Individual citizens have been found to be a major source of new product and service innovations of value both to themselves and to the economy at large. These citizen innovators operate in a little understood legal environment that we call the innovation wetlands. We show via a review of fundamental rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution and elsewhere that individuals in the United States participating in the innovation wetlands possess strong legal protections with respect to both their freedom to innovate and their right to diffuse information about their innovations to others. However, we also show that legislation and regulation — often promulgated without awareness of consumer innovation as a valuable resource — can, in practice, significantly interfere with individuals’ exercise of their fundamental freedom to innovate. This interference can cost society dearly by discouraging and slowing innovation or even thwarting it entirely. Just as intellectual property may chill citizen user and open innovation by raising the costs of innovation, so may regulatory property rights agencies grant to incumbent market actors.We offer three approaches to protecting the valuable resource of innovation by individuals from excessive negative impacts caused by legislation and regulation. First, we propose enhancing general awareness of the issue by framing the concept of individual innovation rights as an “innovation wetlands” that must be protected from encroachment and despoilment. Second, we describe the legislative and regulatory frameworks and practices that demark today’s innovation wetlands, as experienced by individual and collaborating innovators. Third, we suggest improvements that can strengthen protection of the innovation wetlands, including heightening awareness of the issue in existing, mandated cost–benefit analyses that are already applied, although imperfectly, to regulation in the United States.
{"title":"The Right to Innovate","authors":"A. Torrance, E. von Hippel","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2339132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2339132","url":null,"abstract":"Individual citizens have been found to be a major source of new product and service innovations of value both to themselves and to the economy at large. These citizen innovators operate in a little understood legal environment that we call the innovation wetlands. We show via a review of fundamental rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution and elsewhere that individuals in the United States participating in the innovation wetlands possess strong legal protections with respect to both their freedom to innovate and their right to diffuse information about their innovations to others. However, we also show that legislation and regulation — often promulgated without awareness of consumer innovation as a valuable resource — can, in practice, significantly interfere with individuals’ exercise of their fundamental freedom to innovate. This interference can cost society dearly by discouraging and slowing innovation or even thwarting it entirely. Just as intellectual property may chill citizen user and open innovation by raising the costs of innovation, so may regulatory property rights agencies grant to incumbent market actors.We offer three approaches to protecting the valuable resource of innovation by individuals from excessive negative impacts caused by legislation and regulation. First, we propose enhancing general awareness of the issue by framing the concept of individual innovation rights as an “innovation wetlands” that must be protected from encroachment and despoilment. Second, we describe the legislative and regulatory frameworks and practices that demark today’s innovation wetlands, as experienced by individual and collaborating innovators. Third, we suggest improvements that can strengthen protection of the innovation wetlands, including heightening awareness of the issue in existing, mandated cost–benefit analyses that are already applied, although imperfectly, to regulation in the United States.","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127014061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates whether institutional bond blockholders (i.e., bond funds that hold more than 5% of a firm's outstanding bonds) impede firm innovative activities, and if they do, through which channels. We find that long-term bond blockholders do not discourage firms from conducting innovative activities. Short-term bond blockholders, however, significantly reduce both firm investments in RD Innovation; Investment Horizon; Wall Street Walk
{"title":"What Types of Bondholders Impede Corporate Innovative Activities?","authors":"I. Hasan, J. O’Brien, Pengfei Ye","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2353791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2353791","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates whether institutional bond blockholders (i.e., bond funds that hold more than 5% of a firm's outstanding bonds) impede firm innovative activities, and if they do, through which channels. We find that long-term bond blockholders do not discourage firms from conducting innovative activities. Short-term bond blockholders, however, significantly reduce both firm investments in RD Innovation; Investment Horizon; Wall Street Walk","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116100494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to advance knowledge on how firms should rethink and develop their innovation architecture by leveraging emerging market opportunities.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a conceptual framework comprising the drivers and consequences of innovation architecture across emerging and developed markets. It also highlights emerging market innovation characteristics using detailed examples.Findings/conclusions – Most of the future growth in the global economy will come from emerging markets. Successful global firms will have to rethink and develop their innovation architecture by leveraging innovations developed for emerging markets. By balancing the long-term costs and benefits of innovations in both developed and emerging markets, global firms can successfully reshape their innovation architecture.Practical implications – From a practical perspective, the paper provides guidelines to executives for managing innovation architecture across emerging and developed markets. Innovations appropriately developed and launched in emerging markets have the potential to expand global consumer base and increase shareholder value.Social implications – From a societal standpoint, the paper helps improve consumer welfare in emerging markets by offering a roadmap to develop safe, relevant, and affordable products for mainstream customers. Reverse innovations, developed primarily for emerging markets also benefit consumers in developed markets and enhance their social welfare.Value/originality – The paper provides an original theoretical contribution in an important and underexplored research area – emerging market innovation. It is the first to develop an in-depth analysis of innovation architecture, advance a conceptual framework of the role of emerging markets in the development and consequences of innovation architecture, and offer a roadmap for strategic management of innovation architecture. Academic researchers, practitioners, and policy makers will benefit from this paper.
