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Rapid Genomic Characterization and Global Surveillance of Klebsiella Using Pathogenwatch 利用病原体监测技术对克雷伯氏菌进行快速基因组鉴定和全球监测
S. Argimón, S. David, A. Underwood, M. Abrudan, N. Wheeler, M. Kekre, Khalil AbuDahab, C. Yeats, Richard J. Goater, Ben Taylor, Harry Harste, Dawn Muddyman, E. Feil, S. Brisse, K. Holt, P. Donado-Godoy, K. Ravikumar, I. Okeke, C. Carlos, D. Aanensen
Background Klebsiella species, including the notable pathogen K. pneumoniae, are increasingly associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Genome-based surveillance can inform interventions aimed at controlling AMR. However, its widespread implementation requires tools to streamline bioinformatic analyses and public health reporting. Methods We developed the web application Pathogenwatch, which implements analytics tailored to Klebsiella species for integration and visualization of genomic and epidemiological data. We populated Pathogenwatch with 16,537 public Klebsiella genomes to enable contextualization of user genomes. We demonstrated its features with 1,636 genomes from four low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) participating in the NIHR Global Health Research Unit (GHRU) on AMR. Results Using Pathogenwatch, we found that GHRU genomes were dominated by a small number of epidemic drug-resistant clones of K. pneumoniae. However, differences in their distribution were observed (e.g. ST258/512 dominated in Colombia, ST231 in India, ST307 in Nigeria, ST147 in the Philippines). Phylogenetic analyses including public genomes for contextualization enabled retrospective monitoring of their spread. In particular, we identified hospital outbreaks, detected introductions from abroad, and uncovered clonal expansions associated with resistance and virulence genes. Assessment of loci encoding O-antigens and capsule in K. pneumoniae, which represent possible vaccine candidates, showed that three O-types (O1-O3) represented 88.9% of all genomes, whereas capsule types were much more diverse. Conclusions Pathogenwatch provides a free, accessible platform for real-time analysis of Klebsiella genomes to aid surveillance at local, national and global levels. We have improved representation of genomes from GHRU participant countries, further facilitating ongoing surveillance. 40-word summary Pathogenwatch is a free web-application for analysis of Klebsiella genomes to aid surveillance at local, national and global levels. We improved the representation of genomes from middle-income countries through the Global Health Research Unit on AMR, further facilitating ongoing surveillance. FUNDING This work was supported by Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding from the National Institute of Health Research [grant number 16_136_111]. This research was commissioned by the National Institute of Health Research using Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors: No reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest.
克雷伯菌种类,包括著名的病原体肺炎克雷伯菌,越来越多地与抗菌素耐药性(AMR)相关。基于基因组的监测可以为控制抗菌素耐药性的干预措施提供信息。然而,它的广泛实施需要简化生物信息学分析和公共卫生报告的工具。方法开发病原观察(Pathogenwatch)网络应用程序,实现克雷伯氏菌基因组和流行病学数据的整合和可视化。我们用16537个公开的克雷伯氏菌基因组填充了Pathogenwatch,以实现用户基因组的语境化。我们通过参与NIHR全球卫生研究单位(GHRU) AMR研究的四个低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs)的1,636个基因组展示了其特征。结果利用Pathogenwatch,我们发现GHRU基因组以少数流行耐药克隆肺炎克雷伯菌为主。然而,它们的分布存在差异(例如,ST258/512在哥伦比亚占主导地位,ST231在印度,ST307在尼日利亚,ST147在菲律宾)。系统发育分析包括公共基因组的背景化,可以对其传播进行回顾性监测。特别是,我们确定了医院暴发,检测了来自国外的引入,并发现了与抗性和毒力基因相关的克隆扩增。对代表可能候选疫苗的肺炎克雷伯菌o抗原和荚膜编码位点的评估显示,三种o型(o - o3)占所有基因组的88.9%,而荚膜类型则更加多样化。结论:Pathogenwatch为克雷伯氏菌基因组实时分析提供了一个免费、可访问的平台,有助于地方、国家和全球层面的监测。我们改进了来自ghu参与国的基因组代表性,进一步促进了正在进行的监测。Pathogenwatch是一个免费的网络应用程序,用于分析克雷伯氏菌基因组,以帮助在地方、国家和全球层面进行监测。我们通过抗微生物药物耐药性全球卫生研究单位改善了中等收入国家基因组的代表性,进一步促进了持续监测。这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院官方发展援助(ODA)资金的支持[拨款号16_136_111]。这项研究是由国家卫生研究所委托使用官方发展援助资金进行的。本出版物中表达的观点是作者的观点,不一定代表NHS、国家卫生研究所或卫生部的观点。利益冲突作者:无利益冲突报道。所有作者都提交了ICMJE潜在利益冲突披露表。
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引用次数: 37
A Multi-center, Prospective, Observational-cohort controlled study of Clinical Outcomes following COVID-19 Convalescent plasma therapy in hospitalized COVID-19 patients 一项住院COVID-19患者恢复期血浆治疗临床结局的多中心、前瞻性、观察队列对照研究
