Clinical calcium最新文献

FGF23 is an "endocrine FGF" mainly secreted by osteocytes. FGF23 exerts its action through binding to an FGF receptor isoform, FGFR1c, using α-Klotho as a co-receptor. The main physiological function of FGF23 is to suppress phosphate reabsorption and active vitamin D production in the proximal tubule of the kidney, thereby lowering serum concentration of inorganic phosphate. In recent years, however, FGF23 has been shown to contribute to various pathological processes including cardiac hypertrophy via a distinct mode of action in a Klotho-independent manner. This review summarizes such pleiotropic actions of FGF23.

Vitamin D are taken from sunlight exposure and foods, such as oil rich fish. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is most appropriate marker to assess nutritional vitamin D status. On the other hand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is a clinical marker of disorders in calcium metabolism. To detect vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, high-throughput and high-sensitive automated measurement system of 25OHD has been developed, and added in health insurance listing. Several methods of 25OHD concentration measurement have been developed based on biochemical or physicochemical such as LC-MS/MS.

Androgen deprivation therapy(ADT)is a standard systemic therapy for prostate cancer. ADT induces bone loss(ADTIBL)and muscle loss(sarcopenia)leading to falls and farctures. There are 2 aims in bone management of prostate cancer:one is to prevent fragility fractures in patients without bone metastasis and the other is to prevent symptomatic skeletal events(SSE)which are pathologic fractures, spinal compression, radiation to bones and surgery to bones. Bone fractures and SSE are both correlated with worse overall survival(OS). Concomitant use of novel anti-androgens further increases the risk of falls and fractures. The earlier and appropiriate intervention with vitamin D and bone modifying agents(BMA)is necessary to prevent treatment related bone fractures and SSE. Bone management algorithm aids to decide the timing and doses of BMA. As for sarcopenia physical exercise and life style advices are important. Because abiraterone with glucocorticoid therapy induces stronger bone resorption, it is recommended to start denosumab simultaneously. Ra-223, bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals should not be used with abiraterone and predonisone because of high incidence of fracture and death.

Breast cancer is a typical hormone-dependent tumor and at the time of diagnosis more than 60% of breast cancers are positive for estrogen receptors and estrogen(E)is required for proliferation. Since breast cancer is a tumor easily to cause micrometastasis, adjuvant hormonal therapy(HT)for 5 to 10 years after surgery that suppresses the action of estrogen actively prevents recurrence is very popular. However, HT with aromatase inhibitor(AI)for postoperative postmenopausal breast cancer markedly reduces the E concentration in the body, leading to significant bone loss and fracture as known as aromatase inhibitor-induced bone loss(AIBL), a typical example of CTIBL. Under these circumstances, the usefulness of bone modifying agents as a supportive therapy to increase bone density and decrease fracture rate without interrupting the treatment of breast cancer became clear, mainly in Europe and the United States. And recently, our study revealed even in Japanese breast cancer patients denosumab injection every 6 months showed significant increase in bone density. The number of women suffering from breast cancer in Japan reaches approximately 90,000 per year, a considerable number is estimated as a preliminary group of CTIBL, so early appropriate measures are desired.

Organs do not independently coordinate their metabolic activity:close communication between different organ systems is essential to regulate metabolism effectively. In recent years, the unfolded protein response(UPR), which is an adaptive mechanism to decrease the amount of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, has been found to regulate metabolic function not only at the cellular level but also at the whole-organism level by way of inter-organ communications. This manuscript will present the most recent findings on the role of the UPR in inter-organ metabolic networks.

Bone tissue is a hard tissue, it was difficult to observe the interior of the bone tissue alive. With the progress of microscopic technology and fluorescent probe technology in recent years, it becomes possible to observe various activities of various cells forming bone society. On the other hand, the quantitative increase in data and the diversification and complexity of the images makes it difficult to perform quantitative analysis by visual inspection. It has been expected to develop a methodology for processing microscopic images and data analysis. In this article, we introduce the research field of bioimage informatics which is the boundary area of biology and information science, and then outline the basic image processing technology for quantitative analysis of live imaging data of bone.

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells which produce bone matrix proteins and control calcium and mineral deposition. It is still unknown how osteoblasts work through the processes actually, because most of bone researches use static images of sections. Recently developed intravital imaging system with multiphoton microscopy can enable dynamic observation of living individual cells without making sections. This technique has so high-resolution in the Z direction that it is particularly useful for observation of deep tissues like bones. Here we introduce our data about osteoblast live cell imaging in vivo and in vitro including intravital imaging and summarize the latest reports about it.

In Japan, nutrition education programs to prevent osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures have focused primarily on increasing dietary calcium intake and recommended the consumption of milk and dairy products. However, the effect of milk and dairy product consumption on bone density loss or fracture incidence in Japanese has rarely been evaluated in randomized controlled studies. In the present study, we reviewed the literature investigating the consumption of milk and dairy products in relation to bone density and fracture risk. The results showed that milk and dairy product consumption had only a modest effect in the prevention of midlife bone loss and subsequent fractures. However, given that infrequent(once weekly or less)consumption of milk may be associated with an increased risk of femoral neck fracture, and that Japanese generally have a lower calcium intake, it is still necessary to encourage elderly and younger adults to increase their consumption of milk and dairy products to promote bone health.

An assessment of the association between the intake of milk or dairy products and bone density or the risk of fractures on the basis of epidemiological studies revealed the following findings:(1)a sufficient prepubertal intake of milk or dairy products could contribute to the increased bone growth and maximized peal bone mass because the intake of calcium in the corresponding stage in Japan is inadequate;(2)adequate milk intake could contribute to the maintenance of peal bone mass among menstruating adult females and the decrease of bone loss in postmenopausal females. Adequate milk intake could contribute to the decrease of aging-induced bone loss in elderly males, though there is no sufficient scientific evidence;and(3)a meta-analysis indicated no correlation between the increased milk intake and decreased risks of hip fractures in the elderly. As the intake of milk or dairy products in the Japanese elderly is rather less than that reported by the meta-analysis, the minimal intake of milk or dairy products is anticipated to elevate the risk of fractures in middle-aged or elderly males and females although the scientific evidence is inadequate.

Milk has been historically recognized as having great nutritional value;its high nutrient density per energy makes it useful for individuals recovering from malnutrition among others. Milk is composed of an excellent ratio of essential amino acids, with an amino acid score of 100, and enhances the protein content when served with a meal. Additionally, not only is milk rich in calcium, but the absorption rate of calcium contained in the meal increases when milk is served with a meal. Instead of consuming nutritional supplements to make up for a lack of nutrients in the diet, Milk is a representative food that highlights the nutritional value of taking one food in combination with other foods. Moreover, milk costing as little as 100 contains high nutrient density, making it an economically efficient food.