{"title":"How Emerging Markets are Reshaping the Innovation Architecture of Global Firms","authors":"Venkatesh Shankar, Nicole Hanson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2298867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2298867","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to advance knowledge on how firms should rethink and develop their innovation architecture by leveraging emerging market opportunities.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a conceptual framework comprising the drivers and consequences of innovation architecture across emerging and developed markets. It also highlights emerging market innovation characteristics using detailed examples.Findings/conclusions – Most of the future growth in the global economy will come from emerging markets. Successful global firms will have to rethink and develop their innovation architecture by leveraging innovations developed for emerging markets. By balancing the long-term costs and benefits of innovations in both developed and emerging markets, global firms can successfully reshape their innovation architecture.Practical implications – From a practical perspective, the paper provides guidelines to executives for managing innovation architecture across emerging and developed markets. Innovations appropriately developed and launched in emerging markets have the potential to expand global consumer base and increase shareholder value.Social implications – From a societal standpoint, the paper helps improve consumer welfare in emerging markets by offering a roadmap to develop safe, relevant, and affordable products for mainstream customers. Reverse innovations, developed primarily for emerging markets also benefit consumers in developed markets and enhance their social welfare.Value/originality – The paper provides an original theoretical contribution in an important and underexplored research area – emerging market innovation. It is the first to develop an in-depth analysis of innovation architecture, advance a conceptual framework of the role of emerging markets in the development and consequences of innovation architecture, and offer a roadmap for strategic management of innovation architecture. Academic researchers, practitioners, and policy makers will benefit from this paper.","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132219210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper addresses the question of whether expanded and strengthened protection of IPRs fosters technology transfer to developing countries, which is one of the premises at the basis of the TRIPS Agreement. Cross-sectional analysis of firms operating in 43 developing countries indicates that stronger IPRs facilitate technology transfer only for firms operating in newly industrialized countries and transition economies. For firms operating in developing and least-developed countries, IP protection is an insignificant determinant of technology licensing. In addition, the results show that firm characteristics such as size, foreign ownership, and sales composition are strong predictors of technology licensing status.
{"title":"Intellectual Property Rights and Foreign Technology Adoption in Developing Countries: An Empirical Investigation","authors":"Elisabetta Gentile","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2290507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2290507","url":null,"abstract":"The paper addresses the question of whether expanded and strengthened protection of IPRs fosters technology transfer to developing countries, which is one of the premises at the basis of the TRIPS Agreement. Cross-sectional analysis of firms operating in 43 developing countries indicates that stronger IPRs facilitate technology transfer only for firms operating in newly industrialized countries and transition economies. For firms operating in developing and least-developed countries, IP protection is an insignificant determinant of technology licensing. In addition, the results show that firm characteristics such as size, foreign ownership, and sales composition are strong predictors of technology licensing status.","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129555671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stated Preferences are, together with Bass diffusion and, to a lesser extent, Total Cost of Ownership, the most popular methods to forecast the future diffusion of electric and alternative fuel vehicles. In this contribution, we compare the merits and limitations of SP relative to other methods. We also review the empirical results provided by SP surveys and assess their validity for modeling market diffusion. We also propose a meta-analysis-based Synthetic Utility Function that consolidates results across various studies and can be used, for simulation purpose, in a Discrete Choice Model context. Such an approach makes the simulation results less dependent of single surveys� idiosyncrasies, and hence is helpful for the formulation of robust policy recommendations.
