Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000152
S. Leone, R. Carrozzino, Monica Tassistro, L. Robbiano, M. L. Zuccoli, Francesca Romani, A. Martelli, F. Mattioli
Introduction: The published data suggest that interventions which combine pharmacotherapy and behavioural support increase success rates of smoking cessation compared to minimal intervention or usual care; however, a standardized behavioural psychotherapy programme has not been assessed yet. Our main aim was to assess if socio-demographic and housing characteristics of smokers attending an Italian smoking cessation centre, could have influenced the choice between varenicline therapy and psychological support only. Our secondary aims were: i) to evaluate the 6-month abstinence rates (ARs), confirmed by comparing exhaled air carbon monoxide concentrations, in smokers according to whether they took varenicline or received only psychological support; ii) to assess the most frequently reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by the varenicline group, mainly focusing on psychiatric events; iii) to evaluate the differences between men and women with regard to specific varenicline-related ADRs Method: 142 smokers were enrolled; all of them received the same psychological support programme. They were evaluated by a team of clinical experts, who advised them to opt for either one quitting method or the other; then the smokers chose themselves a treatment option of either varenicline plus psychotherapy (VAR: 78 patients) or psychotherapy alone (PSY: 64 patients). Results: Socio-demographic and psychological characteristics of patients have significantly influenced the treatment choice; the 6-month ARs were 35.9% versus 10.9% (p<0.01) in those using varenicline versus psychotherapy, respectively; 57.7% of the patients reported at least one adverse event. Conclusion: The analysis of socio-demographic factors and psychological characteristics of patients seems to be necessary to offer them the most effective therapy in order to achieve good abstinence rates. Therefore, this study confirms the data about the efficacy and safety of varenicline. Our screening methods and exclusion criteria seem to be valid aids to achieving good therapeutic outcomes with a low risk of occurrence of severe psychiatric events.
{"title":"Could Smokers Socio-Demographic and Housing Factors Affect and Influence the Choice Between Smoking Cessation Therapies?","authors":"S. Leone, R. Carrozzino, Monica Tassistro, L. Robbiano, M. L. Zuccoli, Francesca Romani, A. Martelli, F. Mattioli","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.1000152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.1000152","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The published data suggest that interventions which combine pharmacotherapy and behavioural support increase success rates of smoking cessation compared to minimal intervention or usual care; however, a standardized behavioural psychotherapy programme has not been assessed yet. Our main aim was to assess if socio-demographic and housing characteristics of smokers attending an Italian smoking cessation centre, could have influenced the choice between varenicline therapy and psychological support only. Our secondary aims were: i) to evaluate the 6-month abstinence rates (ARs), confirmed by comparing exhaled air carbon monoxide concentrations, in smokers according to whether they took varenicline or received only psychological support; ii) to assess the most frequently reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by the varenicline group, mainly focusing on psychiatric events; iii) to evaluate the differences between men and women with regard to specific varenicline-related ADRs Method: 142 smokers were enrolled; all of them received the same psychological support programme. They were evaluated by a team of clinical experts, who advised them to opt for either one quitting method or the other; then the smokers chose themselves a treatment option of either varenicline plus psychotherapy (VAR: 78 patients) or psychotherapy alone (PSY: 64 patients). Results: Socio-demographic and psychological characteristics of patients have significantly influenced the treatment choice; the 6-month ARs were 35.9% versus 10.9% (p<0.01) in those using varenicline versus psychotherapy, respectively; 57.7% of the patients reported at least one adverse event. Conclusion: The analysis of socio-demographic factors and psychological characteristics of patients seems to be necessary to offer them the most effective therapy in order to achieve good abstinence rates. Therefore, this study confirms the data about the efficacy and safety of varenicline. Our screening methods and exclusion criteria seem to be valid aids to achieving good therapeutic outcomes with a low risk of occurrence of severe psychiatric events.","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88327336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000E116
