J. Moško, M. Pohořelý, S. Skoblia, Z. Beňo, O. Bičáková, Šárka Václavková, M. Šyc, K. Svoboda
Prior to sewage sludge application to agricultural soil, the sludge should be treated appropriately to suppress its negative features like content of microorganic pollutants or leaching heavy metals. Pyrolysis has been investigated as one way of producing sewage sludge-derived biochar (solid pyrolysis residue) which is stable and less toxic than sewage sludge. A significant amount of heat must be provided to the pyrolysis process due to its endothermic character. To make the process economically and energy efficient, the necessary heat can be obtained by the combustion of primary pyrolysis products (pyrolysis oil and gas), however in the case of sewage sludge, attention must be paid to the resulting gaseous pollutants due to high nitrogen and sulphur content. Slow pyrolysis of stabilized sewage sludge in inert helium atmosphere was performed at temperatures 400–800°C in order to examine the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the properties of pyrolysis products and sulphur distribution amongst these products. Pyrolysis at higher temperatures resulted in lesser biochar yield and promoted gas yield. At temperatures of 500°C and higher, over 50% of energy bound in the input sewage sludge was transformed to liquid and gas products. Finally, the effect of pyrolysis temperature on sulphur distribution amongst pyrolysis products was only marginal.
{"title":"BATCH REACTOR PYROLYSIS OF STABILIZED SEWAGE SLUDGE: PRODUCT ANALYSIS AND SULPHUR BALANCE","authors":"J. Moško, M. Pohořelý, S. Skoblia, Z. Beňo, O. Bičáková, Šárka Václavková, M. Šyc, K. Svoboda","doi":"10.2495/wm180331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/wm180331","url":null,"abstract":"Prior to sewage sludge application to agricultural soil, the sludge should be treated appropriately to suppress its negative features like content of microorganic pollutants or leaching heavy metals. Pyrolysis has been investigated as one way of producing sewage sludge-derived biochar (solid pyrolysis residue) which is stable and less toxic than sewage sludge. A significant amount of heat must be provided to the pyrolysis process due to its endothermic character. To make the process economically and energy efficient, the necessary heat can be obtained by the combustion of primary pyrolysis products (pyrolysis oil and gas), however in the case of sewage sludge, attention must be paid to the resulting gaseous pollutants due to high nitrogen and sulphur content. Slow pyrolysis of stabilized sewage sludge in inert helium atmosphere was performed at temperatures 400–800°C in order to examine the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the properties of pyrolysis products and sulphur distribution amongst these products. Pyrolysis at higher temperatures resulted in lesser biochar yield and promoted gas yield. At temperatures of 500°C and higher, over 50% of energy bound in the input sewage sludge was transformed to liquid and gas products. Finally, the effect of pyrolysis temperature on sulphur distribution amongst pyrolysis products was only marginal.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128750330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the literature surrounding the circular economy has grown. While the notion of reducing, recycling and reusing have become adopted practices in many organisations under the umbrella of sustainability, having a circular economy is arguably the next generation step, in terms of sustainability. A systematic literature review on the circular economy identified a gap in the research, regarding the impact at the micro level to be placed on small to medium enterprises. The research concludes that a paradigm shift in circular thinking at the micro level is required, and that further research is needed to identify new skills, resources, approaches, and business models to enable subject matter experts (SMEs) to adopt a circular practice.
{"title":"THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IMPACT ON SMALL TO MEDIUM ENTERPRISES","authors":"J. Thorley, J. Garza‐Reyes, A. Anosike","doi":"10.2495/WM180241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WM180241","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the literature surrounding the circular economy has grown. While the notion of reducing, recycling and reusing have become adopted practices in many organisations under the umbrella of sustainability, having a circular economy is arguably the next generation step, in terms of sustainability. A systematic literature review on the circular economy identified a gap in the research, regarding the impact at the micro level to be placed on small to medium enterprises. The research concludes that a paradigm shift in circular thinking at the micro level is required, and that further research is needed to identify new skills, resources, approaches, and business models to enable subject matter experts (SMEs) to adopt a circular practice.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130671346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waste spent hydro-processing catalysts contains significant quantities of heavy metals such as Mo, Ni, V, and Co. The disposal of waste refinery catalysts is a serious environmental concern because of the presence of heavy metals. Hence, an attempt has been made to recover the metals from a refinery waste ARDS catalyst using organic acids such acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as leaching agents. EDTA has been found to be a most reactive agent for extraction along with the recycling of the leachant. EDTA acts as an auxiliary complexing agent and binds selectively to the metals particularly Ni, Co, V, and Mo. Hence EDTA is the most active complexing agent for the selective binding of metals in a variety of matrixes. The effect of different process conditions such as pH, temperature (35–60°C), concentration (2–10 wt.%), reaction time (1–6 h), and solid to liquid ratio (1:15–1:40) on metal recovery was investigated. It was found that the EDTA can remove 97% of Mo, 95% of Ni, and 94% of V under optimum process conditions. Subsequently, the effluents of the process are also separated as metal salts, solvent, and EDTA.