{"title":"The Use of Stated Preferences to Forecast Alternative Fuel Vehicles Market Diffusion: Comparisons with Other Methods and Proposal for a Synthetic Utility Function","authors":"Jérôme Massiani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2275756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2275756","url":null,"abstract":"Stated Preferences are, together with Bass diffusion and, to a lesser extent, Total Cost of Ownership, the most popular methods to forecast the future diffusion of electric and alternative fuel vehicles. In this contribution, we compare the merits and limitations of SP relative to other methods. We also review the empirical results provided by SP surveys and assess their validity for modeling market diffusion. We also propose a meta-analysis-based Synthetic Utility Function that consolidates results across various studies and can be used, for simulation purpose, in a Discrete Choice Model context. Such an approach makes the simulation results less dependent of single surveys� idiosyncrasies, and hence is helpful for the formulation of robust policy recommendations.","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115492273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-01DOI: 10.15388/OMEE.2013.4.1.14260
Andrius Agafonovas, Raimonda Alonderienė
Innovations are crucial for most of the companies to survive. However, the concept of innovation has become broader, including new forms of open innovation, such as crowdsourcing. The aim of this paper is to define the business model of a crowdsourcing-driven organization to create value. Empirical research consists of case studies on current crowdsourcing platforms, focus groups with potential crowd members and in-depth interviews with potential customers of creative agencies. Best practices were combined with solutions for closing the most significant gaps in order to create a successful business model. The developed model suggests separating the crowd into free users and an empowered core team and enabling collaboration. Moreover, an innovative motivational model is introduced. Due to a three-step sequence of solution/idea generation, superior value is proposed to the customer. Another competitive advantage should be flexibility and adaptability to the customer’s needs. The paper is original since extended analysis of all crowdsourcing stakeholders is delivered. It also has practical value proposing a business model for creative agencies.
{"title":"Value Creation in Innovations Crowdsourcing: Example of Creative Agencies","authors":"Andrius Agafonovas, Raimonda Alonderienė","doi":"10.15388/OMEE.2013.4.1.14260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/OMEE.2013.4.1.14260","url":null,"abstract":"Innovations are crucial for most of the companies to survive. However, the concept of innovation has become broader, including new forms of open innovation, such as crowdsourcing. The aim of this paper is to define the business model of a crowdsourcing-driven organization to create value. Empirical research consists of case studies on current crowdsourcing platforms, focus groups with potential crowd members and in-depth interviews with potential customers of creative agencies. Best practices were combined with solutions for closing the most significant gaps in order to create a successful business model. The developed model suggests separating the crowd into free users and an empowered core team and enabling collaboration. Moreover, an innovative motivational model is introduced. Due to a three-step sequence of solution/idea generation, superior value is proposed to the customer. Another competitive advantage should be flexibility and adaptability to the customer’s needs. The paper is original since extended analysis of all crowdsourcing stakeholders is delivered. It also has practical value proposing a business model for creative agencies.","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120996905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this dissertation executive summary, I focus empirically on credit rating decisions by local offices within a prominent 19th Century credit rating agency, as the organization, as a whole, responded to external threats. Findings from this study show that the heightened accountability of reported performance feedback is an important factor shaping the nature of lower-level organizational response to evident failures in decision-making processes. Public failure, which engenders threat to the organization, heightens the need to justify decision-making processes at the local level. Though, these legitimacy-driven responses led to poorer quality decisions and less functional information.
{"title":"Impression Management and Reputation Defense in 19th Century Credit Rating: Dissertation Executive Summary","authors":"Kelly Patterson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2447691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2447691","url":null,"abstract":"In this dissertation executive summary, I focus empirically on credit rating decisions by local offices within a prominent 19th Century credit rating agency, as the organization, as a whole, responded to external threats. Findings from this study show that the heightened accountability of reported performance feedback is an important factor shaping the nature of lower-level organizational response to evident failures in decision-making processes. Public failure, which engenders threat to the organization, heightens the need to justify decision-making processes at the local level. Though, these legitimacy-driven responses led to poorer quality decisions and less functional information.","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127804449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses differences across sectors in firms’ propensity to innovate and the relative importance of inputs to innovation classifying firms into four broad sectors. The propensity and drivers of four types of innovation (new to firm, new to market, process and organisational) within these sectors are then analysed. The results indicate that, for new to firm and new to market innovation, there is a strong degree of heterogeneity in the drivers of innovation across sectors. The propensity to introduce process or organisational innovations varies slightly across sectors but that there is no evidence of differences across sectors in the drivers of innovation. These results have important implications for policy instruments to meet the needs of targeted firms.
