Socio-economic development in Georgia is interconnected with the amount of municipal solid waste; in accordance with the statistical information of 2010–2017 it is 1.7% per year. The law on “Waste Management Code” was approved on January 15 2015, which regulates the waste management policy in Georgia, including separation activities and requirenments. During the last few years the first steps have been made towards the improvement of waste collection, disposal and landfill operations by municipality government, however the issue of waste minimization and decontamination still remains the challenge for the country. Based on the experimental databases of the morphological composition of MSW, which has been studied in 2015–2017, we estimated the amount of secondary use of some fractions of MSW, their impact on climate change and potential options for mitigating climate change. According to the data processing, and as a result of measures implemented in accordance with the national index of separation of MSW, 25% of whole MSW will be presented as a secondary raw material in 2030. Minimization of some fraction of MSW will cause reduction of methane emissions from SWDS of Georgia in 2020–2030, an average of 4.1%.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF ECO-EFFICIENCY OF SEPARATION OF SOME FRACTIONS OF MSW: A CASE STUDY OF GEORGIA, SOUTH CAUCASUS","authors":"N. Dvalishvili","doi":"10.2495/WM180061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WM180061","url":null,"abstract":"Socio-economic development in Georgia is interconnected with the amount of municipal solid waste; in accordance with the statistical information of 2010–2017 it is 1.7% per year. The law on “Waste Management Code” was approved on January 15 2015, which regulates the waste management policy in Georgia, including separation activities and requirenments. During the last few years the first steps have been made towards the improvement of waste collection, disposal and landfill operations by municipality government, however the issue of waste minimization and decontamination still remains the challenge for the country. Based on the experimental databases of the morphological composition of MSW, which has been studied in 2015–2017, we estimated the amount of secondary use of some fractions of MSW, their impact on climate change and potential options for mitigating climate change. According to the data processing, and as a result of measures implemented in accordance with the national index of separation of MSW, 25% of whole MSW will be presented as a secondary raw material in 2030. Minimization of some fraction of MSW will cause reduction of methane emissions from SWDS of Georgia in 2020–2030, an average of 4.1%.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"20 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113990195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Sabadell, Grant C Scholes, D. Thomas, Cody Murray, Paul Bireta, G. Grant, D. Major
{"title":"EX SITU TREATMENT OF ORGANIC WASTES OR OIL-IMPACTED SOIL USING A SMOLDERING PROCESS","authors":"G. Sabadell, Grant C Scholes, D. Thomas, Cody Murray, Paul Bireta, G. Grant, D. Major","doi":"10.2495/WM180341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WM180341","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127433178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aimed to identify drivers that triggered early waste disposal activities in England. Various publications were used to identify historical events related to waste disposal activity, recorded from 1297 to 1948. A synthesis matrix is used to relate various historical events to waste activity. The historical events are then illustrated in a diagram, in order to identify the drivers. This study found that disasters in the form of fire, pandemic diseases and wars, as well as the Industrial Revolution, directly triggered early disposal activities in England (in particular in London).
{"title":"DRIVERS OF EARLY WASTE DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES IN ENGLAND","authors":"Siti Khadijah Abd. Gani","doi":"10.2495/WM180271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/WM180271","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aimed to identify drivers that triggered early waste disposal activities in England. Various publications were used to identify historical events related to waste disposal activity, recorded from 1297 to 1948. A synthesis matrix is used to relate various historical events to waste activity. The historical events are then illustrated in a diagram, in order to identify the drivers. This study found that disasters in the form of fire, pandemic diseases and wars, as well as the Industrial Revolution, directly triggered early disposal activities in England (in particular in London).","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132615287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Kwon, Rahim Shahrokhi, Junboum Park, Hyung-woo Kim
A number of industrial zones in South Korea were reported to be contaminated by heavy metals by the leachate from industrial activities. Such contamination could cause serious damage to the subsurface environment including soil and groundwater, which is often the source of our drinking water. The treatment of zeolite mixing at the bottom of such industrial zones might prevent, or at least reduce, the damage of contamination by adsorption of the heavy metals from the leakage. However, such mixtures should maintain the proper bearing capacity as a foundation fill material from the geotechnical point of view at the same time. To investigate the effect of mixtures of zeolite with local soils for the adsorption of heavy metals (Zn) and sustainability of bearing capacity, adsorption isotherm tests and direct shear test with compaction tests were performed. Results showed that mixing the zeolite with local soils might effectively reduce the spreading of the heavy metal contamination when maintaining its proper geotechnical properties as a fill material of industrial zones.