{"title":"ROLE OF EDTA ON METAL REMOVAL FROM REFINERY WASTE CATALYSTS","authors":"M. Marafi, M. Rana","doi":"10.2495/wm180131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/wm180131","url":null,"abstract":"Waste spent hydro-processing catalysts contains significant quantities of heavy metals such as Mo, Ni, V, and Co. The disposal of waste refinery catalysts is a serious environmental concern because of the presence of heavy metals. Hence, an attempt has been made to recover the metals from a refinery waste ARDS catalyst using organic acids such acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as leaching agents. EDTA has been found to be a most reactive agent for extraction along with the recycling of the leachant. EDTA acts as an auxiliary complexing agent and binds selectively to the metals particularly Ni, Co, V, and Mo. Hence EDTA is the most active complexing agent for the selective binding of metals in a variety of matrixes. The effect of different process conditions such as pH, temperature (35–60°C), concentration (2–10 wt.%), reaction time (1–6 h), and solid to liquid ratio (1:15–1:40) on metal recovery was investigated. It was found that the EDTA can remove 97% of Mo, 95% of Ni, and 94% of V under optimum process conditions. Subsequently, the effluents of the process are also separated as metal salts, solvent, and EDTA.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132491688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iron being a common impurity in hydrometallurgical operations; create significant difficulties during the recovery of other bivalent base metals. High content of iron in the form of oxides and metals in these processes could be solved by producing iron oxide pigments, which can be successfully converted into valuable raw material for paint, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, dye, and chemical industries. Furthermore, it could easily and economically generate additional revenue to develop the infrastructural facilities, the operation and maintenance costs required for full functional operational plant and certainly add value to the economy of these sectors. In above context, an attempt was made to convert the iron-hydroxy-sulfates formed in the leachate of the tailing pond of iron ore mine, Odisha into hematite. The process flow sheet encompasses biological followed by hydrothermal route to attain 100% pure hematite. Prior to hydrothermal conversion, complete ferrous oxidation was ensured in a 2.5 L of stirred tank batch bioreactor. Precipitates were generated at room temperature by the addition of either a concentrated NaOH/Ca(OH)2 until the pH attained the desired value. The ferric rich slurry thereafter converted to hematite in a 2.5Lit of SS grade high pressure vessel reactor (Stainless Steel grade 316) for 5 hrs at 400 rpm, 180°C, 1.34 MPa. The XRD pattern shows only the presence of iron oxide (Fe2O3) (PANalytical Empyrean Series 2X’pert high score: -98-017-3654) which was well validate by SEM-EDX analysis for elemental identification and quantitative compositional information (CARL ZEISS, model-EVO18). Particle size analysis were also carried out using Malvern hydro mastersizer (model: 2000M) and UV-DRS analysis.
