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Thermal Explosion in a Powder Mixture of Aluminum with Nickel Preactivated in a Low-Energy Laboratory Mill 在低能量实验室研磨机中预活化的铝镍混合物粉末中的热爆炸
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1134/s001050822401012x
E. N. Boyangin, O. V. Lapshin

Abstract

This paper describes the effect of preliminary low-energy mechanical activation of nickel powder on the thermal explosion of a Ni3Al intermetallic compound. Two synthesis methods are considered. The first method requires that a mixture is continuously heated by an external energy source. The second method requires that an external source is turned off upon reaching a certain temperature. It is revealed that low-energy mechanical activation of nickel intensifies the Ni3Al synthesis. With continuous heating, the ignition temperature does not depend on activation time and is equal to the melting point of aluminum. In the case of heating with an external source turned off, preliminary activation of nickel reduces the solid-phase ignition temperature. It is established that nickel activation in a laboratory mill allows one to eliminate its passivation factors.

摘要 本文介绍了镍粉初步低能机械活化对 Ni3Al 金属间化合物热爆炸的影响。文中考虑了两种合成方法。第一种方法要求用外部能源持续加热混合物。第二种方法要求在达到一定温度后关闭外部能源。研究表明,镍的低能机械活化强化了 Ni3Al 的合成。在连续加热的情况下,点火温度与活化时间无关,等于铝的熔点。在关闭外部加热源的情况下,镍的初步活化降低了固相点火温度。实验证明,在实验室研磨机中活化镍可以消除其钝化因素。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental and Numerical Study of Combustion of Rich Mixtures of Methanol and Hydrogen with Air 富甲醇和氢气混合物与空气燃烧的实验和数值研究
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1134/s0010508224010027
V. A. Bunev

Abstract

The combustion of rich mixtures of methanol and hydrogen with air has been studied by experimental and numerical methods. It has been shown that the deviation from Le Chatelier’s principle for the rich flammability limits is due to two factors: flame inhibition by methanol in rich mixtures of hydrogen and the presence of superadiabatic temperatures in rich mixtures of methanol. It has been found that the effect of adding small amounts of hydrogen to rich methanol mixtures is the same as the effect of adding inert nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Numerical simulation has shown that the addition of small amounts of hydrogen to rich methanol mixtures has only a physical effect on the normal flame speed. The addition of H2 affects the occurrence of superadiabatic temperatures in methanol flames in the same way as the addition of inert CO2 and N2.

摘要 通过实验和数值方法研究了甲醇和氢的富混合物与空气的燃烧。研究表明,偏离勒夏特列原理的富燃极限是由两个因素造成的:富氢混合物中甲醇对火焰的抑制作用和富甲醇混合物中超绝热温度的存在。研究发现,在富甲醇混合物中加入少量氢气的效果与加入惰性氮气和二氧化碳的效果相同。数值模拟表明,在富甲醇混合物中加入少量氢气对正常火焰速度只有物理影响。加入氢气对甲醇火焰超绝热温度的影响与加入惰性二氧化碳和二氧化氮相同。
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引用次数: 0
Simulation of an Electrothermal Explosion of a Gas-Free System. Effect of Conductive Heat Exchange and Joule Heating Power 模拟无气体系统的电热爆炸。传导热交换和焦耳热功率的影响
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1134/s0010508224010064
A. V. Shcherbakov, V. A. Shcherbakov

Abstract

Mathematical modeling is applied to study the electrothermal explosion conditions of a gasless system surrounded by a dielectric medium. It is shown how conductive heat exchange intensity and Joule heating power affect the formation of dimensionless temperature and concentration profiles, the integral depth of transformation, and the reaction front propagation velocity. The stages of ignition and reaction propagation are divided using a criterion that assumes a conversion depth of 0.99 at any point in the sample. The amount of product formed at the ignition stage is determined. It is demonstrated that a large transformation depth is achieved near critical conditions during ignition on the axis of the sample, thereby causing the displacement of the ignition zone from the axis to the surface of the sample.