Lakshmi Chauhan, J. Pattee, Joshay A. Ford, C. Thomas, Kelsey E Lesteberg, Eric Richards, Carl A Bernas, M. Loi, Larry J. Dumont, K. Annen, M. Berg, Mercedes Zirbes, Vijaya Knight, A. Miller, T. Jenkins, T. Bennett, D. Monkowski, R. Boxer, J. D. Beckham
Background: The SARS-CoV2 pandemic has caused high inpatient mortality and morbidity throughout the world. COVID19 convalescent plasma has been utilized as a potential therapy for patients hospitalized with COVID19 pneumonia. This study evaluated the outcomes of hospitalized COVID19 patients treated with COVID19 convalescent plasma in a prospective, observational multicenter trial. Methods: From April 2020 through August 2020, hospitalized COVID19 patients at 16 participating hospitals in Colorado were enrolled and treated with COVID19 convalescent plasma (CCP) and compared to hospitalized patients with COVID19 who were not treated with convalescent plasma. Plasma antibody levels were determined following the trial given that antibody tests were not approved at the initiation of the trial. CCP-treated and untreated COVID19 hospitalized patients were matched using propensity scores followed by analysis for length of hospitalization and inpatient mortality. Results: 542 total hospitalized COVID19 patients were enrolled at 16 hospitals across the region. A total of 468 hospitalized COVID19 patients were entered into propensity score matching with 188 patients matched for analysis in the CCP-treatment and control arms. Fine-Gray models revealed increased length of hospital stay in CCP-treated patients and no change in inpatient mortality compared to controls. In subgroup analysis of CCP-treated patients within 7 days of admission, there was no difference in length of hospitalization and inpatient mortality. Conclusions: These data show that treatment of hospitalized COVID19 patients with CCP did not significantly improve patient hospitalization length of stay or inpatient mortality.
背景:SARS-CoV2大流行在全球范围内造成了很高的住院病人死亡率和发病率。covid - 19恢复期血浆已被用作治疗covid - 19肺炎住院患者的潜在药物。本研究通过一项前瞻性、观察性的多中心试验,评估了covid - 19恢复期血浆治疗住院covid - 19患者的结局。方法:于2020年4月至2020年8月,对科罗拉多州16家参与医院的住院covid - 19患者进行新冠肺炎恢复期血浆(CCP)治疗,并与未接受恢复期血浆治疗的住院covid - 19患者进行比较。血浆抗体水平是在试验结束后确定的,因为抗体测试在试验开始时未获批准。使用倾向评分对接受ccp治疗和未接受治疗的covid - 19住院患者进行匹配,然后分析住院时间和住院患者死亡率。结果:全省16家医院共纳入542例新冠肺炎住院患者。将468例新冠肺炎住院患者纳入倾向评分匹配,其中188例在治疗组和对照组匹配分析。细灰色模型显示,与对照组相比,接受ccp治疗的患者住院时间增加,住院死亡率没有变化。在入院7天内接受ccp治疗的患者的亚组分析中,住院时间和住院死亡率没有差异。结论:这些数据表明,对住院的covid - 19 CCP患者进行治疗并没有显著改善患者的住院时间或住院死亡率。
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引用次数: 6
Universal community nucleic acid testing for COVID-19 in Hong Kong reveals insights into transmission dynamics: a cross-sectional and modelling study. 香港COVID-19普遍社区核酸检测揭示传播动态:横断面和模型研究。
Bingyi Yang, T. Tsang, Huizhi Gao, E. Lau, Yun Lin, F. Ho, J. Xiao, J. Wong, D. Adam, Q. Liao, P. Wu, B. Cowling, G. Leung
BACKGROUNDTesting of an entire community has been used as an approach to control COVID-19. In Hong Kong, a universal community testing programme (UCTP) was implemented at the fadeout phase of a community epidemic in July to September 2020. We described the utility of the UCTP in finding unrecognised infections, and analysed data from the UCTP and other sources to characterise transmission dynamics.METHODSWe described the characteristics of people participating in the UCTP and compared the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases detected by the UCTP versus those detected by clinical diagnosis and public health surveillance (CDPHS). We developed a Bayesian model to estimate the age-specific incidence of infection and the proportion of cases detected by CDPHS.RESULTS1.77 million people, 24% of the Hong Kong population, participated in the UCTP from 1 to 14 September 2020. The UCTP identified 32 new infections (1.8 per 100,000 samples tested), consisting of 29% of all local cases reported during the two-week UCTP period. Compared with the CDPHS, the UCTP detected a higher proportion of sporadic cases (62% versus 27%, p <0.01) and identified 6 (out of 18) additional clusters during that period. We estimated that 27% (95% credible interval: 22%, 34%) of all infections were detected by the CDPHS in the third wave.CONCLUSIONSWe reported empirical evidence of the utility of population-wide COVID-19 testing in detecting unrecognised infections and clusters. Around three quarters of infections have not been identified through existing surveillance approaches including contact tracing.
