New York City is the hot spot of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. This paper merges information on the number of tests and the number of infections at the New York City zip code level with demographic and socioeconomic information from the decennial census and the American Community Surveys. People residing in poor or immigrant neighborhoods were less likely to be tested; but the likelihood that a test was positive was larger in those neighborhoods, as well as in neighborhoods with larger households or predominantly black populations. The rate of infection in the population depends on both the frequency of tests and on the fraction of positive tests among those tested. The non-randomness in testing across New York City neighborhoods indicates that the observed correlation between the rate of infection and the socioeconomic characteristics of a community tells an incomplete story of how the pandemic evolved in a congested urban setting.
{"title":"Demographic Determinants of Testing Incidence and Covid-19 Infections in New York City Neighborhoods","authors":"G. Borjas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3572329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3572329","url":null,"abstract":"New York City is the hot spot of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. This paper merges information on the number of tests and the number of infections at the New York City zip code level with demographic and socioeconomic information from the decennial census and the American Community Surveys. People residing in poor or immigrant neighborhoods were less likely to be tested; but the likelihood that a test was positive was larger in those neighborhoods, as well as in neighborhoods with larger households or predominantly black populations. The rate of infection in the population depends on both the frequency of tests and on the fraction of positive tests among those tested. The non-randomness in testing across New York City neighborhoods indicates that the observed correlation between the rate of infection and the socioeconomic characteristics of a community tells an incomplete story of how the pandemic evolved in a congested urban setting.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123063854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the launch of ‘Make in India’ in Sept. 2014, the government aimed to uplift the manufacturing sector, creating more job opportunities and increasing the confidence of domestic and foreign investors. Several steps initiated by the government of India have led the country to jump to 63rd position out of 190 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index 2020. However, India still lags behind its competitors in several factors and it has a long way to go before it can earn the title of a manufacturing hub. The present paper tries to understand the hits and misses of the campaign and how the government can facilitate import substitution through this initiative.
{"title":"A Critical Review of Make in India as an Import Substitute","authors":"M. Rawat, Rishu Raj, Tanya Agarwal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3569655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3569655","url":null,"abstract":"With the launch of ‘Make in India’ in Sept. 2014, the government aimed to uplift the manufacturing sector, creating more job opportunities and increasing the confidence of domestic and foreign investors. Several steps initiated by the government of India have led the country to jump to 63rd position out of 190 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index 2020. However, India still lags behind its competitors in several factors and it has a long way to go before it can earn the title of a manufacturing hub. The present paper tries to understand the hits and misses of the campaign and how the government can facilitate import substitution through this initiative.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133662717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tribal areas are some of the poorest regions of India. An increase in local savings is an important tool in fostering sustainable growth in these areas. This paper uses the results of a survey to examine the factors affecting saving in a rural part of Odisha state populated primarily by tribals. We find that an important determinant of savings propensity is connectivity, which we interpret as a measure of the extent to which individuals feel connected to the broader economy, and an indication of their economic optimism. This interpretation is buttressed by the relationship between savings propensity and variables such as food consumption patterns and asset ownership that may also reflect attitudinal factors. One implication of these findings is that connecting rural areas to other, possibly urban, locations could elicit greater savings and thus lead to greater income growth. By relating savings behavior to new sociological population characteristics, such as perceived connectivity and food consumption patterns, this paper provides hitherto unexplored clues for policy initiatives to increase savings.