铁是湿法冶金操作中常见的杂质;对其他二价贱金属的回收造成重大困难。在这些过程中以氧化物和金属形式存在的高铁含量可以通过生产氧化铁颜料来解决，氧化铁颜料可以成功地转化为油漆、化妆品、制药、染料和化学工业的有价值的原料。此外，它可以很容易和经济地产生额外收入，以发展基础设施、全面运作的工厂所需的操作和维护费用，当然也可以增加这些部门的经济价值。在此背景下，尝试将奥里萨邦铁矿尾矿库渗滤液中形成的铁-羟基硫酸盐转化为赤铁矿。工艺流程包括生物法和水热法，以获得100%的纯赤铁矿。在水热转化之前，在2.5 L搅拌槽间歇式生物反应器中确保亚铁完全氧化。在室温下，通过添加浓NaOH/Ca(OH)2产生沉淀，直到pH达到所需值。富铁浆料随后在2.5Lit的SS级高压容器反应器(不锈钢级316)中，在400转/分、180℃、1.34兆帕的条件下，转化为赤铁矿5小时。XRD谱图只显示了氧化铁(Fe2O3)的存在(PANalytical Empyrean Series 2X 'pert高分:-98-017-3654)，SEM-EDX分析元素鉴定和定量成分信息(CARL ZEISS, model-EVO18)很好地验证了这一点。采用Malvern水力浆料机(型号:2000M)和UV-DRS进行粒度分析。
{"title":"AN INTEGRATED BIO-HYDROTHERMAL CONVERSION OF IRON-HYDROXY-SULFATES INTO HEMATITE: ENDEAVOUR TO 4R’S","authors":"Sradha Singh, M. Ghose, L. B. Sukla, S. Goyal","doi":"10.2495/WM180201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WM180201","url":null,"abstract":"Iron being a common impurity in hydrometallurgical operations; create significant difficulties during the recovery of other bivalent base metals. High content of iron in the form of oxides and metals in these processes could be solved by producing iron oxide pigments, which can be successfully converted into valuable raw material for paint, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, dye, and chemical industries. Furthermore, it could easily and economically generate additional revenue to develop the infrastructural facilities, the operation and maintenance costs required for full functional operational plant and certainly add value to the economy of these sectors. In above context, an attempt was made to convert the iron-hydroxy-sulfates formed in the leachate of the tailing pond of iron ore mine, Odisha into hematite. The process flow sheet encompasses biological followed by hydrothermal route to attain 100% pure hematite. Prior to hydrothermal conversion, complete ferrous oxidation was ensured in a 2.5 L of stirred tank batch bioreactor. Precipitates were generated at room temperature by the addition of either a concentrated NaOH/Ca(OH)2 until the pH attained the desired value. The ferric rich slurry thereafter converted to hematite in a 2.5Lit of SS grade high pressure vessel reactor (Stainless Steel grade 316) for 5 hrs at 400 rpm, 180°C, 1.34 MPa. The XRD pattern shows only the presence of iron oxide (Fe2O3) (PANalytical Empyrean Series 2X’pert high score: -98-017-3654) which was well validate by SEM-EDX analysis for elemental identification and quantitative compositional information (CARL ZEISS, model-EVO18). Particle size analysis were also carried out using Malvern hydro mastersizer (model: 2000M) and UV-DRS analysis.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133252430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waste and their management policies have significant effects on the environment. Hence, decisionmakers have to be very careful while making decisions about waste management systems. In this research paper, a big scale building’s waste was identified based on its life cycle assessment (LCA). A methodology was developed to determine the optimum saving potential from the waste management regarding the gate-to-grave system boundaries that covers two stages in the lifetime of the building: the building in use and once demolished. The case study building is an elderly house that is located in the Kartal district of Istanbul. The total conditioned floor area in the building is 18.108 m2, the building has eight stories which accommodates 556 people including workers. The building’s waste in this research was categorized as solid and liquid waste. Also, the operational energy consumption was examined with LCA methodology to compare with defined waste management system. The waste was examined in terms of EN 15978 standard which also includes the investigation of the waste transport to wasteland, waste processing and disposal stages. The Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) was used as a reference to obtain the waste production per capita. The LCA results showed that there is an energy recovery potential from generated waste of the case study building. Especially, municipal solid waste (MSW) have significant energy recovery potential because of the recycling processes. Cumulative energy demand (CED) of all waste management systems is -107.956 kWh/year. Nonetheless, the potential compensate only 1.5% of total CED of operational energy consumption. If the recyclable waste could handle a proposed management system, the compensation rate could be increased and a more significant rate could be achieved. On the other hand, global warming potential (GWP) of the whole waste management system is 117.682 kg CO2eq./year which is 14 times smaller than GWP of operational energy.