背景:对整个社区进行检测是控制COVID-19的一种方法。香港在2020年7月至9月的社区疫情消退阶段实施了一项普遍社区检测计划(UCTP)。我们描述了UCTP在发现未被识别的感染方面的效用,并分析了来自UCTP和其他来源的数据,以表征传播动态。方法描述参与UCTP的人员特征,并将UCTP检测到的COVID-19病例与临床诊断和公共卫生监测(CDPHS)检测到的病例的临床和流行病学特征进行比较。结果在2020年9月1日至14日期间,共有177万人(占香港人口的24%)参加了UCTP。UCTP确定了32例新感染(每100,000个检测样本中有1.8例),占在为期两周的UCTP期间报告的所有当地病例的29%。与CDPHS相比,UCTP检测到的散发病例比例更高(62%对27%,p <0.01),并在此期间发现了6个(18个)额外的聚集性病例。我们估计27%(95%可信区间:22%,34%)的感染在第三波中被CDPHS检测到。我们报告了全人群COVID-19检测在发现未被识别的感染和聚集性方面的实用性的经验证据。约四分之三的感染未通过包括接触者追踪在内的现有监测方法得到确认。
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引用次数: 4
Performance of Repeat BinaxNOW SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Testing in a Community Setting, Wisconsin, November-December 2020 2020年11月至12月威斯康星州社区环境中重复BinaxNOW SARS-CoV-2抗原检测的性能
M. Shah, P. Salvatore, L. Ford, Emiko Kamitani, M. Whaley, Mitchell Kaitlin, D. Currie, Clint N. Morgan, H. Segaloff, Shirley Lecher, Tarah Somers, Miriam E. Van Dyke, J. Bigouette, Augustina Delaney, Juliana DaSilva, M. O’Hegarty, L. Boyle-Estheimer, Fatima Abdirizak, Sandor E. Karpathy, J. Meece, L J Ivanić, K. Goffard, D. Gieryn, Alana Sterkel, A. Bateman, J. Kahrs, K. Langolf, T. Zochert, N. Knight, Christopher H. Hsu, H. Kirking, J. Tate
Repeating the BinaxNOW antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 by two groups of readers within 30 minutes resulted in high concordance (98.9%) in 2,110 encounters. BinaxNOW test sensitivity was 77.2% (258/334) compared to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Same day antigen testing did not significantly improve test sensitivity while specificity remained high.
两组读者在30分钟内重复进行BinaxNOW SARS-CoV-2抗原检测,结果在2110次接触中一致性高(98.9%)。BinaxNOW检测灵敏度为77.2%(258/334),与实时逆转录-聚合酶链反应相比。当日抗原检测没有显著提高检测灵敏度,但特异性仍然很高。
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引用次数: 17
Increased Household Secondary Attacks Rates With Variant of Concern Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Index Cases 严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2指数病例的家庭继发发病率增加
S. Buchan, S. Tibebu, N. Daneman, M. Whelan, T. Vanniyasingam, M. Murti, K. Brown
IMPORTANCE: Higher secondary attack rates related to variant of concern (VOC) index cases have been reported, but have not been explored within households, which continue to be an important source of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission OBJECTIVE: To compare secondary attack rates in households with VOC versus non-VOC index cases. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of household index cases reported from February 7-27, 2021. A propensity-score matched cohort was derived to calculate adjusted estimates. SETTING: Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: A population-based cohort of all private households with index cases. We excluded cases in congregate settings, as well as households with one individual or with >1 case with the same earliest symptom onset date. EXPOSURE: VOC status, defined as either individuals confirmed as B.1.1.7 using whole genome sequencing or those that screened positive for the N501Y mutation using real-time PCR. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Household secondary attack rate, defined as the number of household secondary cases that occurred 1-14 days after the index case divided by the total number of household secondary contacts. RESULTS: We included 1,259 index VOC and non-VOC cases in the propensity score-matched analysis. The secondary attack rate for VOC index cases in this matched cohort was 1.31 times higher than non-VOC index cases (RR=1.31, 95%CI 1.14-1.49), similar to the unadjusted estimate. In stratified analyses, the higher secondary attack rate for VOC compared to non-VOC index cases was accentuated for asymptomatic index cases (RR=1.91, 95% CI 0.96-3.80) and presymptomatic cases (RR=3.41, 95%CI 1.13-10.26) CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study provides strong evidence of increased transmissibility in households due to VOCs and suggests that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission may be of particular importance for VOCs. Our study suggests that more aggressive public health measures will be needed to control VOCs and that ongoing research is needed to understand mechanisms of VOC transmissibility to curb their associated morbidity and mortality.