{"title":"Connectivity and Savings Propensity among Odisha Tribals","authors":"P. Viswanath","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3556583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3556583","url":null,"abstract":"Tribal areas are some of the poorest regions of India. An increase in local savings is an important tool in fostering sustainable growth in these areas. This paper uses the results of a survey to examine the factors affecting saving in a rural part of Odisha state populated primarily by tribals. We find that an important determinant of savings propensity is connectivity, which we interpret as a measure of the extent to which individuals feel connected to the broader economy, and an indication of their economic optimism. This interpretation is buttressed by the relationship between savings propensity and variables such as food consumption patterns and asset ownership that may also reflect attitudinal factors. One implication of these findings is that connecting rural areas to other, possibly urban, locations could elicit greater savings and thus lead to greater income growth. By relating savings behavior to new sociological population characteristics, such as perceived connectivity and food consumption patterns, this paper provides hitherto unexplored clues for policy initiatives to increase savings.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130565822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research utilizes Sudanese university application and admissions data for the academic years 2015-16 and 2016-17 to examine gender-related differences in various factors. including geographical factors (state or origin, state of preferred and admitting university), performance factors (GPA ranking, acceptance percentages) and preference factors (preferred/admitted field of study). Bachelor’s (4-year degree) and diploma (2-3 year degree) data are examined separately. A graphical data analysis methodology (implemented in R software) is used to clearly represent relationships and trends in the variables. Results show that in many aspects of university education Sudanese women enjoy near parity with men, and in some respects hold the advantage. Women in Sudan surpass in education and medical fields but lag in business, law, and economics. Women lag especially in engineering fields, although participation rates are comparable to those found in the U.S. and appear to reflect women’s own preferences and priorities rather than systemic bias. Gender inequalities are highly regional in nature, and less-developed areas and conflict areas in Sudan. tend to produce a lower proportion of women students in Sudan. We conclude that increasing the number of high-quality universities in areas where women are under-represented may improve the rate of women’s participation, as women are less likely than men to leave their home state to attend university.
{"title":"Status and Trends in University Education for Women in Sudan: A Graphical Data Analysis","authors":"M. Hamid, C. Thron, S. Fageeri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3556201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3556201","url":null,"abstract":"This research utilizes Sudanese university application and admissions data for the academic years 2015-16 and 2016-17 to examine gender-related differences in various factors. including geographical factors (state or origin, state of preferred and admitting university), performance factors (GPA ranking, acceptance percentages) and preference factors (preferred/admitted field of study). Bachelor’s (4-year degree) and diploma (2-3 year degree) data are examined separately. A graphical data analysis methodology (implemented in R software) is used to clearly represent relationships and trends in the variables. Results show that in many aspects of university education Sudanese women enjoy near parity with men, and in some respects hold the advantage. Women in Sudan surpass in education and medical fields but lag in business, law, and economics. Women lag especially in engineering fields, although participation rates are comparable to those found in the U.S. and appear to reflect women’s own preferences and priorities rather than systemic bias. Gender inequalities are highly regional in nature, and less-developed areas and conflict areas in Sudan. tend to produce a lower proportion of women students in Sudan. We conclude that increasing the number of high-quality universities in areas where women are under-represented may improve the rate of women’s participation, as women are less likely than men to leave their home state to attend university.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129303660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper incorporates gender bias against girls in the family, school and labor market in a model of intergenerational persistence in schooling where parents self-finance children's education because of credit market imperfections. Parents may underestimate a girl's ability, expect lower returns, and assign lower weights to their welfare (“pure son preference”). The model delivers the widely used linear conditional expectation function under constant returns and separability but generates an irrelevance result: parental bias does not affect relative mobility. With diminishing returns and complementarity, the conditional expectation function can be concave or convex, and parental bias affects both relative and absolute mobility. This paper tests these predictions in India and China using data not subject to coresidency bias. The evidence rejects the linear conditional expectation function in rural and urban India in favor of a concave relation. Girls in India face lower mobility irrespective of location when born to fathers with low schooling, but the gender gap closes when the father is college educated. In China, the conditional expectation function is convex for sons in urban areas, but linear in all other cases. The convexity supports the complementarity hypothesis of Becker et al. (2018) for the urban sons and leads to gender divergence in relative mobility for the children of highly educated fathers. In urban China, and urban and rural India, the mechanisms are underestimation of the ability of girls and unfavorable school environment. There is some evidence of pure son preference in rural India. The girls in rural China do not face bias in financial investment by parents, but they still face lower mobility when born to uneducated parents. Gender barriers in rural schools seem to be the primary mechanism.