摘要 应用数学模型研究了被介质包围的无气系统的电热爆炸条件。研究表明了传导热交换强度和焦耳热功率如何影响无量纲温度和浓度曲线的形成、转化的积分深度以及反应前沿的传播速度。点火和反应传播阶段的划分采用的标准是假设样品中任意一点的转化深度为 0.99。确定了在点火阶段形成的产物量。实验证明,在样品轴线上点火时,临界条件附近会产生较大的转化深度,从而导致点火区从样品轴线移至表面。
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引用次数: 0
Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis in Two-Layer (Ni + Al)/(PbO2 + B + Al2O3 + Glass) Powder Mixtures 双层(Ni + Al)/(PbO2 + B + Al2O3 + 玻璃)粉末混合物中的自蔓延高温合成作用
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1134/s0010508224010143
A. M. Shul’pekov, R. M. Gabbasov, O. K. Lepakova, N. I. Afanas’ev

Abstract

The widespread use of flat electric heaters in equipment and household appliances requires the search for simpler and cheaper technologies for their production. This paper proposes a method for producing an electrically conductive coating (NiAl) and an electrically insulating layer (glass ceramics) in one stage: self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in a thermally coupled (Ni + Al)/(PbO2 + B + Al2O3 + glass) powder mixture. The combustion wave front propagation process is investigated, and the effect of layer thickness along with the ratio of the PbO2 + B + Al2O3 + glass powder mixture components on the wave front propagation velocity and the wave front temperature is described. It is revealed that the wave front of the exothermic process expands when a PbO2 + B mixture is added to the bottom layer. The addition of this mixture makes it possible to reduce the NiAl layer thickness and ensure the formation of a uniform dielectric coating. The phase composition and microstructure of the coating are studied. Optimal ratios are determined for layer thicknesses and the composition of the powder mixture of the layers. The fundamental possibility of forming an electrically conductive and dielectric coating by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in one stage is shown.

摘要 随着平面电加热器在设备和家用电器中的广泛使用,需要寻求更简单、更廉价的生产技术。本文提出了一种在一个阶段内生产导电涂层(NiAl)和电绝缘层(玻璃陶瓷)的方法:在热耦合(Ni + Al)/(PbO2 + B + Al2O3 + 玻璃)粉末混合物中进行自蔓延高温合成。研究了燃烧波前传播过程,并描述了层厚度以及 PbO2 + B + Al2O3 + 玻璃粉混合物组分比例对波前传播速度和波前温度的影响。结果表明,当在底层加入 PbO2 + B 混合物时,放热过程的波前会扩大。加入这种混合物可以减少 NiAl 层厚度,确保形成均匀的介电涂层。对涂层的相组成和微观结构进行了研究。确定了层厚度和层粉末混合物成分的最佳比例。结果表明,采用自蔓延高温合成法在一个阶段内形成导电和介电涂层的基本可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Two-Level Models of Composite Synthesis: History and Potential 复合材料合成的两级模型:历史与潜力
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1134/s0010508224010052
A. G. Knyazeva

Abstract

There are various methods for the synthesis of composites from mixtures of metal powders forming intermetallic phases and from mixtures of metal and non-metal powders (e.g., carbon or boron). In the 1970s, an approach was proposed to describe combustion and explosion processes with the identification of reactive cells, which from a modern standpoint can be classified as two-level synthesis models. This approach has been actively developed for binary systems, but remained rather conditional. This paper presents an overview of similar models and discusses their development by taking into account accompanying processes (not only diffusion, but also the evolution of the stress–strain state) and modifications for synthesis driven by a laser or electron beam.

摘要:有多种方法可以从形成金属间相的金属粉末混合物以及金属和非金属粉末(如碳或硼)的混合物中合成复合材料。20 世纪 70 年代,有人提出了一种通过识别反应单元来描述燃烧和爆炸过程的方法,从现代观点来看,这种方法可归类为两级合成模型。这种方法在二元系统中得到了积极的发展,但仍然是有条件的。本文概述了类似的模型,并讨论了这些模型的发展,其中考虑到了伴随过程(不仅包括扩散,还包括应力应变状态的演变)以及针对激光或电子束驱动的合成所做的修改。
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引用次数: 0
Stabilization of the Hydrogen–Air Flame in a High-Velocity Flow by an Optical Discharge 用光学放电稳定高速气流中的氢气-空气火焰
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1134/s0010508223060011
A. V. Tupikin, P. K. Tretyakov

Abstract

Results of studying stabilization of a homogeneous hydrogen–air flame on an optical discharge plasma in a high-velocity flow are reported. The main aspect of experiments is providing stable combustion behind the region of laser beam focusing without any mechanical flame holders. The laser radiation parameters are sufficient for creating a quasi-steady plasma in the flow. It is shown that the optical discharge stabilizes the flame front in a wide range of equivalence ratios for flow velocities up to (u = 200) m/s. The laser radiation parameters within the range of their variation from one experiment to another exert a minor effect on the turbulent flame velocity. Flame stabilization behind the optical discharge region has some specific features. An important parameter is heat release due to hydrogen combustion. A dimensionless criterion is derived: the turbulent flame velocity is a linear function of this criterion.