S. Shanmugam
Pharmaceutical companies around the globe have always been in the urge of discovering innovative blockbuster drugs for various ailments by spending billions of dollars for the drug discovery programmes. Although identification of new chemical entities (NCEs) with alternate mode of actions for diseases is a primary concern for the pharmaceutical companies, application of innovative techniques and technologies to increase the bioavailability, efficacy and safety of the already existing drugs are of no less concern as well. In fact, enhancing bioavailability of therapeutically potent but poorly bioavailable molecules has always been a crucial aspect of drug development programmes, as it reduces the drug dosage and frequency resulting in reduced toxicity and cost for the patients [1]. Among the various factors responsible for poor bioavailability of drugs, physiochemical properties of the drug itself and biological barriers are two predominant factors [2]. While physicochemical properties of the drug include poor aqueous solubility, poor intestinal membrane permeability, and poor stability of drug in gastrointestinal tract (GIT), biological barrier constitutes hepatic and intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and efflux drug transporters (EDTs). The metabolism of drugs by cytochrome P450 (CYP) DMEs in the gut wall and in the liver is the major contributors of reduced bioavailability of drugs that are substrate to these DMEs [3]. In addition to this, EDTs such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP), multidrug resistant-associated protein (MRP) are also responsible for reduced bioavailability of the therapeutically active drugs, especially anticancer drugs [3].
{"title":"Natural Bioenhancers: Current Outlook","authors":"S. Shanmugam","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.1000E116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.1000E116","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical companies around the globe have always been in the urge of discovering innovative blockbuster drugs for various ailments by spending billions of dollars for the drug discovery programmes. Although identification of new chemical entities (NCEs) with alternate mode of actions for diseases is a primary concern for the pharmaceutical companies, application of innovative techniques and technologies to increase the bioavailability, efficacy and safety of the already existing drugs are of no less concern as well. In fact, enhancing bioavailability of therapeutically potent but poorly bioavailable molecules has always been a crucial aspect of drug development programmes, as it reduces the drug dosage and frequency resulting in reduced toxicity and cost for the patients [1]. Among the various factors responsible for poor bioavailability of drugs, physiochemical properties of the drug itself and biological barriers are two predominant factors [2]. While physicochemical properties of the drug include poor aqueous solubility, poor intestinal membrane permeability, and poor stability of drug in gastrointestinal tract (GIT), biological barrier constitutes hepatic and intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and efflux drug transporters (EDTs). The metabolism of drugs by cytochrome P450 (CYP) DMEs in the gut wall and in the liver is the major contributors of reduced bioavailability of drugs that are substrate to these DMEs [3]. In addition to this, EDTs such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP), multidrug resistant-associated protein (MRP) are also responsible for reduced bioavailability of the therapeutically active drugs, especially anticancer drugs [3].","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82058880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000153
B. Ramu, Ameedi