{"title":"EVALUATING THE CAPACITY OF A BUILDING’S WASTE AND THE POTENTIAL FOR SAVINGS USING THE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY","authors":"Hatice Sözer, Hüseyin Sözen","doi":"10.2495/wm180151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/wm180151","url":null,"abstract":"Waste and their management policies have significant effects on the environment. Hence, decisionmakers have to be very careful while making decisions about waste management systems. In this research paper, a big scale building’s waste was identified based on its life cycle assessment (LCA). A methodology was developed to determine the optimum saving potential from the waste management regarding the gate-to-grave system boundaries that covers two stages in the lifetime of the building: the building in use and once demolished. The case study building is an elderly house that is located in the Kartal district of Istanbul. The total conditioned floor area in the building is 18.108 m2, the building has eight stories which accommodates 556 people including workers. The building’s waste in this research was categorized as solid and liquid waste. Also, the operational energy consumption was examined with LCA methodology to compare with defined waste management system. The waste was examined in terms of EN 15978 standard which also includes the investigation of the waste transport to wasteland, waste processing and disposal stages. The Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) was used as a reference to obtain the waste production per capita. The LCA results showed that there is an energy recovery potential from generated waste of the case study building. Especially, municipal solid waste (MSW) have significant energy recovery potential because of the recycling processes. Cumulative energy demand (CED) of all waste management systems is -107.956 kWh/year. Nonetheless, the potential compensate only 1.5% of total CED of operational energy consumption. If the recyclable waste could handle a proposed management system, the compensation rate could be increased and a more significant rate could be achieved. On the other hand, global warming potential (GWP) of the whole waste management system is 117.682 kg CO2eq./year which is 14 times smaller than GWP of operational energy.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128639539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recycling is an important aspect of a sustainable society and depends largely on the willingness of consumers to participate in this practice. Some regions in South Africa recycle actively, but none in the central part of the country do yet. The area selected for this study included Bloemfontein, Welkom, Bethlehem, Clarens, Kroonstad, and Kimberley, which are all located in the central part of SA. Eateries and bars are businesses that generate a large amount of recyclable solid waste in terms of glass, plastic, paper, polystyrene, metal, and compostables. By identifying the barriers preventing these businesses from recycling, the local municipalities and recycling services could create a solution. Owners or employees of eateries and bars completed a self-administered questionnaire. Empirical data were obtained on knowledge of recycling and participation in recycling. Likert scale type questions were used to identify barriers that prevent recycling practices and to determine motives that could encourage the implementation of recycling programs. The respondents indicated a willingness to recycle if there is a financial benefit, as well as support offered by the municipality or government. Barriers that prevent recycling practices included implementation effort and cost, as well as lack of knowledge thereof. Only a small number of the respondents were aware of buy-back centres or collection services. These results indicate that these businesses do not grasp the impact that they can have with their recycling contributions and that the giveback would be worth the effort. They are also unaware of the services available to assist with implementation and practices of a recycling plan. The municipality and government would have to get involved by enforcing businesses to comply with recycling laws that should be implemented.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF BARRIERS PREVENTING RECYCLING PRACTICES AMONG BARS AND EATERIES IN CENTRAL SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"C. Denner, J. Vermaas","doi":"10.2495/WM180171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WM180171","url":null,"abstract":"Recycling is an important aspect of a sustainable society and depends largely on the willingness of consumers to participate in this practice. Some regions in South Africa recycle actively, but none in the central part of the country do yet. The area selected for this study included Bloemfontein, Welkom, Bethlehem, Clarens, Kroonstad, and Kimberley, which are all located in the central part of SA. Eateries and bars are businesses that generate a large amount of recyclable solid waste in terms of glass, plastic, paper, polystyrene, metal, and compostables. By identifying the barriers preventing these businesses from recycling, the local municipalities and recycling services could create a solution. Owners or employees of eateries and bars completed a self-administered questionnaire. Empirical data were obtained on knowledge of recycling and participation in recycling. Likert scale type questions were used to identify barriers that prevent recycling practices and to determine motives that could encourage the implementation of recycling programs. The respondents indicated a willingness to recycle if there is a financial benefit, as well as support offered by the municipality or government. Barriers that prevent recycling practices included implementation effort and cost, as well as lack of knowledge thereof. Only a small number of the respondents were aware of buy-back centres or collection services. These results indicate that these businesses do not grasp the impact that they can have with their recycling contributions and that the giveback would be worth the effort. They are also unaware of the services available to assist with implementation and practices of a recycling plan. The municipality and government would have to get involved by enforcing businesses to comply with recycling laws that should be implemented.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115553733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Willingness of individuals to recycle their waste is driven by a wide range of factors. These may be distinguished as intrinsic, for example perceived importance of recycling, and extrinsic, e.g. commandand-control interventions or financial incentives in a form of landfill taxes, deposits, charges, and fees. In order to increase the participation rate, specific policy measures and interventions are introduced. Some of these interventions, like educational campaigns, are focused on intrinsic motivation of residents, whereas some other measures are using financial stimuli to affect people’s recycling behavior directly. In this respect, the crowding-out effect might occur when financial incentives might reduce the effect of intrinsic factors. This paper reports on responsiveness of residents to the direct and indirect incentives. The purpose of this analysis was to test the crowding-out hypothesis supposing that direct incentives are replacing the intrinsic motivation to recycle. The presented data is based on a nationwide survey (n=1.579) that was conducted in the Czech Republic during 2017 and confirms the hypothesis for a large part of the population (50%). However, it was also found that one fifth of the sample is responsive only to the direct incentives. Therefore, the crowding-out effect is not confirmed for a segment of the population. It seems that direct and indirect incentives may not be mutually exclusive. For some individuals the direct and indirect measures might support each other and together may increase positive impacts on recycling behavior. It is also highly recommended to consider the context within which the given measures are to be implemented. Under certain circumstances, such as high intrinsic motivation of residents, the launch of direct measures may not be reasonable.