摘要 报告了在高速流动的光学放电等离子体上稳定均质氢气-空气火焰的研究结果。实验的主要方面是在激光束聚焦区域后方提供稳定燃烧,而无需任何机械火焰支架。激光辐射参数足以在气流中形成准稳定等离子体。实验结果表明,在流速高达 (u = 200) m/s 的情况下,光放电可以在很大的等效比范围内稳定火焰前沿。激光辐射参数在不同实验的变化范围内对湍流火焰速度的影响很小。光放电区域后的火焰稳定具有一些特殊的特征。其中一个重要参数是氢燃烧释放的热量。得出了一个无量纲标准:湍流火焰速度是该标准的线性函数。
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引用次数: 0
Initiation of Detonation of a Hydrogen–Air Mixture due to Injection of Chemically Inert Solid Particles 注入化学惰性固体颗粒引发氢气-空气混合物爆炸
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1134/s0010508223060023
D. A. Tropin

Abstract

Injection of inert particles into a stoichiometric hydrogen–air mixture with velocities ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 of the Chapman–Jouguet detonation velocity is calculated. Resultant flow regimes are analyzed. It is found that an increase in the particle temperature leads to ignition of the mixture, while an increase in the particle velocity leads to detonation wave initiation. Critical conditions of detonation initiation in terms of the particle concentration, particle size, and injection velocity are determined. Various possible scenarios of detonation initiation are demonstrated, depending on the particle diameter and concentration, including regimes with multiple initiation sites. Flow charts are constructed in the plane of the parameters “injection velocity–temperature of particles of various sizes."

摘要 计算了以查普曼-朱盖特起爆速度的 0.1 至 1.0 的速度将惰性颗粒注入化学计量氢气-空气混合物的情况。对由此产生的流态进行了分析。结果发现,颗粒温度的增加会导致混合物的点燃,而颗粒速度的增加会导致起爆波的产生。根据颗粒浓度、颗粒大小和喷射速度确定了起爆的临界条件。根据颗粒直径和浓度,包括多个起爆点的情况,演示了各种可能的起爆情况。在 "不同大小颗粒的注入速度-温度 "参数平面上构建了流程图。
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引用次数: 0
Burning Characteristics in a Wide Range of Pressure and Thermal Decomposition of AP/PBT Solid Propellants AP/PBT 固体推进剂在宽压力范围内的燃烧特性和热分解情况
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1134/s0010508223060126
H. Y. Yu, L. Huang, L. M. Wang, X. Zhou

Abstract

An attempt to understand the relation between the burning characteristics and thermal decomposition in a wide range of pressure is made in the present investigation based on solid propellants with ammonium perchlorate as an oxidizer and 3,3-diazomethylepoxybutane and tetrahydrofuran as a fuel binder. The burning rate measurement is carried out in a wide range of pressure: 1.0, 3.0, 7.0, 13.8, 15.0, and 20.0 MPa. The inflection point of the pressure exponent for ammonium perchlorate with and without oxalate and the flame extinguishing point both appear at 13.8 MPa. Various mechanisms of burning rate reduction by the quaternary ammonium salt and oxalate are analyzed by theoretical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The burning rate and decomposition of the oxidizer and fuel binder with combustion modifiers and their overall impact on propellant combustion are studied. Due to modifiers, a transition between kinetically controlled combustion and diffusion controlled combustion is found to occur.