重要性:已报道了与关注变量(VOC)指数病例相关的较高继发发病率,但尚未在家庭中进行探讨,而家庭仍然是2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)传播的重要来源。目的:比较VOC指数病例与非VOC指数病例的家庭继发发病率。设计:对2021年2月7日至27日报告的家庭指标病例进行回顾性队列研究。导出一个倾向评分匹配的队列来计算调整后的估计值。周边环境:加拿大安大略省。参与者:以人口为基础的队列,包括所有有指数病例的私人家庭。我们排除了聚集环境中的病例,以及有一人或有>1例病例且最早症状出现日期相同的家庭。暴露:VOC状态,定义为使用全基因组测序确认为B.1.1.7的个体或使用实时PCR筛选N501Y突变阳性的个体。主要结局和测量方法:家庭继发性发病率,定义为在指示病例发生后1-14天内发生的家庭继发性病例数除以家庭继发性接触者总数。结果:我们在倾向评分匹配分析中纳入了1259例指数VOC和非VOC病例。该匹配队列中VOC指数病例的二次发作率比非VOC指数病例高1.31倍(RR=1.31, 95%CI 1.14-1.49),与未调整的估计相似。在分层分析中,无症状指数病例(RR=1.91, 95%CI 0.96-3.80)和症状前病例(RR=3.41, 95%CI 1.13-10.26)与无症状指数病例相比,VOC的继发发病率更高,结论和相关性:本研究提供了强有力的证据,表明VOC在家庭中的传播率增加,并表明无症状和症状前传播可能对VOCs特别重要。我们的研究表明,需要更积极的公共卫生措施来控制挥发性有机化合物,并且需要持续的研究来了解挥发性有机化合物的传播机制,以抑制其相关的发病率和死亡率。
{"title":"Increased Household Secondary Attacks Rates With Variant of Concern Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Index Cases","authors":"S. Buchan, S. Tibebu, N. Daneman, M. Whelan, T. Vanniyasingam, M. Murti, K. Brown","doi":"10.1101/2021.03.31.21254502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.31.21254502","url":null,"abstract":"IMPORTANCE: Higher secondary attack rates related to variant of concern (VOC) index cases have been reported, but have not been explored within households, which continue to be an important source of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission OBJECTIVE: To compare secondary attack rates in households with VOC versus non-VOC index cases. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of household index cases reported from February 7-27, 2021. A propensity-score matched cohort was derived to calculate adjusted estimates. SETTING: Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: A population-based cohort of all private households with index cases. We excluded cases in congregate settings, as well as households with one individual or with >1 case with the same earliest symptom onset date. EXPOSURE: VOC status, defined as either individuals confirmed as B.1.1.7 using whole genome sequencing or those that screened positive for the N501Y mutation using real-time PCR. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Household secondary attack rate, defined as the number of household secondary cases that occurred 1-14 days after the index case divided by the total number of household secondary contacts. RESULTS: We included 1,259 index VOC and non-VOC cases in the propensity score-matched analysis. The secondary attack rate for VOC index cases in this matched cohort was 1.31 times higher than non-VOC index cases (RR=1.31, 95%CI 1.14-1.49), similar to the unadjusted estimate. In stratified analyses, the higher secondary attack rate for VOC compared to non-VOC index cases was accentuated for asymptomatic index cases (RR=1.91, 95% CI 0.96-3.80) and presymptomatic cases (RR=3.41, 95%CI 1.13-10.26) CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study provides strong evidence of increased transmissibility in households due to VOCs and suggests that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission may be of particular importance for VOCs. Our study suggests that more aggressive public health measures will be needed to control VOCs and that ongoing research is needed to understand mechanisms of VOC transmissibility to curb their associated morbidity and mortality.","PeriodicalId":10421,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86978529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
IDENTIFICATION OF GENETICALLY RELATED HCV INFECTIONS AMONG SELF-DESCRIBED INJECTING PARTNERSHIPS 在自称为注射伙伴的人群中鉴定遗传相关的丙型肝炎病毒感染
D. Tully, J. Hahn, D. J. Bean, J. Evans, M. Morris, K. Page, Todd M. Allen
Background. The current opioid epidemic across the United States has fueled a surge in the rate of new HCV infections among young persons who inject drugs (PWIDs). Paramount to interrupting transmission is targeting these high-risk populations and understanding the underlying network structures facilitating transmission within these communities. Methods. Deep sequencing data were obtained for 52 participants from 32 injecting partnerships enrolled in the UFO Partner Study which is a prospective study of self-described injecting dyad partnerships from a large community-based study of HCV infection in young adult PWIDs from San Francisco. Phylogenetically linked transmission events were identified using traditional genetic-distance measures and viral deep sequence phylogenies reconstructed to determine the statistical support of inferences and the direction of transmission within partnerships. Results. Using deep sequencing data, we found that 12 of 32 partnerships were genetically similar and clustered. Three additional phylogenetic clusters were found describing novel putative transmission links outside of the injecting relationship. Transmission direction was inferred correctly for five partnerships with the incorrect transmission direction inferred in more than 50% of cases. Notably, we observed that phylogenetic linkage was most often associated with a lower number of network partners and involvement in a sexual relationship.