{"title":"ZEOLITE MIXTURES AS ADSORPTIVE FILL MATERIAL WITH SUSTAINABLE BEARING CAPACITY","authors":"P. Kwon, Rahim Shahrokhi, Junboum Park, Hyung-woo Kim","doi":"10.2495/wm180091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/wm180091","url":null,"abstract":"A number of industrial zones in South Korea were reported to be contaminated by heavy metals by the leachate from industrial activities. Such contamination could cause serious damage to the subsurface environment including soil and groundwater, which is often the source of our drinking water. The treatment of zeolite mixing at the bottom of such industrial zones might prevent, or at least reduce, the damage of contamination by adsorption of the heavy metals from the leakage. However, such mixtures should maintain the proper bearing capacity as a foundation fill material from the geotechnical point of view at the same time. To investigate the effect of mixtures of zeolite with local soils for the adsorption of heavy metals (Zn) and sustainability of bearing capacity, adsorption isotherm tests and direct shear test with compaction tests were performed. Results showed that mixing the zeolite with local soils might effectively reduce the spreading of the heavy metal contamination when maintaining its proper geotechnical properties as a fill material of industrial zones.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117260674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Gajere, Folorunsho Joseph Olaniyi, Yusuf Yakubu Obadaki, Aruya Emmanuel Iruobe
Municipal solid waste management constitutes one of the most crucial health and environmental problems facing the world especially African cities. Most cities spend 20–50% of their annual budget on solid waste management. This study analysed solid waste management in Maitama, Abuja. The set objectives were to identify the structure of solid waste management in Maitama district, the sustainability of the process from generation to disposal and the role of scavengers in solid waste management in Maitama. These were carried out by administration of questionnaires to the residents and waste managers. The socio-demographic characteristics in the study revealed that there were more women than men in the study area. The study also revealed the heterogeneous nature of solid waste composition in the area which may require sorting for effective recycling process. Although most residents adjudged the services (collection and disposal) of the solid waste managers as satisfactory, others recounted poor sanitary habits of respondents and refusal to pay waste managers as the problems of solid waste management in the study area. The waste managers regarded this as unfortunate because the meagre charges do not fully cover the cost of waste collection, transportation and disposal. Therefore the study recommended that in order to ensure efficient solid waste management in the study area, there should be increased awareness to encourage residents to be consistent in payment and waste separation should be done at source to make waste disposal easier.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MAITAMA, ABUJA, NIGERIA","authors":"J. Gajere, Folorunsho Joseph Olaniyi, Yusuf Yakubu Obadaki, Aruya Emmanuel Iruobe","doi":"10.2495/wm180021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/wm180021","url":null,"abstract":"Municipal solid waste management constitutes one of the most crucial health and environmental problems facing the world especially African cities. Most cities spend 20–50% of their annual budget on solid waste management. This study analysed solid waste management in Maitama, Abuja. The set objectives were to identify the structure of solid waste management in Maitama district, the sustainability of the process from generation to disposal and the role of scavengers in solid waste management in Maitama. These were carried out by administration of questionnaires to the residents and waste managers. The socio-demographic characteristics in the study revealed that there were more women than men in the study area. The study also revealed the heterogeneous nature of solid waste composition in the area which may require sorting for effective recycling process. Although most residents adjudged the services (collection and disposal) of the solid waste managers as satisfactory, others recounted poor sanitary habits of respondents and refusal to pay waste managers as the problems of solid waste management in the study area. The waste managers regarded this as unfortunate because the meagre charges do not fully cover the cost of waste collection, transportation and disposal. Therefore the study recommended that in order to ensure efficient solid waste management in the study area, there should be increased awareness to encourage residents to be consistent in payment and waste separation should be done at source to make waste disposal easier.