length leads the emission wavelength to increase from 1300 nm to 1323 nm. In addition, the toxicity of Ag<sub>2</sub>Se QD is remarkably negligible. Our work promotes the development of environment-friendly near-infrared lasers toward practical lasers.","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135560204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ion trap is one of the leading physical platforms to implement quantum computation. Currently, high-fidelity elementary quantum operations above the fault-tolerant threshold, including state preparation, measurement and universal gates, have been demonstrated for tens of ionic qubits. One important future research direction is to further enlarge the qubit number to the scale required for solving practical problems while maintaining the high performance of individual qubits. This paper introduces the current mainstream schemes for scalable ion trap quantum computation like quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) and ion-photon quantum network, and describes the main limiting factors in current research. Then we further explore new schemes to scale up the qubit number like two-dimensional ion crystals and dual-type qubit, and discuss the future research directions.
{"title":"Research progress of ion trap quantum computing","authors":"Yu-Kai Wu, Lu-Ming Duan","doi":"10.7498/aps.72.20231128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20231128","url":null,"abstract":"Ion trap is one of the leading physical platforms to implement quantum computation. Currently, high-fidelity elementary quantum operations above the fault-tolerant threshold, including state preparation, measurement and universal gates, have been demonstrated for tens of ionic qubits. One important future research direction is to further enlarge the qubit number to the scale required for solving practical problems while maintaining the high performance of individual qubits. This paper introduces the current mainstream schemes for scalable ion trap quantum computation like quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) and ion-photon quantum network, and describes the main limiting factors in current research. Then we further explore new schemes to scale up the qubit number like two-dimensional ion crystals and dual-type qubit, and discuss the future research directions.","PeriodicalId":10252,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Physics","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135660056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：