Introduction Computers in pharmacy are used for the information of drug data, records and files, drug management (creating, modifying, adding and deleting data in patient files to generate reports), business details. The field of pharmacy is awe fully benefitted by use of computers getting and comparing the information to yield an accurate study. In field of operation like new drug discovery, drug design analysis, and manufacturing of drugs and in hospital pharmacy computers are widely used. The drug discovery, designing, manufacturing and analysis have become virtually possible only through the development of upcoming various hard wares and soft wares. Receiving the details, storing it and processing it and its dissemination is the main role of computers and this continuous flow of information shows effective functioning of any system [1]. Applications of Computers in Pharmacy 1. Usage of computers in the retail pharmacy 2. Computer aided design of drugs (CADD) 3. Use of Computers in Hospital Pharmacy 4. Data storage and retrieval 5. Information system in Pharmaceutical Industry 6. Diagnostic laboratories 7. Computer aided learning 8. Clinical trial management 9. Adverse drug events control 10. Computers in pharmaceutical formulations 11. Computers in Toxicology and Risk Assessment 12. Computational modeling of drug disposition 13. Recent development in bio computation of drug development 14. In Research Publication 15. Digital Libraries Usage of computers in the retail pharmacy [2,3] • Providing a receipt for the patient • Record of transaction of money • Ordering low quantity of products via electronic transitions • Generation of multiple analysis for day, week, month for number of prescription handles and amounts of cash • Estimation of profits and financial rational analysis • Printing of billing and payment details • Inventory control purpose • Whenever the drugs or medicaments are added to the stock or else removed from stock; the position of stock gets updated instantaneously • Records of various drug data, i.e., drug data information • Computers are useful for getting the complete drug information which is used to satisfy the queries by patients about toxicology, adverse drug reactions, and drug-drug and drug-food interactions. • Drug Bank Data Base gives complete and detailed description of drug (pharmacological and pharmaceutical action) and also involves bioinformatics and cheminformation. Computer aided design of drugs (CADD) [4] (Figure 1) • CADD is referred as a distinct and advanced drug designing process • It is a process of pronouncement of new medications • With a base of the refined graphics software existing or feed data the medicinal chemist have a scope to design the new molecules and improve their efficiency of the action (Figure 2) [5,6]. Use of computers in hospital pharmacy [7] • In receiving and allotment of drugs • Storing the details of every individual • Professional supplies • Records of dispensed drugs to inpatien
药房的计算机主要用于药品数据、记录和文件的信息、药品管理(在患者档案中创建、修改、添加、删除数据以生成报表)、业务明细等。使用计算机获取和比较信息以产生准确的研究，使制药领域受益匪浅。在新药发现、药物设计分析、药物生产等操作领域和医院药房，计算机得到了广泛的应用。药物的发现、设计、制造和分析几乎只有通过即将到来的各种硬件和软件的开发才成为可能。接收信息、存储信息、处理信息并传播信息是计算机的主要作用，这种连续的信息流显示了任何系统的有效功能[1]。计算机在药学中的应用零售药房电脑的使用药物计算机辅助设计(CADD)计算机在医院药房的应用数据存储和检索制药行业信息系统诊断实验室计算机辅助学习临床试验管理药物不良事件控制制药配方中的计算机计算机在毒理学和风险评估中的应用药物处置的计算建模生物计算在药物开发中的新进展在研究出版物15。数字图书馆零售药房计算机的使用[2,3]•为患者提供收据•记录交易金额•通过电子转换订购少量产品•生成日、周、•利润估算和财务理性分析•账单和付款详细信息的打印•库存控制目的•每当药品或药物加入库存或从库存中取出时;•各种药物数据的记录，即药物数据信息•计算机可用于获取完整的药物信息，用于满足患者对毒理学，药物不良反应，药物-药物和药物-食品相互作用的查询。•药物银行数据库提供药物(药理学和药物作用)的完整和详细的描述，也包括生物信息学和化学信息。药物计算机辅助设计(Computer aided design of drugs, CADD)[4](图1)•CADD是一种独特而先进的药物设计过程•它是一种宣布新药物的过程•药物化学家可以利用现有或输入数据的精细图形软件来设计新分子并提高其作用效率(图2)[5,6]。计算机在医院药房的使用[7]•在药物的接收和分配中•存储每个人的详细信息•专业用品•向住院和门诊患者分配药物的记录•患者记录的信息•患者监测(血压、脉搏率、体温)数据存储和检索[8]•医院管理计算机有助于存储数据和恢复数据(检索)，因为会有持续的变化。在病人入院的过程中，经常观察到他们的临床和护理人员、病床、手术室、重症监护病房、药房、放射科等。•病人一入院，计算机就记录并保留了诊断、用药、人口统计、临床信息等信息。制药行业信息系统[9,10]•信息系统是将公众所需要和使用的信息技术聚合在一起的系统
{"title":"Provenance of Computers in Pharmacy","authors":"B. Ramu, Ameedi","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.1000153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.1000153","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Computers in pharmacy are used for the information of drug data, records and files, drug management (creating, modifying, adding and deleting data in patient files to generate reports), business details. The field of pharmacy is awe fully benefitted by use of computers getting and comparing the information to yield an accurate study. In field of operation like new drug discovery, drug design analysis, and manufacturing of drugs and in hospital pharmacy computers are widely