背景。目前美国各地的阿片类药物流行导致注射毒品的年轻人(PWIDs)中新的丙型肝炎病毒感染率激增。阻断传播最重要的是针对这些高危人群并了解促进这些社区内传播的潜在网络结构。方法。深度测序数据来自32名参与UFO伴侣研究的52名参与者,该研究是一项来自旧金山年轻成年PWIDs HCV感染大型社区研究的自我描述的注射伴侣的前瞻性研究。系统发育相关的传播事件使用传统的遗传距离测量和病毒深序列系统发育重建来确定推论的统计支持和伙伴关系中的传播方向。结果。利用深度测序数据,我们发现32对伴侣中有12对在基因上相似并聚集在一起。发现了三个额外的系统发育集群,描述了注射关系之外的新的假定传播链接。五种伙伴关系的传播方向推断正确,但超过50%的病例推断不正确。值得注意的是,我们观察到,系统发育联系通常与较少的网络伙伴和参与性关系有关。
{"title":"IDENTIFICATION OF GENETICALLY RELATED HCV INFECTIONS AMONG SELF-DESCRIBED INJECTING PARTNERSHIPS","authors":"D. Tully, J. Hahn, D. J. Bean, J. Evans, M. Morris, K. Page, Todd M. Allen","doi":"10.1101/2021.03.22.21254109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.22.21254109","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The current opioid epidemic across the United States has fueled a surge in the rate of new HCV infections among young persons who inject drugs (PWIDs). Paramount to interrupting transmission is targeting these high-risk populations and understanding the underlying network structures facilitating transmission within these communities. Methods. Deep sequencing data were obtained for 52 participants from 32 injecting partnerships enrolled in the UFO Partner Study which is a prospective study of self-described injecting dyad partnerships from a large community-based study of HCV infection in young adult PWIDs from San Francisco. Phylogenetically linked transmission events were identified using traditional genetic-distance measures and viral deep sequence phylogenies reconstructed to determine the statistical support of inferences and the direction of transmission within partnerships. Results. Using deep sequencing data, we found that 12 of 32 partnerships were genetically similar and clustered. Three additional phylogenetic clusters were found describing novel putative transmission links outside of the injecting relationship. Transmission direction was inferred correctly for five partnerships with the incorrect transmission direction inferred in more than 50% of cases. Notably, we observed that phylogenetic linkage was most often associated with a lower number of network partners and involvement in a sexual relationship.","PeriodicalId":10421,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"9 34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91143573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The effect of in-person primary and secondary school instruction on county-level SARS-CoV-2 spread in Indiana 印第安纳州中小学面对面教学对县域SARS-CoV-2传播的影响
G. Bosslet, M. Pollak, J. Jang, Rebekah L. Roll, Marko Sperling, Babar Khan
Background: The effect of in person primary and secondary school instruction on the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear. Objective: To determine the county-level effect of in-person primary and secondary school reopening on daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Indiana. Design: Panel data regression analysis utilizing the proportion of in-person learning to evaluate an association with community-wide daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases. The study period was July 12-October 6, 2020. Setting: A county-level population-based study. Participants: We included 73 out of 92 (79.3%) Indiana Counties in the analysis, accounting for 85.7% of school corporations and 90.6% of student enrollement statewide. Main outcomes and measures: The primary exposure was the proportion of students returning to in-person instruction. The primary outcome was the daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases per 100,000 residents at the county level. Results: There is a statistically significant relationship between the proportion of students attending K-12 schools in-person and the county level daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 28 days later. For all ages, the coefficient of interest ({beta}) is estimated at 3.36 (95% CI: 1.91-4.81; p < 0.001). This coefficient represents the effect of a change the proportion of students attending in-person on new daily cases 28 days later. For example, a 10 percentage point increase in K-12 students attending school in-person is associated with a daily increase in SARS-CoV-2 cases in the county equal to 0.336 cases/100,000 residents of all ages. Limitations: Single state study; inability to stratify school age effects by age; cannot account for non-linear growth effects. Conclusion and relevance: In-person primary and secondary school is associated with a statistically significant but proportionally small increase in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 cases.
背景:中小学面对面教学对SARS-CoV-2社区传播的影响尚不清楚。目的:了解印第安纳州中小学面对面复课对日均SARS-CoV-2病例的影响。设计:利用面对面学习的比例进行面板数据回归分析,以评估与社区范围内每日新增SARS-CoV-2病例的关系。研究期间为2020年7月12日至10月6日。研究背景:以县级人口为基础的研究。参与者:我们在分析中包括了印第安纳州92个县中的73个县(79.3%),占全州学校法人的85.7%和学生入学率的90.6%。主要结果和措施:主要暴露是学生返回到现场教学的比例。主要指标是县级每日每10万居民新增病例数。结果:K-12学校学生亲自上学比例与28d后县域日均SARS-CoV-2病例数有统计学意义。对于所有年龄段,兴趣系数({beta})估计为3.36 (95% CI: 1.91-4.81;P < 0.001)。该系数表示28天后亲自就诊的学生比例变化对每日新病例的影响。例如,K-12学生亲自上学的人数每增加10个百分点,该县每天的SARS-CoV-2病例就会增加,相当于每10万名所有年龄段的居民中有0.336例病例。局限性:单状态研究;无法按年龄对学龄影响进行分层;不能解释非线性增长效应。结论和相关性:亲身中小学与SARS-CoV-2病例传播的统计学显著增加相关,但比例较小。