{"title":"Gender Bias and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Theory and Evidence from China and India","authors":"M. Emran, Han-Ling Jiang, Forhad Shilpi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3555501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3555501","url":null,"abstract":"This paper incorporates gender bias against girls in the family, school and labor market in a model of intergenerational persistence in schooling where parents self-finance children's education because of credit market imperfections. Parents may underestimate a girl's ability, expect lower returns, and assign lower weights to their welfare (“pure son preference”). The model delivers the widely used linear conditional expectation function under constant returns and separability but generates an irrelevance result: parental bias does not affect relative mobility. With diminishing returns and complementarity, the conditional expectation function can be concave or convex, and parental bias affects both relative and absolute mobility. This paper tests these predictions in India and China using data not subject to coresidency bias. The evidence rejects the linear conditional expectation function in rural and urban India in favor of a concave relation. Girls in India face lower mobility irrespective of location when born to fathers with low schooling, but the gender gap closes when the father is college educated. In China, the conditional expectation function is convex for sons in urban areas, but linear in all other cases. The convexity supports the complementarity hypothesis of Becker et al. (2018) for the urban sons and leads to gender divergence in relative mobility for the children of highly educated fathers. In urban China, and urban and rural India, the mechanisms are underestimation of the ability of girls and unfavorable school environment. There is some evidence of pure son preference in rural India. The girls in rural China do not face bias in financial investment by parents, but they still face lower mobility when born to uneducated parents. Gender barriers in rural schools seem to be the primary mechanism.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127413226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the swift rise of shadow banking in China, the challenge it poses to the monetary policy effectiveness is understudied. By tracing the shadow funding of banks, we construct a novel data of bank-issued off-balance sheet Wealth Management Products (WMPs) to provide a consistent and precise measure of shadow banking involvement for individual bank. We show that aggressive issuance of WMPs impedes an effective transmission of the monetary policy. Such hampering effect likely arises from the fact that shadow banking helps banks to move risky assets off their balance sheets and improve upon their risk pro files, thereby lowering the sensitivity of their wholesale funding cost to monetary policy, in line with the view of Bernanke et al. (2007) and Disyatat (2011).
{"title":"Shadow Banking and the Bank Lending Channel of Monetary Policy in China","authors":"Xiaoqiang Cheng, Yabin Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3553202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3553202","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the swift rise of shadow banking in China, the challenge it poses to the monetary policy effectiveness is understudied. By tracing the shadow funding of banks, we construct a novel data of bank-issued off-balance sheet Wealth Management Products (WMPs) to provide a consistent and precise measure of shadow banking involvement for individual bank. We show that aggressive issuance of WMPs impedes an effective transmission of the monetary policy. Such hampering effect likely arises from the fact that shadow banking helps banks to move risky assets off their balance sheets and improve upon their risk pro files, thereby lowering the sensitivity of their wholesale funding cost to monetary policy, in line with the view of Bernanke et al. (2007) and Disyatat (2011).","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121442017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indonesian Abstract: Jika seseorang mengatakan Indonesia sebagai negara yang berpendapatan rendah, barangkali ia tidak pernah membaca tentang perekonomian Indonesia dan untuk itulah buku ini ditulis, untuk menguraikan perekonomian Indonesia terkini, meski barangkali tidak lengkap, namun dapat memberi gambaran tentang pereknomian Indonesia masa kini. Buku ini belum selesai karena terbatasnya waktu dan padatnya kegiatan penulis. Disadari telah terjadi perubahan kondisi terkait isu Indonesia dicoret sebagai negara berkembang oleh AS, yang akan direvisi pada waktu mendatang. Demikian pula status Indonesia yang telah dikategorikan sebagai Negara Berpendapatan Menengah Atas pada akhir 2019. Demikian cepat perubahan perekonomian Indonesia yang nampaknya diperlukan informasi lebih baru untuk menjadikan sebuah buku yang representatif tentang perekonomian Indonesia pada 2020. Namun buku ini diluncurkan karena kebutuhan mahasiswa akan informasi yang relatif lebih baru dari yang lain, menjadikan keterpaksaan buku ini lebih awal disajikan. Tentunya disadari bahwa buku ini masih jauh dari sempurna, sehingga kritik dan saran diharapkan untuk melengkapi perbaikannya.
English Abstract: If someone says that Indonesia is a low-income country, perhaps he has never read about the Indonesian economy and for this reason, this book was written, to describe the current Indonesian economy, although perhaps incomplete, can give an idea of Indonesia's economy today.
This book has not been completed because of the limited time and dense activity of the author. It is realized that there have been changes in conditions related to the issue of Indonesia crossed out as a developing country by the US, which will be revised in the future. Likewise, the status of Indonesia which has been categorized as a High Middle-Income Country at the end of 2019. So quickly changes in the Indonesian economy which seems to require more recent information to make a representative book on the Indonesian economy in 2020. But this book was launched because of the student's need for relative information more recent than others, making the compulsion of this book earlier presented.
Of course, it is realized that this book is far from perfect, so criticism and suggestions are expected to complement its improvement.