used. The drug discovery, designing, manufacturing and analysis have become virtually possible only through the development of upcoming various hard wares and soft wares. Receiving the details, storing it and processing it and its dissemination is the main role of computers and this continuous flow of information shows effective functioning of any system [1]. Applications of Computers in Pharmacy 1. Usage of computers in the retail pharmacy 2. Computer aided design of drugs (CADD) 3. Use of Computers in Hospital Pharmacy 4. Data storage and retrieval 5. Information system in Pharmaceutical Industry 6. Diagnostic laboratories 7. Computer aided learning 8. Clinical trial management 9. Adverse drug events control 10. Computers in pharmaceutical formulations 11. Computers in Toxicology and Risk Assessment 12. Computational modeling of drug disposition 13. Recent development in bio computation of drug development 14. In Research Publication 15. Digital Libraries Usage of computers in the retail pharmacy [2,3] • Providing a receipt for the patient • Record of transaction of money • Ordering low quantity of products via electronic transitions • Generation of multiple analysis for day, week, month for number of prescription handles and amounts of cash • Estimation of profits and financial rational analysis • Printing of billing and payment details • Inventory control purpose • Whenever the drugs or medicaments are added to the stock or else removed from stock; the position of stock gets updated instantaneously • Records of various drug data, i.e., drug data information • Computers are useful for getting the complete drug information which is used to satisfy the queries by patients about toxicology, adverse drug reactions, and drug-drug and drug-food interactions. • Drug Bank Data Base gives complete and detailed description of drug (pharmacological and pharmaceutical action) and also involves bioinformatics and cheminformation. Computer aided design of drugs (CADD) [4] (Figure 1) • CADD is referred as a distinct and advanced drug designing process • It is a process of pronouncement of new medications • With a base of the refined graphics software existing or feed data the medicinal chemist have a scope to design the new molecules and improve their efficiency of the action (Figure 2) [5,6]. Use of computers in hospital pharmacy [7] • In receiving and allotment of drugs • Storing the details of every individual • Professional supplies • Records of dispensed drugs to inpatien","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83677394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-31DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000128
Fares E. M. Ali, Amira M. Abo-Youssef, Basim As Messiha, R. Hemeda
This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of Quercetin and Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), as compared to standard agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced injury in rats. Briefly, rats were divided into five groups, namely sham control, IR control, NAC, Quercetin and UDCA groups. Assessed biomarkers included serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total bilirubin (tBil) as hepatocyte integrity parameters, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) and Lipooxygenase (LOX), and hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide end products (NOx) as inflammatory biomarkers, hepatic malondialdhyde (MDA), glutathione reduced (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as oxidative stress biomarkers, and finally hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as energy store biomarker. To confirm results of biochemical estimations, a histopathological study was conducted. Results showed that Quercetin and UDCA significantly reduced hepatocyte injury evidenced by significant reductions in serum ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, tBil, TNF-α, IL-6, COX-II and LOX levels, significant reductions in hepatic MPO, NOx and MDA levels, and significant elevations in hepatic GSH, CAT, SOD, GST and ATP levels. Quercetin effect was significantly better than UDCA effect on most parameters. Histopathological findings strongly supported results of biochemical estimations. In conclusion, Quercetin and UDCA, with Quercetin being better, can protect against hepatic IR injury in rats, at least through anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and energypreserving effects, and may be promising for further clinical trials.