{"title":"The effect of in-person primary and secondary school instruction on county-level SARS-CoV-2 spread in Indiana","authors":"G. Bosslet, M. Pollak, J. Jang, Rebekah L. Roll, Marko Sperling, Babar Khan","doi":"10.1101/2021.03.17.21250449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.17.21250449","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The effect of in person primary and secondary school instruction on the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear. Objective: To determine the county-level effect of in-person primary and secondary school reopening on daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Indiana. Design: Panel data regression analysis utilizing the proportion of in-person learning to evaluate an association with community-wide daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases. The study period was July 12-October 6, 2020. Setting: A county-level population-based study. Participants: We included 73 out of 92 (79.3%) Indiana Counties in the analysis, accounting for 85.7% of school corporations and 90.6% of student enrollement statewide. Main outcomes and measures: The primary exposure was the proportion of students returning to in-person instruction. The primary outcome was the daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases per 100,000 residents at the county level. Results: There is a statistically significant relationship between the proportion of students attending K-12 schools in-person and the county level daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 28 days later. For all ages, the coefficient of interest ({beta}) is estimated at 3.36 (95% CI: 1.91-4.81; p < 0.001). This coefficient represents the effect of a change the proportion of students attending in-person on new daily cases 28 days later. For example, a 10 percentage point increase in K-12 students attending school in-person is associated with a daily increase in SARS-CoV-2 cases in the county equal to 0.336 cases/100,000 residents of all ages. Limitations: Single state study; inability to stratify school age effects by age; cannot account for non-linear growth effects. Conclusion and relevance: In-person primary and secondary school is associated with a statistically significant but proportionally small increase in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 cases.","PeriodicalId":10421,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86886263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Risk of reinfection after seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2: A population-based propensity-score matched cohort study 血清转化为SARS-CoV-2后再感染的风险:一项基于人群的倾向评分匹配队列研究
A. Leidi, F. Koegler, R. Dumont, Richard Dubos, M. Zaballa, G. Piumatti, M. Coen, Amandine Berner, P. Darbellay Farhoumand, P. Vetter, N. Vuilleumier, L. Kaiser, D. Courvoisier, A. Azman, I. Guessous, S. Stringhini
Importance: Serological assays detecting specific IgG antibodies generated against the Spike protein following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are being widely deployed in research studies and clinical practice. However, the duration and the effectiveness of the protection conferred by the immune response against future infection remains to be assessed in a large population. Objective: To estimate the incidence of newly acquired SARS-CoV-2 infections in seropositiveindividuals from a population-based sample as compared to seronegative controls. Design: Retrospective longitudinal propensity-score matched cohort study. Setting: A seroprevalence survey including a population-based representative sample of the population from the canton of Geneva (Switzerland) was conducted between April and June 2020, immediately after the first pandemic wave. Each individual included in the seroprevalence survey was linked to a state centralized registry compiling virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections since the beginning of the pandemic. Participants: Participants aged twelve years old and over, who developed anti-spike IgG antibodies were matched one-to-two to seronegative controls, using a propensity-score including age, gender, immunodeficiency, body mass index, smoking status and education level. Exposure: SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Main outcomes and measures: Our primary outcome was virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections which occurred from serological status assessment in April-June 2020 to the end of the second pandemic wave (January 2021). Additionally, incidence of infections, rate of testing and proportion of positive tests were analysed. Results: Among 8344 serosurvey participants, 498 seropositive individuals were selected and matched with 996 seronegative controls. After a mean follow-up of 35.6 (Standard Deviation, SD: 3.2) weeks, 7 out of 498 (1.4%) seropositive subjects had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, of which 5 (1.0%) were considered as reinfections. By contrast, infection rate was significantly higher in seronegative individuals (15.5%, 154/996) during a similar mean follow-up of 34.7 (SD 3.2) weeks, corresponding to a 94% (95%CI 86% to 98%, P<0.001) reduction in the hazard of having a positive SARS-CoV-2 test for seropositive subjects. Conclusions and relevance: Seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 infection confers protection to successive viral contamination lasting at least 8 months. These findings could help global health authorities establishing priority for vaccine allocation.