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122263543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) are considered to be one of the most efficient type of wetlands and require a lesser footprint in comparison to other wetland types. Substrate is an important component of wetland. We used the common gravel (VFCW 1) and three waste materials: concrete (VFCW 2), slag concrete (VFCW 3) and coconut husk (VFCW 4) as substrates in experimental wetlands. All four experimental wetlands have been constructed in uPVC pipes, diameter and height of each VFCW was 89 mm and 1000 mm, respectively. A 15 mm diameter perforated pipe that penetrates to the wetland bottom was installed in each wetland for passive aeration. Canna indica, an ornamental plant was planted in all four wetlands. Pre-treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant was added manually to all VFCW. The maximum plant height observed was 78.7 cm in VFCW 1 while minimum plant height observed was 53.3 cm in VFCW 3. The four VFCW removed all monitored contaminants with good removal efficiencies during the 8 months monitoring period: suspended solids (79%, 74%, 74%, 54%); BOD (54%, 42%, 42%, 2%); COD (54%; 47%; 44%, 34%); ammonia-nitrogen (54%, 46%, 38%, 38%), ortho-phosphate (67%, 61%, 64%, 53%); and fecal coliforms (55%, 40%, 14%, 52%). DO levels increased for VFCW 1 and 4 and nitrate levels increased in all wetlands confirming the nitrification process. For the various waste materials used following were our observations: VFCW 2 performed the best for organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen removal while VFCW 3 outperformed others for phosphorus removal and VFCW 4 had the highest percentage of fecal coliforms removal.
{"title":"WASTE MATERIALS AS SUBSTRATES IN VERTICAL FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS TREATING DOMESTIC WASTEWATER","authors":"Atif Mustafa, Mehmood Ali","doi":"10.2495/wm180311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/wm180311","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) are considered to be one of the most efficient type of wetlands and require a lesser footprint in comparison to other wetland types. Substrate is an important component of wetland. We used the common gravel (VFCW 1) and three waste materials: concrete (VFCW 2), slag concrete (VFCW 3) and coconut husk (VFCW 4) as substrates in experimental wetlands. All four experimental wetlands have been constructed in uPVC pipes, diameter and height of each VFCW was 89 mm and 1000 mm, respectively. A 15 mm diameter perforated pipe that penetrates to the wetland bottom was installed in each wetland for passive aeration. Canna indica, an ornamental plant was planted in all four wetlands. Pre-treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant was added manually to all VFCW. The maximum plant height observed was 78.7 cm in VFCW 1 while minimum plant height observed was 53.3 cm in VFCW 3. The four VFCW removed all monitored contaminants with good removal efficiencies during the 8 months monitoring period: suspended solids (79%, 74%, 74%, 54%); BOD (54%, 42%, 42%, 2%); COD (54%; 47%; 44%, 34%); ammonia-nitrogen (54%, 46%, 38%, 38%), ortho-phosphate (67%, 61%, 64%, 53%); and fecal coliforms (55%, 40%, 14%, 52%). DO levels increased for VFCW 1 and 4 and nitrate levels increased in all wetlands confirming the nitrification process. For the various waste materials used following were our observations: VFCW 2 performed the best for organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen removal while VFCW 3 outperformed others for phosphorus removal and VFCW 4 had the highest percentage of fecal coliforms removal.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115049638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bauxite residue, also called red mud, is the solid remainder of the bauxite industrial treatment by the Bayer process. During the last two decades, significant research has been undertaken to suggest potential effective use of the material, including extraction of rare metals, production of ceramics, painting agents, fertilizers, use in cement industry (iron/alumina source in clinker), and other industrial applications. However, potential use of this by-product in highway engineering projects, which engage big volumes of earthwork, is far from being fully investigated. This beneficial combination of a resistant “high-added value” structure, indirectly producing a positive environmental impact, makes the use of bauxite residue in engineering applications interesting and promising. This paper presents the engineering assessment of an asphalt road constructed from bauxite residue in the industrial site of the “Aluminium of Greece”. The construction (2009–2011) was based on the results of laboratory and site investigation of the properties of the by-product. After 9 years of full traffic conditions, a comprehensive assessment has been recently undertaken to detect any deficiencies of the road structure and to determine the performance of the BR pavement over time. The site investigation was mainly directed at the appraisal of surface pavement distress unveiling structural defects of the BR structure. The results of this investigation indicate an absolutely satisfactory pavement performance under heavy load conditions. Moreover, some engineering input, in terms of guidelines, useful to build similar road pavements from bauxite residue in the future, are herewith presented.