本研究旨在评价槲皮素和熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)与标准剂n -乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)相比对大鼠肝缺血再灌注(IR)损伤的保护作用。简单地将大鼠分为5组，即假对照组、IR对照组、NAC组、槲皮素组和UDCA组。评估的生物标志物包括作为肝细胞完整性参数的血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和总胆红素(tBil)，作为炎症生物标志物的血清肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、环氧化酶- ii (COX-II)和脂氧化酶(LOX)，以及作为炎症生物标志物的肝髓过氧化物酶(MPO)和一氧化氮终产物(NOx)，肝脏丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽还原(GSH)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)，超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽- s -转移酶(GST)作为氧化应激生物标志物，最后是肝三磷酸腺苷(ATP)作为能量储存生物标志物。为了证实生化估计的结果，进行了组织病理学研究。结果显示，槲皮素和UDCA可显著降低肝细胞损伤，显著降低血清ALT、AST、ALP、LDH、tBil、TNF-α、IL-6、COX-II和LOX水平，显著降低肝脏MPO、NOx和MDA水平，显著升高肝脏GSH、CAT、SOD、GST和ATP水平。槲皮素在大部分参数上的效果明显优于UDCA。组织病理学结果有力地支持了生化估计的结果。综上所述，槲皮素和UDCA对大鼠肝脏IR损伤具有抗氧化、抗炎和保能作用，且槲皮素效果较好，具有进一步的临床应用前景。
{"title":"Protective Effects of Quercetin and Ursodeoxycholic Acid on HepaticIschemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats","authors":"Fares E. M. Ali, Amira M. Abo-Youssef, Basim As Messiha, R. Hemeda","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.1000128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.1000128","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of Quercetin and Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), as compared to standard agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced injury in rats. Briefly, rats were divided into five groups, namely sham control, IR control, NAC, Quercetin and UDCA groups. Assessed biomarkers included serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total bilirubin (tBil) as hepatocyte integrity parameters, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) and Lipooxygenase (LOX), and hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide end products (NOx) as inflammatory biomarkers, hepatic malondialdhyde (MDA), glutathione reduced (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as oxidative stress biomarkers, and finally hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as energy store biomarker. To confirm results of biochemical estimations, a histopathological study was conducted. Results showed that Quercetin and UDCA significantly reduced hepatocyte injury evidenced by significant reductions in serum ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, tBil, TNF-α, IL-6, COX-II and LOX levels, significant reductions in hepatic MPO, NOx and MDA levels, and significant elevations in hepatic GSH, CAT, SOD, GST and ATP levels. Quercetin effect was significantly better than UDCA effect on most parameters. Histopathological findings strongly supported results of biochemical estimations. In conclusion, Quercetin and UDCA, with Quercetin being better, can protect against hepatic IR injury in rats, at least through anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and energypreserving effects, and may be promising for further clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78939738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-19DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.S1.008
Abduelmula R Abduelkarem
N pain induced by a commonly used chemotherapy-drug paclitaxel (taxol) is a major toxicity responsible in clinics that force patients to discontinue this otherwise life-saving treatment. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a powerful regulator of neuroinflammation in many neurologic diseases. In this study, the role of GSK3β in the development and maintenance of taxol-induced neuropathic pain in a rat model induced by i.p. injection of taxol (2 mg/kg) on 4 alternative days (accumulated doses 8 mg/kg) was investigated. Ten days post the first taxol injection, using western blots, we found that expression of phosphorylated GSK3β (the inactive form of GSK3β) in the spinal dorsal horn was reduced while total GSK3β protein expression remained unchanged, indicating an increased activity of GSK3β. This was concomitantly associated by downregulation of glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) protein expression, activation of astrocytes (increased expression of GFAP) in the same region, and mechanical allodynia in the rats. Next, we treated the rats with the GSK3β inhibitor, lithium chloride (LiCl, 2 mg/kg/day, s.c. injection, starting immediately prior to the first taxol injection and then daily for 10 days). This treatment prevented the development of mechanical allodynia induced by taxol and suppressed GSK3β activities (an increased expression of phosphorylated GSK3β) in the spinal dorsal horn. At the same time, the taxol-induced downregulation of GLT-1 protein expression and activation of astrocytes were also significantly ameliorated. Finally, we determined if LiCl can reverse the taxol-induced allodynia. Ten days after the first taxol injection, LiCl (2 mg/kg/day, s.c.) was applied to rats with allodynia for another 10 days. This treatment attenuated the existing allodynia. Meanwhile, in the spinal dorsal horn, the taxol induced increased GSK3β activities and GFAP protein expressions were suppressed; GLT-1 protein expression was improved. Together, our data indicate that an increase of GSK3β activities is a key event related to the down-regulation of glial glutamate transporter expression in the spinal dorsal horn, and the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by taxol. Further, inhibition of GSK3β activity with lithium is an effective approach to prevent and attenuate paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain.