{"title":"CROWDING-OUT EFFECT OF FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR HOUSEHOLDS TO RECYCLE WASTE","authors":"J. Remr","doi":"10.2495/wm180251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/wm180251","url":null,"abstract":"Willingness of individuals to recycle their waste is driven by a wide range of factors. These may be distinguished as intrinsic, for example perceived importance of recycling, and extrinsic, e.g. commandand-control interventions or financial incentives in a form of landfill taxes, deposits, charges, and fees. In order to increase the participation rate, specific policy measures and interventions are introduced. Some of these interventions, like educational campaigns, are focused on intrinsic motivation of residents, whereas some other measures are using financial stimuli to affect people’s recycling behavior directly. In this respect, the crowding-out effect might occur when financial incentives might reduce the effect of intrinsic factors. This paper reports on responsiveness of residents to the direct and indirect incentives. The purpose of this analysis was to test the crowding-out hypothesis supposing that direct incentives are replacing the intrinsic motivation to recycle. The presented data is based on a nationwide survey (n=1.579) that was conducted in the Czech Republic during 2017 and confirms the hypothesis for a large part of the population (50%). However, it was also found that one fifth of the sample is responsive only to the direct incentives. Therefore, the crowding-out effect is not confirmed for a segment of the population. It seems that direct and indirect incentives may not be mutually exclusive. For some individuals the direct and indirect measures might support each other and together may increase positive impacts on recycling behavior. It is also highly recommended to consider the context within which the given measures are to be implemented. Under certain circumstances, such as high intrinsic motivation of residents, the launch of direct measures may not be reasonable.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125996785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Fernández‐Gutiérrez, M. Veillette, A. Ramírez, A. Giroir‐Fendler, N. Faucheux, M. Heitz
Whey, which usually shows a high biological oxygen demand and a high chemical oxygen demand, should be treated before being rejected as waste water. The valorization of whey by chemical/physical treatments already exists. Some bioprocesses are also currently developed to transform whey into, for example, biogas. However, new performing green processes are still in development in order to obtain chemical products able to replace those issued from petroleum resources like acetoin (A) and 2,3butanediol (2,3-BD), two important chemical platform molecules. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential use of glucose, galactose and a lactose source derived from a dairy industry to produce A and 2,3-BD (ABD). The main issue of the natural producer bacteria of 2,3-BD such as Klebsiella pneumoniae or K. oxytoca during the fermentation of saccharides is their biosafety level since they are pathogen. In this way, non-pathogenic bacteria can be genetically modified to produce ABD from saccharides. In the present study, a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 (non-pathogenic strain) was used. Two monosaccharides (glucose and galactose issued from lactose) at three concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50 g/L) were fermented using 0.5 L flasks for 120 h at 37°C, 1 atm, initial pH 7.4, 100 rpm and 10% (v/v) of inoculum in a synthetic culture medium (M9). All experiments showed that the fermentation of galactose was less efficient than the one of glucose (the ABD yields were around 25%, 40% and 35% lower compared to those obtained fermenting glucose at 12.5, 25 and 50 g/L at 96 h respectively). The highest ABD yield was 0.26 (g/g glucose), obtained at 96 h in the presence of 25 g/L of glucose. The ABD yields issued from glucose and galactose were compared with those derived from a dairy industry lactose.