重要性:检测严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)感染后产生的针对Spike蛋白的特异性IgG抗体的血清学检测正在广泛应用于研究和临床实践。然而,免疫反应对未来感染的保护持续时间和有效性仍需在大量人群中进行评估。目的:与血清阴性对照相比,估计以人群为基础的样本中血清阳性个体新获得性SARS-CoV-2感染的发生率。设计:回顾性纵向倾向评分匹配队列研究。背景:在第一波大流行之后的2020年4月至6月期间,在日内瓦州(瑞士)进行了一项血清流行率调查,包括以人群为基础的人口代表性样本。纳入血清流行率调查的每个人都与国家集中登记处联系起来,该登记处汇编了自大流行开始以来病毒学证实的SARS-CoV-2感染情况。参与者:使用包括年龄、性别、免疫缺陷、体重指数、吸烟状况和教育水平在内的倾向评分,将12岁及以上的抗刺长IgG抗体与血清阴性对照进行1:2匹配。暴露:SARS-CoV-2血清阳性。主要结局和措施:我们的主要结局是病毒学确诊的SARS-CoV-2感染,从2020年4月至6月的血清学状态评估到第二波大流行结束(2021年1月)。此外,还分析了感染率、检测率和阳性检测比例。结果:在8344名血清调查参与者中,筛选出498名血清阳性个体,并与996名血清阴性对照进行配对。平均随访35.6周(标准差:3.2)后,498例血清阳性受试者中有7例(1.4%)出现SARS-CoV-2检测阳性,其中5例(1.0%)被认为是再感染。相比之下,在34.7 (SD 3.2)周的平均随访期间,血清阴性个体的感染率明显更高(15.5%,154/996),对应于血清阳性受试者的SARS-CoV-2检测阳性的危险降低94% (95%CI 86%至98%,P<0.001)。结论及相关性:SARS-CoV-2感染后血清转化对持续至少8个月的病毒污染具有保护作用。这些发现可以帮助全球卫生当局确定疫苗分配的优先次序。
{"title":"Risk of reinfection after seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2: A population-based propensity-score matched cohort study","authors":"A. Leidi, F. Koegler, R. Dumont, Richard Dubos, M. Zaballa, G. Piumatti, M. Coen, Amandine Berner, P. Darbellay Farhoumand, P. Vetter, N. Vuilleumier, L. Kaiser, D. Courvoisier, A. Azman, I. Guessous, S. Stringhini","doi":"10.1101/2021.03.19.21253889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.19.21253889","url":null,"abstract":"Importance: Serological assays detecting specific IgG antibodies generated against the Spike protein following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are being widely deployed in research studies and clinical practice. However, the duration and the effectiveness of the protection conferred by the immune response against future infection remains to be assessed in a large population. Objective: To estimate the incidence of newly acquired SARS-CoV-2 infections in seropositiveindividuals from a population-based sample as compared to seronegative controls. Design: Retrospective longitudinal propensity-score matched cohort study. Setting: A seroprevalence survey including a population-based representative sample of the population from the canton of Geneva (Switzerland) was conducted between April and June 2020, immediately after the first pandemic wave. Each individual included in the seroprevalence survey was linked to a state centralized registry compiling virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections since the beginning of the pandemic. Participants: Participants aged twelve years old and over, who developed anti-spike IgG antibodies were matched one-to-two to seronegative controls, using a propensity-score including age, gender, immunodeficiency, body mass index, smoking status and education level. Exposure: SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Main outcomes and measures: Our primary outcome was virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections which occurred from serological status assessment in April-June 2020 to the end of the second pandemic wave (January 2021). Additionally, incidence of infections, rate of testing and proportion of positive tests were analysed. Results: Among 8344 serosurvey participants, 498 seropositive individuals were selected and matched with 996 seronegative controls. After a mean follow-up of 35.6 (Standard Deviation, SD: 3.2) weeks, 7 out of 498 (1.4%) seropositive subjects had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, of which 5 (1.0%) were considered as reinfections. By contrast, infection rate was significantly higher in seronegative individuals (15.5%, 154/996) during a similar mean follow-up of 34.7 (SD 3.2) weeks, corresponding to a 94% (95%CI 86% to 98%, P<0.001) reduction in the hazard of having a positive SARS-CoV-2 test for seropositive subjects. Conclusions and relevance: Seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 infection confers protection to successive viral contamination lasting at least 8 months. These findings could help global health authorities establishing priority for vaccine allocation.","PeriodicalId":10421,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77777377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 40
Comprehensive evaluation of the impact of sociodemographic inequalities on adverse outcomes and excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City 综合评估墨西哥城2019冠状病毒病大流行期间社会人口不平等对不良后果和过高死亡率的影响
N. Antonio-Villa, L. Fernández-Chirino, J. Pisanty-Alatorre, J. Mancilla-Galindo, A. Kammar-García, A. Vargas-Vázquez, A. González-Díaz, C. A. Fermín-Martínez, A. Márquez-Salinas, E. Canedo Guerra, J. Bahena-López, M. Villanueva-Reza, J. Márquez-Sánchez, M. E. Jaramillo-Molina, L. Gutiérrez-Robledo, Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City has been sharp, as several social inequalities coexist with chronic comorbidities. Here, we conducted an in-depth evaluation of the impact of social, municipal, and individual factors on the COVID-19 pandemic in working-age population living in Mexico City. To this end, we used data from the National Epidemiological Surveillance System; furthermore, we used a multidimensional metric, the social lag index (DISLI), to evaluate its interaction with mean urban population density (MUPD) and its impact on COVID-19 rates. Influence DISLI and MUPD on the effect of vehicular mobility policies on COVID-19 rates were also tested. Finally, we assessed the influence of MUPD and DISLI on discrepancies of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 excess mortality compared with death certificates from the General Civil Registry. We detected vulnerable groups who belonged to economically active sectors and who experienced increased risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes. The impact of social inequalities transcends individuals and has significant effects at a municipality level, with and interaction between DISLI and MUPD. Marginalized municipalities with high population density experienced an accentuated risk for adverse COVID-19 outcomes. Additionally, policies to reduce vehicular mobility had differential impacts across marginalized municipalities. Finally, we report an under-registry of COVID-19 deaths and significant excess mortality associated with non-COVID-19 deaths closely related to MUPD/DISLI in an ambulatory setting, which could be a negative externality of hospital reconversion. In conclusion, social, individual, and municipality-wide factors played a significant role in shaping the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City.