{"title":"Evaluation of breast cancer awareness among female university students in University of Sharjah, UAE","authors":"Abduelmula R Abduelkarem","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.S1.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.S1.008","url":null,"abstract":"N pain induced by a commonly used chemotherapy-drug paclitaxel (taxol) is a major toxicity responsible in clinics that force patients to discontinue this otherwise life-saving treatment. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a powerful regulator of neuroinflammation in many neurologic diseases. In this study, the role of GSK3β in the development and maintenance of taxol-induced neuropathic pain in a rat model induced by i.p. injection of taxol (2 mg/kg) on 4 alternative days (accumulated doses 8 mg/kg) was investigated. Ten days post the first taxol injection, using western blots, we found that expression of phosphorylated GSK3β (the inactive form of GSK3β) in the spinal dorsal horn was reduced while total GSK3β protein expression remained unchanged, indicating an increased activity of GSK3β. This was concomitantly associated by downregulation of glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) protein expression, activation of astrocytes (increased expression of GFAP) in the same region, and mechanical allodynia in the rats. Next, we treated the rats with the GSK3β inhibitor, lithium chloride (LiCl, 2 mg/kg/day, s.c. injection, starting immediately prior to the first taxol injection and then daily for 10 days). This treatment prevented the development of mechanical allodynia induced by taxol and suppressed GSK3β activities (an increased expression of phosphorylated GSK3β) in the spinal dorsal horn. At the same time, the taxol-induced downregulation of GLT-1 protein expression and activation of astrocytes were also significantly ameliorated. Finally, we determined if LiCl can reverse the taxol-induced allodynia. Ten days after the first taxol injection, LiCl (2 mg/kg/day, s.c.) was applied to rats with allodynia for another 10 days. This treatment attenuated the existing allodynia. Meanwhile, in the spinal dorsal horn, the taxol induced increased GSK3β activities and GFAP protein expressions were suppressed; GLT-1 protein expression was improved. Together, our data indicate that an increase of GSK3β activities is a key event related to the down-regulation of glial glutamate transporter expression in the spinal dorsal horn, and the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by taxol. Further, inhibition of GSK3β activity with lithium is an effective approach to prevent and attenuate paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain.","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91219369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-17DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.S1.005
T. D. Costa
{"title":"Coffee and sugar: Is it the right combination?","authors":"T. D. Costa","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.S1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.S1.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73397164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-17DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.S1.006
I. Alsarra
A biosimilar is a successor to a biologic medicine that has lost patent protection or exclusivity. Due to their relative complexity, biosimilars represent a separate regulatory class of medicines to small-molecule generics. Biosimilars are biologics, and are approved via stringently defined regulatory pathways on the basis that they have demonstrated comparability (high similarity) to their reference product. The introduction of biosimilars in the EU has already led to significant savings for patients and payers. With many more such products at various stages of the development pipeline, the number of therapeutic areas catered for by biosimilars will increase steadily over the next decade. The real benefit of biosimilars is the introduction of genuine competition into an area that has historically been unhealthily short of it. Competition not only reduces prices; it also frees up public funds to broaden overall access to healthcare. In addition, it provides a further incentive for the producers of patent-protected medicines to come up with fresh ideas and genuinely original new products – driving the ‘virtuous circle’ of innovation. Biosimilar development requires substantial time and investment. A typical biosimilar takes 7-8 years to develop, at a cost of between USD 75 and 250 million, with clinical trials that may involve about 500 patients. That compares to 8-10 years for a new drug application, at a cost of USD 800 million, including up to 1000 patients in clinical trials. For a smallmolecule generic, by comparison, development may be completed in 2-3 years, at a cost of USD 2-3 million.