{"title":"ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT OF A LOCAL ROAD CONSTRUCTED FROM BAUXITE RESIDUE","authors":"A. Mouratidis, Iro Pernientaki","doi":"10.2495/wm180101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/wm180101","url":null,"abstract":"Bauxite residue, also called red mud, is the solid remainder of the bauxite industrial treatment by the Bayer process. During the last two decades, significant research has been undertaken to suggest potential effective use of the material, including extraction of rare metals, production of ceramics, painting agents, fertilizers, use in cement industry (iron/alumina source in clinker), and other industrial applications. However, potential use of this by-product in highway engineering projects, which engage big volumes of earthwork, is far from being fully investigated. This beneficial combination of a resistant “high-added value” structure, indirectly producing a positive environmental impact, makes the use of bauxite residue in engineering applications interesting and promising. This paper presents the engineering assessment of an asphalt road constructed from bauxite residue in the industrial site of the “Aluminium of Greece”. The construction (2009–2011) was based on the results of laboratory and site investigation of the properties of the by-product. After 9 years of full traffic conditions, a comprehensive assessment has been recently undertaken to detect any deficiencies of the road structure and to determine the performance of the BR pavement over time. The site investigation was mainly directed at the appraisal of surface pavement distress unveiling structural defects of the BR structure. The results of this investigation indicate an absolutely satisfactory pavement performance under heavy load conditions. Moreover, some engineering input, in terms of guidelines, useful to build similar road pavements from bauxite residue in the future, are herewith presented.","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131350538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work was carried out in the framework of LIFE+, the financial instrument of the EU for the environment (LIFE 15 ENV/PT/000609). C. Dias-Ferreira acknowledges the financial support of FCT “Fundacao para a Ciencia e para a Tecnologia” through POCH – Programa Operacional Capital Humano within ESF – European Social Fund and by national funds (SFRH/BPD/100717/2014 and UID/AMB/00681/2013).
{"title":"THE SETTING UP OF A PILOT SCALE PAY-AS-YOU-THROW WASTE TARIFF IN AVEIRO, PORTUGAL","authors":"C. Dias-Ferreira, A. Neves, Á. Braña","doi":"10.2495/wm180141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/wm180141","url":null,"abstract":"This work was carried out in the framework of LIFE+, the financial instrument of the EU \u0000for the environment (LIFE 15 ENV/PT/000609). C. Dias-Ferreira acknowledges the \u0000financial support of FCT “Fundacao para a Ciencia e para a Tecnologia” through POCH – \u0000Programa Operacional Capital Humano within ESF – European Social Fund and by \u0000national funds (SFRH/BPD/100717/2014 and UID/AMB/00681/2013).","PeriodicalId":103799,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management and the Environment IX","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130698743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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