{"title":"FERMENTATION OF SACCHARIDES ISSUED FROM A DAIRY INDUSTRY BY A GENETICALLY MODIFIED STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI INTO ACETOIN AND 2,3-BUTANEDIOL","authors":"D. Fernández‐Gutiérrez, M. Veillette, A. Ramírez, A. Giroir‐Fendler, N. Faucheux, M. Heitz","doi":"10.2495/WM180321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WM180321","url":null,"abstract":"Whey, which usually shows a high biological oxygen demand and a high chemical oxygen demand, should be treated before being rejected as waste water. The valorization of whey by chemical/physical treatments already exists. Some bioprocesses are also currently developed to transform whey into, for example, biogas. However, new performing green processes are still in development in order to obtain chemical products able to replace those issued from petroleum resources like acetoin (A) and 2,3butanediol (2,3-BD), two important chemical platform molecules. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential use of glucose, galactose and a lactose source derived from a dairy industry to produce A and 2,3-BD (ABD). The main issue of the natural producer bacteria of 2,3-BD such as Klebsiella pneumoniae or K. oxytoca during the fermentation of saccharides is their biosafety level since they are pathogen. In this way, non-pathogenic bacteria can be genetically modified to produce ABD from saccharides. In the present study, a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 (non-pathogenic strain) was used. Two monosaccharides (glucose and galactose issued from lactose) at three concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50 g/L) were fermented using 0.5 L flasks for 120 h at 37°C, 1 atm, initial pH 7.4, 100 rpm and 10% (v/v) of inoculum in a synthetic culture medium (M9). All experiments showed that the fermentation of galactose was less efficient than the one of glucose (the ABD yields were around 25%, 40% and 35% lower compared to those obtained fermenting glucose at 12.5, 25 and 50 g/L at 96 h respectively). The highest ABD yield was 0.26 (g/g glucose), obtained at 96 h in the presence of 25 g/L of glucose. The ABD yields issued from glucose and galactose were compared with those derived from a dairy industry lactose.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134340826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work builds on an idea of utilizing fibres cut from waste fishing nets for fibre reinforcement of concrete. An experimental investigation of waste fishing net polyfilament fibres of nylon 6 is reported. Differential Scanning Calorimetry confirmed the net to be nylon 6. SEM images showed that the polyfilaments consisted of twisted monofilaments (diameter 24–31 μm). The diameter of the polyfilaments was about 1.2 mm. The investigation consists of two major parts; properties of the polyfilaments and properties of mortar specimens reinforced with the polyfilaments. The tensile strength of the polyfilaments was about 260 MPa, which is low compared to the 540–1080 MPa for new nylon 6 even considering that the tensile strength was measured for polyfilaments. An even larger decrease was seen for Youngs Modulus, which was found to only about 330 MPa compared to 1–3 GPa for new nylon 6. On exposure to UV radiation over a long period, nylon 6 undergo photo-oxidative degradation and this is suggested to be the major cause for the loss of tensile strength and elasticity. The few other studies reporting properties of waste nylon 6 fishing nets also reports losses. Mortar specimens were reinforced with 0.5 to 2.0 wt.% waste fishing net fibres. Both flexural strength and compressive strength decreased slightly compared to the reference, but the fibre-reinforced mortar specimens all showed considerable post-peak resources and the toughness index (I5) was about 5. For comparison, mortar prisms were reinforced with commercial fibres, and for these the I5 was about 7, i.e. higher, but the results obtained with the waste fishing net polyfilaments were still highly encouraging in relation to use as fibre reinforcement of concrete.