{"title":"Biosimilars: Opportunities and challenges","authors":"I. Alsarra","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.S1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.S1.006","url":null,"abstract":"A biosimilar is a successor to a biologic medicine that has lost patent protection or exclusivity. Due to their relative complexity, biosimilars represent a separate regulatory class of medicines to small-molecule generics. Biosimilars are biologics, and are approved via stringently defined regulatory pathways on the basis that they have demonstrated comparability (high similarity) to their reference product. The introduction of biosimilars in the EU has already led to significant savings for patients and payers. With many more such products at various stages of the development pipeline, the number of therapeutic areas catered for by biosimilars will increase steadily over the next decade. The real benefit of biosimilars is the introduction of genuine competition into an area that has historically been unhealthily short of it. Competition not only reduces prices; it also frees up public funds to broaden overall access to healthcare. In addition, it provides a further incentive for the producers of patent-protected medicines to come up with fresh ideas and genuinely original new products – driving the ‘virtuous circle’ of innovation. Biosimilar development requires substantial time and investment. A typical biosimilar takes 7-8 years to develop, at a cost of between USD 75 and 250 million, with clinical trials that may involve about 500 patients. That compares to 8-10 years for a new drug application, at a cost of USD 800 million, including up to 1000 patients in clinical trials. For a smallmolecule generic, by comparison, development may be completed in 2-3 years, at a cost of USD 2-3 million.","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78650125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-02DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.R1-002
Apurva Vunnava, N. S. Kumar, Kunal Kumar Jogdande
Solid dosage forms, which were being used since ancient days, have been made modifications in terms of their drug delivery systems. As there are many adverse effects caused by solid dosage forms, recent advanced techniques were developed to minimize the adverse effects. These techniques are encapsulating the drug with matrix, and polymer micelles. These two techniques have a good significant use in the recent era. They optimize the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic and Pharmodynamic properties of the drug. Further advance in their drug delivery system is by applying nanotechnology in their drug delivery system. Applications of Nanotechnology in drug delivery would further minimize the adverse reaction.
{"title":"Novel Approaches to Enhance, Bioavailability of Solid Dosage Forms","authors":"Apurva Vunnava, N. S. Kumar, Kunal Kumar Jogdande","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.R1-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.R1-002","url":null,"abstract":"Solid dosage forms, which were being used since ancient days, have been made modifications in terms of their drug delivery systems. As there are many adverse effects caused by solid dosage forms, recent advanced techniques were developed to minimize the adverse effects. These techniques are encapsulating the drug with matrix, and polymer micelles. These two techniques have a good significant use in the recent era. They optimize the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic and Pharmodynamic properties of the drug. Further advance in their drug delivery system is by applying nanotechnology in their drug delivery system. Applications of Nanotechnology in drug delivery would further minimize the adverse reaction.","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80605630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-02DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000127
Rashmi R Kokardekar, Yogesh S. Chaudhari, Suresh D. Kumavat, H. Pawar
Oral administration of Glibenclamide appears to lower the blood glucose acutely by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. Gastro intestinal absorption of Glibenclamide in man is uniform, rapid and essentially complete having peak plasma concentration 1-3 hours after single oral dose and half-life of elimination three hours in normal subjects. The objective of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate microspheres of Glibenclamide by emulsion – solvent evaporation method. Microspheres were prepared using Ethyl Cellulose N100 and characterized for their micromeritic properties, particle size and encapsulation efficiency. The in-vitro release studies were performed using pH 1.2 (0.1N HCL) buffer revealed that the drug release was sustained up to 24 hours. SEM studies showed that the microspheres were spherical and porous in nature. In-vivo studies were performed in healthy rabbits to analyze the floating efficiency of microspheres. Microspheres of glibenclamide were prepared successfully and could help to manage better the complications involved in Type II diabetes.