摘要 本研究以高氯酸铵作为氧化剂、3,3-二氮甲基环氧丁烷和四氢呋喃作为燃料粘合剂的固体推进剂为基础,试图了解在宽压力范围内燃烧特性与热分解之间的关系。燃烧速率的测量在很宽的压力范围内进行:1.0、3.0、7.0、13.8、15.0 和 20.0 兆帕。含草酸盐和不含草酸盐的高氯酸铵的压力指数拐点和火焰熄灭点均出现在 13.8 兆帕。通过理论分析、热重分析和差示扫描量热分析,分析了季铵盐和草酸盐降低燃烧速率的各种机理。研究了氧化剂和燃料粘合剂与燃烧改性剂的燃烧速率和分解情况,以及它们对推进剂燃烧的总体影响。研究发现,由于使用了改性剂,出现了动力学控制燃烧和扩散控制燃烧之间的过渡。
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引用次数: 0
Excitation of Cylindrical Detonation by a Decaying Shock Wave 衰减冲击波对圆柱形爆破的激励
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1134/s0010508223060151
A. A. Boriskin, A. A. Vasil’ev

Abstract

Formal extrapolation of kinetic data obtained in studying the processes of ignition and low-velocity combustion to supersonic detonation processes most often leads to noticeable underestimation of the critical initiation energy, detonation cell size, and other dimensional parameters of detonation as compared to experimental data. Thus, numerical predictions of the combustible system behavior become less reliable. However, because of the instability-induced non-one-dimensional, nonuniform, and oscillating character of the multifront detonation wave, it is next to impossible to perform reliable experimental measurements of the kinetic parameters of combustible mixtures under the detonation conditions. In the present paper, we propose and approve a method that allows one to get over the above-mentioned limitations by using a technique as close to the detonation conditions as possible. The technique is based on using a decaying shock wave for combustible mixture initiation instead of the classical steady shock wave. Such a decaying wave is formed in the case of reaction failure behind a steadily propagating detonation wave due to its propagation in a channel with sudden expansion (so-called detonation wave diffraction). The basic issues of the technique are discussed, required estimates are made, experimental verification is performed, and results obtained are reported.

摘要将在研究点火和低速燃烧过程中获得的动力学数据正常外推至超音速爆轰过程,往往会导致临界起爆能、爆轰单元尺寸以及爆轰的其他尺寸参数与实验数据相比明显偏低。因此,可燃系统行为的数值预测变得不那么可靠。然而,由于不稳定性引起的多前沿起爆波的非一维、非均匀和振荡特性,几乎不可能在起爆条件下对可燃混合物的动力学参数进行可靠的实验测量。在本文中,我们提出并批准了一种方法,通过使用尽可能接近起爆条件的技术来克服上述限制。该技术的基础是在可燃混合物起爆时使用衰减冲击波,而不是传统的稳定冲击波。这种衰减波是在稳定传播的爆轰波后面发生反应失败时形成的,原因是爆轰波在突然膨胀的通道中传播(即所谓的爆轰波衍射)。本文讨论了该技术的基本问题,进行了必要的估算,进行了实验验证,并报告了获得的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of the Characteristic Time Scale of a Laminar Flame by Particle Image Velocimetry 用粒子图像测速仪估算层流火焰的特征时间尺度
IF 1.2 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1134/s0010508223060035
A. A. Chernov, K. V. Toropetsky, O. P. Korobeinichev

Abstract

This paper first presents particle image velocimetry measurements of the chemical time scales versus equivalence ratio and the concentration of the inhibitor trimethyl phosphate for premixed methane–air and dimethyl ether–air flames at atmospheric pressure. Comparison of the experimental results with theoretical estimates based on the Zel’dovich–Barenblatt hypothesis shows their qualitative agreement. Within the accuracy of the experiment, the chemical time scale depends only on the burning rate, rapidly decreasing as it increases. At fuel–air flame speeds close to and above 0.6 m/s, the results of the experiments show the high accuracy of theoretical estimates based on the Zel’dovich–Barenblatt hypothesis.

摘要 本文首先介绍了粒子图像测速仪对常压下甲烷-空气和二甲醚-空气预混合火焰的化学时间尺度与等效比和抑制剂磷酸三甲酯浓度的测量结果。将实验结果与基于 Zel'dovich-Barenblatt 假设的理论估算结果进行比较后发现,两者在质量上是一致的。在实验精度范围内,化学时间尺度只取决于燃烧速率,并随着燃烧速率的增加而迅速减小。在燃料-空气火焰速度接近和超过 0.6 米/秒时,实验结果表明基于泽尔多维奇-巴伦布拉特假说的理论估算具有很高的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves
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