{"title":"PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA (Indonesian Economy)","authors":"A. Asnah, Dyana Sari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3551583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551583","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Indonesian Abstract:</b> Jika seseorang mengatakan Indonesia sebagai negara yang berpendapatan rendah, barangkali ia tidak pernah membaca tentang perekonomian Indonesia dan untuk itulah buku ini ditulis, untuk menguraikan perekonomian Indonesia terkini, meski barangkali tidak lengkap, namun dapat memberi gambaran tentang pereknomian Indonesia masa kini. <br>Buku ini belum selesai karena terbatasnya waktu dan padatnya kegiatan penulis. Disadari telah terjadi perubahan kondisi terkait isu Indonesia dicoret sebagai negara berkembang oleh AS, yang akan direvisi pada waktu mendatang. Demikian pula status Indonesia yang telah dikategorikan sebagai Negara Berpendapatan Menengah Atas pada akhir 2019. Demikian cepat perubahan perekonomian Indonesia yang nampaknya diperlukan informasi lebih baru untuk menjadikan sebuah buku yang representatif tentang perekonomian Indonesia pada 2020. Namun buku ini diluncurkan karena kebutuhan mahasiswa akan informasi yang relatif lebih baru dari yang lain, menjadikan keterpaksaan buku ini lebih awal disajikan. <br>Tentunya disadari bahwa buku ini masih jauh dari sempurna, sehingga kritik dan saran diharapkan untuk melengkapi perbaikannya. <br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> If someone says that Indonesia is a low-income country, perhaps he has never read about the Indonesian economy and for this reason, this book was written, to describe the current Indonesian economy, although perhaps incomplete, can give an idea of Indonesia's economy today.<br><br>This book has not been completed because of the limited time and dense activity of the author. It is realized that there have been changes in conditions related to the issue of Indonesia crossed out as a developing country by the US, which will be revised in the future. Likewise, the status of Indonesia which has been categorized as a High Middle-Income Country at the end of 2019. So quickly changes in the Indonesian economy which seems to require more recent information to make a representative book on the Indonesian economy in 2020. But this book was launched because of the student's need for relative information more recent than others, making the compulsion of this book earlier presented.<br><br>Of course, it is realized that this book is far from perfect, so criticism and suggestions are expected to complement its improvement.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128565435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last four decades, China has sustained extraordinary economic development despite Western assertions of under-constructed economic markets and the lack of an independent adjudicative process. The purpose of this paper is to set out the context of China’s judicial independence and high economic development scenario in the global economy. The paper aims to establish that vast economic expansion is possible without the conventional concept of an independent judiciary in which China provides an important example for the world. The study is mainly qualitative in nature and takes the analytical approach. The data and statistics have been collected from sources of the World Bank, IMF, WTO, UNCTAD, The World Factbook of the CIA, and the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics. The content analysis references the Chinese Constitution and judges law, reports of the Supreme People’s Court, books, journal articles, newspaper articles, media reports, and internet documents. The findings of the study are that China preserves “adjudicative independence” as a unique feature instead of embracing the Western concept of judicial independence that promotes the confidence of investors to make more investments. Additionally, the initiatives of “Made in China” and “One Belt, One Road” attach new wings to China’s emergence as the world’s crucial economic power. The article concludes that China’s experience provides a lesson for policymakers and economists of other developing or transitional countries struggling with weak legal and court systems, and emerging financial markets. The study strengthens the flourishing literature on the connection between judicial independence and economic development.