{"title":"Development and Evaluation of Sustained Release Microspheres of Glibenclamide by Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Method","authors":"Rashmi R Kokardekar, Yogesh S. Chaudhari, Suresh D. Kumavat, H. Pawar","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.1000127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.1000127","url":null,"abstract":"Oral administration of Glibenclamide appears to lower the blood glucose acutely by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. Gastro intestinal absorption of Glibenclamide in man is uniform, rapid and essentially complete having peak plasma concentration 1-3 hours after single oral dose and half-life of elimination three hours in normal subjects. The objective of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate microspheres of Glibenclamide by emulsion – solvent evaporation method. Microspheres were prepared using Ethyl Cellulose N100 and characterized for their micromeritic properties, particle size and encapsulation efficiency. The in-vitro release studies were performed using pH 1.2 (0.1N HCL) buffer revealed that the drug release was sustained up to 24 hours. SEM studies showed that the microspheres were spherical and porous in nature. In-vivo studies were performed in healthy rabbits to analyze the floating efficiency of microspheres. Microspheres of glibenclamide were prepared successfully and could help to manage better the complications involved in Type II diabetes.","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77114967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-17DOI: 10.4172/2167-065X.1000126
S. An, K. Sugaya
Neurodegenerative diseases are devastating age-related disorders severely affecting the patient, caregivers, and enormously increasing the financial burden of the nation. Despite decades of hard work both in laboratory and clinic, the effective treatment specifically designed for a patient is still far from reach. Stem cell therapy, though with several challenges including limited differentiation potential of adult stem cells, ethical issues with using embryonic and fetal stem cells, tumor formation upon transplantation of cells, etc., offers enormous potential for treatment of several neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological drugs currently available in the market on the other hand are mainly for alleviating the symptoms and not for treating the disease per se. The efficiency of drug delivery across the bloodbrain barrier, stability, efficacy, and side effects these drugs show on patients are some of the hurdles pharmacological approach has to overcome. A detailed understanding of these complicated diseases at molecular level followed by the right combination of specifically tailored stem cell therapy and/or effective drugs e.g. MS-818 used to increase the endogenous stem cell population might be the best course of action in coming years for patients with little time left after their diagnosis.
{"title":"Stem Cell Approaches for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases","authors":"S. An, K. Sugaya","doi":"10.4172/2167-065X.1000126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-065X.1000126","url":null,"abstract":"Neurodegenerative diseases are devastating age-related disorders severely affecting the patient, caregivers, and enormously increasing the financial burden of the nation. Despite decades of hard work both in laboratory and clinic, the effective treatment specifically designed for a patient is still far from reach. Stem cell therapy, though with several challenges including limited differentiation potential of adult stem cells, ethical issues with using embryonic and fetal stem cells, tumor formation upon transplantation of cells, etc., offers enormous potential for treatment of several neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological drugs currently available in the market on the other hand are mainly for alleviating the symptoms and not for treating the disease per se. The efficiency of drug delivery across the bloodbrain barrier, stability, efficacy, and side effects these drugs show on patients are some of the hurdles pharmacological approach has to overcome. A detailed understanding of these complicated diseases at molecular level followed by the right combination of specifically tailored stem cell therapy and/or effective drugs e.g. MS-818 used to increase the endogenous stem cell population might be the best course of action in coming years for patients with little time left after their diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":10410,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78183054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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