2019冠状病毒病大流行对墨西哥城的影响很大,一些社会不平等现象与慢性合并症并存。在此,我们对社会、市政和个人因素对墨西哥城工作年龄人口中COVID-19大流行的影响进行了深入评估。为此,我们使用了来自国家流行病学监测系统的数据;此外,我们使用了一个多维指标——社会滞后指数(DISLI)来评估其与平均城市人口密度(MUPD)的相互作用及其对COVID-19发病率的影响。还检验了DISLI和MUPD对车辆出行政策对COVID-19发病率影响的影响。最后,我们评估了MUPD和DISLI对COVID-19和非COVID-19超额死亡率与一般民事登记处死亡证明差异的影响。我们发现了属于经济活跃部门的弱势群体,他们经历了COVID-19不良后果的风险增加。社会不平等的影响超越了个人,在城市一级具有显著影响,DISLI和MUPD之间存在相互作用。人口密度高的边缘城市出现COVID-19不良后果的风险更大。此外,减少车辆流动性的政策在边缘化城市之间产生了不同的影响。最后,我们报告了在门诊环境中与MUPD/DISLI密切相关的COVID-19死亡登记不足和与非COVID-19死亡相关的显著超额死亡率,这可能是医院转院的负外部性。总而言之,社会、个人和全市因素在影响墨西哥城COVID-19大流行的过程中发挥了重要作用。
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引用次数: 17
Trends over time in the risk of adverse outcomes among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection SARS-CoV-2感染患者不良结局风险的长期趋势
G. Ioannou, A. O’Hare, K. Berry, V. Fan, K. Crothers, M. Eastment, E. Locke, P. Green, Javeed A. Shah, J. Dominitz
Objectives: We aimed to describe trends in the incidence of adverse outcomes among patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between February and September 2020 within a national healthcare system. Setting: US Veterans Affairs national healthcare system. Participants: Enrollees in the VA healthcare system who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between 2/28/2020 and 9/30/2020 (n=55,952). Outcomes: Death, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation within 30 days of testing positive. The incidence of these outcomes was examined among patients infected each month and trends were evaluated using an interrupted time-series analysis. Results: Between February and July 2020, during the first wave of the US pandemic, there were marked downward trends in the 30-day incidence of hospitalization (44.2% to 15.8%), ICU admission (20.3% to 5.3%), mechanical ventilation (12.7% to 2.2%), and death (12.5% to 4.4%), with subsequent stabilization between July and September 2020. These trends persisted after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and documented symptoms and after additional adjustment for laboratory test results among hospitalized patients, including among subgroups admitted to the ICU and treated with mechanical ventilation. Among hospitalized patients, use of hydroxychloroquine (56.5% to 0%), azithromycin (48.3% to 16.6%) vasopressors (20.6% to 8.7%), and dialysis (11.6% to 3.8%) decreased while use of dexamethasone (3.4% to 53.1%), other corticosteroids (4.9% to 29.0%) and remdesivir (1.7% to 45.4%) increased from February to September. Conclusions: Among patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in a large national US healthcare system, risk for a range of adverse outcomes decreased markedly between February and July, with subsequent stabilization from July to September. These trends were not explained by changes in measured baseline patient characteristics.
目的:我们旨在描述2020年2月至9月期间在国家医疗保健系统中SARS-CoV-2检测呈阳性的患者不良结局发生率的趋势。背景:美国退伍军人事务国家医疗保健系统。参与者:在2020年2月28日至2020年9月30日期间对SARS-CoV-2检测呈阳性的VA医疗保健系统的参与者(n=55,952)。结果:检测呈阳性后30天内死亡、住院、入住重症监护病房(ICU)并进行机械通气。在每个月感染的患者中检查这些结果的发生率,并使用中断时间序列分析评估趋势。结果:2020年2月至7月,在美国第一波流感大流行期间,30天住院率(44.2%至15.8%)、ICU入院率(20.3%至5.3%)、机械通气率(12.7%至2.2%)和死亡率(12.5%至4.4%)呈明显下降趋势,随后在2020年7月至9月趋于稳定。在对社会人口学特征、合并症和记录的症状进行调整后,以及对住院患者(包括在ICU住院并接受机械通气治疗的亚组中)的实验室检测结果进行额外调整后,这些趋势仍然存在。2 - 9月住院患者中,羟氯喹(56.5% ~ 0%)、阿奇霉素(48.3% ~ 16.6%)、血管加压剂(20.6% ~ 8.7%)和透析(11.6% ~ 3.8%)的使用率下降,地塞米松(3.4% ~ 53.1%)、其他皮质激素(4.9% ~ 29.0%)和瑞德西韦(1.7% ~ 45.4%)的使用率上升。结论:在美国大型国家医疗保健系统中,SARS-CoV-2检测呈阳性的患者中,一系列不良后果的风险在2月至7月期间显着降低,随后在7月至9月期间趋于稳定。这些趋势不能用基线患者特征的变化来解释。
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引用次数: 10
期刊
Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
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