{"title":"Cross Sectoral Differences in Drivers of Innovation","authors":"J. Doran, Declan Jordan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2169607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2169607","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses differences across sectors in firms’ propensity to innovate and the relative importance of inputs to innovation classifying firms into four broad sectors. The propensity and drivers of four types of innovation (new to firm, new to market, process and organisational) within these sectors are then analysed. The results indicate that, for new to firm and new to market innovation, there is a strong degree of heterogeneity in the drivers of innovation across sectors. The propensity to introduce process or organisational innovations varies slightly across sectors but that there is no evidence of differences across sectors in the drivers of innovation. These results have important implications for policy instruments to meet the needs of targeted firms.","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126496121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the extent to which that elusive phenomenon called 'workplace innovation' has pervaded workplaces in Europe and whether it could be one of the answers to Europe’s long-term social and economic challenges that stem from an aging workforce and the need for more flexibility to stay competitive. Basic data drawn from European Working Conditions Survey conducted every five years by the Dublin-based European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions are supplemented by a series of case studies to look at the problems encountered in introducing workplace innovation and possible solutions. One set of case studies examines the following organizations: SGI/GI (Slovak Governance Institute (Slovakia), as representative of the world of small- and medium-sized enterprises; Oticon (Denmark) as representative of manufacturing companies; the Open University (UK), as representative of educational organizations; and FPS Social Security (Belgium) representing the public sector. Two final case studies focus on the country-level, one looking at of how a specific innovation can become fully mainstreamed (in the Netherlands and the ‘part-time economy’) and the other (Finland and TEKES) looking at how a government programme can help disseminate workplace innovation. These six case studies, together with the statistical analysis, constitute the main empirical value added of the report.
{"title":"Workplace Innovation and Technological Change","authors":"M. Beblavý, Ilaria Maselli, Elisa Martellucci","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2403752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2403752","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the extent to which that elusive phenomenon called 'workplace innovation' has pervaded workplaces in Europe and whether it could be one of the answers to Europe’s long-term social and economic challenges that stem from an aging workforce and the need for more flexibility to stay competitive. Basic data drawn from European Working Conditions Survey conducted every five years by the Dublin-based European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions are supplemented by a series of case studies to look at the problems encountered in introducing workplace innovation and possible solutions. One set of case studies examines the following organizations: SGI/GI (Slovak Governance Institute (Slovakia), as representative of the world of small- and medium-sized enterprises; Oticon (Denmark) as representative of manufacturing companies; the Open University (UK), as representative of educational organizations; and FPS Social Security (Belgium) representing the public sector. Two final case studies focus on the country-level, one looking at of how a specific innovation can become fully mainstreamed (in the Netherlands and the ‘part-time economy’) and the other (Finland and TEKES) looking at how a government programme can help disseminate workplace innovation. These six case studies, together with the statistical analysis, constitute the main empirical value added of the report.","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126273635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The case of IBM and Cisco are compared to show the importance of partnership and value creation in the current innovation model. IBM preferred to bully its competitors, employees and customers to make money from its innovation. Cisco partnered with companies such as Apple to create a partner wide ecosystem of trillions of dollars that is the modern internet economy.
{"title":"IBM to Cisco: Advances in the Innovation Model","authors":"S. Rajan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2120427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2120427","url":null,"abstract":"The case of IBM and Cisco are compared to show the importance of partnership and value creation in the current innovation model. IBM preferred to bully its competitors, employees and customers to make money from its innovation. Cisco partnered with companies such as Apple to create a partner wide ecosystem of trillions of dollars that is the modern internet economy.","PeriodicalId":103805,"journal":{"name":"Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal","volume":"12 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132383083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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