{"title":"DISCARDED NYLON FISHING NETS AS FIBRE REINFORCEMENT IN CEMENT MORTAR","authors":"L. Ottosen, Simon Svensson, I. M. Bertelsen","doi":"10.2495/WM180231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WM180231","url":null,"abstract":"This work builds on an idea of utilizing fibres cut from waste fishing nets for fibre reinforcement of concrete. An experimental investigation of waste fishing net polyfilament fibres of nylon 6 is reported. Differential Scanning Calorimetry confirmed the net to be nylon 6. SEM images showed that the polyfilaments consisted of twisted monofilaments (diameter 24–31 μm). The diameter of the polyfilaments was about 1.2 mm. The investigation consists of two major parts; properties of the polyfilaments and properties of mortar specimens reinforced with the polyfilaments. The tensile strength of the polyfilaments was about 260 MPa, which is low compared to the 540–1080 MPa for new nylon 6 even considering that the tensile strength was measured for polyfilaments. An even larger decrease was seen for Youngs Modulus, which was found to only about 330 MPa compared to 1–3 GPa for new nylon 6. On exposure to UV radiation over a long period, nylon 6 undergo photo-oxidative degradation and this is suggested to be the major cause for the loss of tensile strength and elasticity. The few other studies reporting properties of waste nylon 6 fishing nets also reports losses. Mortar specimens were reinforced with 0.5 to 2.0 wt.% waste fishing net fibres. Both flexural strength and compressive strength decreased slightly compared to the reference, but the fibre-reinforced mortar specimens all showed considerable post-peak resources and the toughness index (I5) was about 5. For comparison, mortar prisms were reinforced with commercial fibres, and for these the I5 was about 7, i.e. higher, but the results obtained with the waste fishing net polyfilaments were still highly encouraging in relation to use as fibre reinforcement of concrete.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122046464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Union’s revised Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC gives priority to waste prevention in its hierarchy of waste management measures. This paper argues that, to this end, the importance of both costing and sustaining the natural resources used to demolish and/or produce any kind of infrastructure concerning the architectural, engineering and construction industries, should be factored into the notion of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), as part of a government’s waste management strategy. In other words, this should be a preliminary aspect of the implementation of a waste management strategy. However, ideally, to fully implement a preventative waste management strategy, the range of projects for which EIA’s are required should not be restricted, but should be extended to any building site. This paper further suggests that EIA’s should be tailored to ensure the sustainability of our natural, used and renewable resources as far as possible. This would assist furthering the goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. However to be effective this approach requires the incorporation of a mandatory protocol involving the use of a process similar to Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) into all associated contracts, standard or bespoke. The scope of this paper will therefore outline what NCA is, and then why it is relevant, and then consider how it may be used to contribute to a more sustainable EIA for the prevention of waste. It will then briefly consider the role of industry and government before concluding that its implementation should assist the reduction of overall waste of environmental and related resources arising from the said industries. Methodology This paper has used a qualitative method based on grounded theory. It involves an exploratory method initially using an inductive approach to generate data, and from this collection of data, key questions are generated to deduce results. The analysis examines, compares and contrasts relevant literature concerning what is NCA as well as how it may be implemented. Research conducted by academics from a range of disciplines, environmental, business, engineering and construction academics, organisations and case studies has been drawn on to consider the transferability of NCA methods to the management of sustainable infrastructure.
{"title":"A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO THE GOVERNANCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT","authors":"Francine Baker","doi":"10.2495/WM180071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WM180071","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union’s revised Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC gives priority to waste prevention in its hierarchy of waste management measures. This paper argues that, to this end, the importance of both costing and sustaining the natural resources used to demolish and/or produce any kind of infrastructure concerning the architectural, engineering and construction industries, should be factored into the notion of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), as part of a government’s waste management strategy. In other words, this should be a preliminary aspect of the implementation of a waste management strategy. However, ideally, to fully implement a preventative waste management strategy, the range of projects for which EIA’s are required should not be restricted, but should be extended to any building site. This paper further suggests that EIA’s should be tailored to ensure the sustainability of our natural, used and renewable resources as far as possible. This would assist furthering the goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. However to be effective this approach requires the incorporation of a mandatory protocol involving the use of a process similar to Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) into all associated contracts, standard or bespoke. The scope of this paper will therefore outline what NCA is, and then why it is relevant, and then consider how it may be used to contribute to a more sustainable EIA for the prevention of waste. It will then briefly consider the role of industry and government before concluding that its implementation should assist the reduction of overall waste of environmental and related resources arising from the said industries. \u0000 \u0000Methodology \u0000This paper has used a qualitative method based on grounded theory. It involves an exploratory method initially using an inductive approach to generate data, and from this collection of data, key questions are generated to deduce results. The analysis examines, compares and contrasts relevant literature concerning what is NCA as well as how it may be implemented. Research conducted by academics from a range of disciplines, environmental, business, engineering and construction academics, organisations and case studies has been drawn on to consider the transferability of NCA methods to the management of sustainable infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126834605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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