{"title":"Strong Economic Development Without Judicial Independence in China: A Review","authors":"M. Islam, X. Xin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3554556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3554556","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last four decades, China has sustained extraordinary economic development despite Western assertions of under-constructed economic markets and the lack of an independent adjudicative process. The purpose of this paper is to set out the context of China’s judicial independence and high economic development scenario in the global economy. The paper aims to establish that vast economic expansion is possible without the conventional concept of an independent judiciary in which China provides an important example for the world. The study is mainly qualitative in nature and takes the analytical approach. The data and statistics have been collected from sources of the World Bank, IMF, WTO, UNCTAD, The World Factbook of the CIA, and the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics. The content analysis references the Chinese Constitution and judges law, reports of the Supreme People’s Court, books, journal articles, newspaper articles, media reports, and internet documents. The findings of the study are that China preserves “adjudicative independence” as a unique feature instead of embracing the Western concept of judicial independence that promotes the confidence of investors to make more investments. Additionally, the initiatives of “Made in China” and “One Belt, One Road” attach new wings to China’s emergence as the world’s crucial economic power. The article concludes that China’s experience provides a lesson for policymakers and economists of other developing or transitional countries struggling with weak legal and court systems, and emerging financial markets. The study strengthens the flourishing literature on the connection between judicial independence and economic development.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114596412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since December 2014, at least 93 hunger-related deaths have been reported from across the country. Jharkhand tops the list with 27 deaths. This paper attempts to understand why, despite the safety net of food security and social security programmes, some people and groups continue to face hunger. Based on independent fact finding reports and news reports, it analyses the starvation deaths that took place in Jharkhand, where the author is based (and was part of several inquiry teams), and the official response in the last five years. The analysis found that a shock in the form of loss of employment, illness or discontinuation of welfare entitlements for a few months was enough to worsen the chronic hunger of these families, leading to the death. Instead of addressing the vulnerabilities of such families and redressing denial of entitlements, the government denied the role of hunger and tried to divert attention to the definition and classification of starvation death. The cases also show that starvation death needs to be seen as an outcome of persistent undernutrition, hunger and deprivation, rather than just as death brought about by complete absence of food. To reduce chances of future occurrence, there is a need for expanding the amount of support and coverage of social security programmes and putting in place an effective grievance redress mechanism.
{"title":"Starvation Deaths and Denial of Welfare Entitlements – Insights from Jharkhand","authors":"Siraj Dutta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3870242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3870242","url":null,"abstract":"Since December 2014, at least 93 hunger-related deaths have been reported from across the country. Jharkhand tops the list with 27 deaths. This paper attempts to understand why, despite the safety net of food security and social security programmes, some people and groups continue to face hunger. Based on independent fact finding reports and news reports, it analyses the starvation deaths that took place in Jharkhand, where the author is based (and was part of several inquiry teams), and the official response in the last five years. The analysis found that a shock in the form of loss of employment, illness or discontinuation of welfare entitlements for a few months was enough to worsen the chronic hunger of these families, leading to the death. Instead of addressing the vulnerabilities of such families and redressing denial of entitlements, the government denied the role of hunger and tried to divert attention to the definition and classification of starvation death. The cases also show that starvation death needs to be seen as an outcome of persistent undernutrition, hunger and deprivation, rather than just as death brought about by complete absence of food. To reduce chances of future occurrence, there is a need for expanding the amount of support and coverage of social security programmes and putting in place an effective grievance redress mechanism.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126236379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chusu He, J. Hillier, A. Milne, Seyoung Park, R. Soetanto
This paper is an overview of how insurance instruments could be used in Indonesia to improve disaster risk finance (the arrangements for managing the financial consequences of disaster). We review the policy and research literature to describe the existing arrangements in Indonesia for preparing for and responding to disasters, including the efforts of an active Indonesian community mapping movement to fill in some of the major gaps in data that hinder the assessment of disaster risks. We argue that as a large geographically diverse middle-income country, Indonesia is well placed to employ insurance instruments for fairer and more predictable sharing of the financial burden of disasters. This could be through a combination of increased private insurance for households, firms and government agencies across the country and insurance-based arrangements for allocating government disaster relief funding and, when required for the largest high impact events, accessing international resources. This will, however, require careful implementation and a sustained effort to address gaps in data, skills and institutional capacity.
{"title":"Using Insurance Instruments to Improve Disaster Risk Finance in Indonesia","authors":"Chusu He, J. Hillier, A. Milne, Seyoung Park, R. Soetanto","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3350194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3350194","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an overview of how insurance instruments could be used in Indonesia to improve disaster risk finance (the arrangements for managing the financial consequences of disaster). We review the policy and research literature to describe the existing arrangements in Indonesia for preparing for and responding to disasters, including the efforts of an active Indonesian community mapping movement to fill in some of the major gaps in data that hinder the assessment of disaster risks. We argue that as a large geographically diverse middle-income country, Indonesia is well placed to employ insurance instruments for fairer and more predictable sharing of the financial burden of disasters. This could be through a combination of increased private insurance for households, firms and government agencies across the country and insurance-based arrangements for allocating government disaster relief funding and, when required for the largest high impact events, accessing international resources. This will, however, require careful implementation and a sustained effort to address gaps in data, skills and institutional capacity.","PeriodicalId":105668,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Regional & Country Studies eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128534506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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