Clinical calcium最新文献

Androgen deprivation therapy(ADT)is a standard systemic therapy for prostate cancer. ADT induces bone loss(ADTIBL)and muscle loss(sarcopenia)leading to falls and farctures. There are 2 aims in bone management of prostate cancer:one is to prevent fragility fractures in patients without bone metastasis and the other is to prevent symptomatic skeletal events(SSE)which are pathologic fractures, spinal compression, radiation to bones and surgery to bones. Bone fractures and SSE are both correlated with worse overall survival(OS). Concomitant use of novel anti-androgens further increases the risk of falls and fractures. The earlier and appropiriate intervention with vitamin D and bone modifying agents(BMA)is necessary to prevent treatment related bone fractures and SSE. Bone management algorithm aids to decide the timing and doses of BMA. As for sarcopenia physical exercise and life style advices are important. Because abiraterone with glucocorticoid therapy induces stronger bone resorption, it is recommended to start denosumab simultaneously. Ra-223, bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals should not be used with abiraterone and predonisone because of high incidence of fracture and death.

Breast cancer is a typical hormone-dependent tumor and at the time of diagnosis more than 60% of breast cancers are positive for estrogen receptors and estrogen(E)is required for proliferation. Since breast cancer is a tumor easily to cause micrometastasis, adjuvant hormonal therapy(HT)for 5 to 10 years after surgery that suppresses the action of estrogen actively prevents recurrence is very popular. However, HT with aromatase inhibitor(AI)for postoperative postmenopausal breast cancer markedly reduces the E concentration in the body, leading to significant bone loss and fracture as known as aromatase inhibitor-induced bone loss(AIBL), a typical example of CTIBL. Under these circumstances, the usefulness of bone modifying agents as a supportive therapy to increase bone density and decrease fracture rate without interrupting the treatment of breast cancer became clear, mainly in Europe and the United States. And recently, our study revealed even in Japanese breast cancer patients denosumab injection every 6 months showed significant increase in bone density. The number of women suffering from breast cancer in Japan reaches approximately 90,000 per year, a considerable number is estimated as a preliminary group of CTIBL, so early appropriate measures are desired.

Organs do not independently coordinate their metabolic activity:close communication between different organ systems is essential to regulate metabolism effectively. In recent years, the unfolded protein response(UPR), which is an adaptive mechanism to decrease the amount of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, has been found to regulate metabolic function not only at the cellular level but also at the whole-organism level by way of inter-organ communications. This manuscript will present the most recent findings on the role of the UPR in inter-organ metabolic networks.

The bones are the most common organ where estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer tends to metastasize. Thus, it is important to treat and prevent bone metastases by studying pathogenesis of developing metastasis to the bones. As advancing treatments have significantly improved the quality of life in patients with bone metastases of breast cancer. Among them, bone-modifying agents have been playing the most crucial roles by reducing the rate of skeletal related events and also having a possibility of favorable effects on prognosis. Zoledronic-acid and denosumab are currently available and denosmab seems to be superior to zoledronic-acid in inhibiting osteoclastic activity. Although both of these are safe drugs, several rare but serious adverse events need to be cautious like osteonecrosis of the jaw, hypocalcemia, renal dysfunction and atypical fracture.

Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the human body and plays an important role in the regulation of systemic homeostasis and displays remarkable plasticity in their metabolic responses to caloric availability and physical activity. Skeletal muscle maintains muscle mass suitable for the environment according to its own activity state. Skeletal muscles also affect the energy regulation of the whole body by skeletal muscle itself changing muscle fiber composition due to external and internal factors. This review focuses on the transcriptional regulation mechanism of muscle fiber type, which is responsible for overall energy consumption.

Muscle atrophy occurs when glucocorticoid steroids are administered in pharmacological doses or in Cushing syndrome, and such pathological condition is termed as steroid myopathy. Its molecular mechanism is clarified from the study of the gene expression regulation mechanism mediated by steroid receptors in skeletal muscle, progressing to translational research and also addressing the mechanism by which steroids participate in the regulation of whole body energy metabolism via skeletal muscle.

Milk contains approximately 110mg of calcium per 100mL of milk, a good source of dietary calcium. The calcium in milk comprises of calcium caseinate, micellar calcium phosphate and soluble calcium. It is also reported that the calcium in milk has an excellent bioavailability. Intervention studies of Japanese women have shown that the absorption rate of calcium in milk was greater than that found in small fish and vegetables. Factors taken into account as contributing to higher absorption rates of calcium in milk were:1)the types of calcium present(caseinate, micellar, soluble), 2)the presence of lactose which promotes calcium absorption, and 3)the presence of casein-phosphopeptide which increases soluble calcium fraction. Higher solubility was also observed in the small intestine of rats fed a micellar calcium phosphate casein-phosphopeptide(MCP-CPP)complex prepared from milk compared to that in rats fed insoluble whey calcium.

The amount of calcium in the body changes with age. According to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese(2015), the required amount of calcium is calculated by a factor addition method in consideration of the amount of calcium accumulated in the body, the amount excreted in urine, and percutaneous losses. At that time, the calcium absorption rate becomes a very important factor. Numerical values are set so as to increase the amount of calcium in the body during the growth phase in order to maintain the calcium content in the body after adulthood. Based on the available evidence, the calcium intake level of Japanese is low and needs to be increased.

Everyday memories are encoded in the hippocampus and decay very rapidly. In contrast, everyday memory with novel experience before or after remains for a long time. Our research group applied optogenetics to behavioural test in mice. We revealed the possibility that non-canonical release of dopamine from the locus coeruleus into the hippocampus change trivial everyday memory to long-term memory.

High body weight and high BMI has long been thought to protect against osteoporosis and fragility fractures. However, recent studies indicate that obese individuals fracture risk in some body sites increased with obesity, although it is consistent that obesity remains a protective factor for hip fracture. The association between BMI and fracture risk is complex, differs among fracture sites, and is modified by BMD. FRAX® tool including weight and height is effective to predict fracture even among obesity persons.