This article intends to assess the various characteristics of just taxation in its moral, lawful and rational sense. It aims to correlate these characteristics in the context of political aspects, such as fiscal resistance and fiscal competitiveness in unrestrained economies as well as governmental efficiency. This essay concludes in assessing the structures and strategies of fiscal policy making employed by governments which remain largely arbitrary and which reinforce and affirm the views of renowned libertarian scholars, who see taxation in its unjust form as a method for government to perpetually sustain itself.
{"title":"Justice and Taxation - Is There any Form of Just Taxation? If so, What is it Like and how can it be Justified?","authors":"Mathias O. Royce","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1770429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1770429","url":null,"abstract":"This article intends to assess the various characteristics of just taxation in its moral, lawful and rational sense. It aims to correlate these characteristics in the context of political aspects, such as fiscal resistance and fiscal competitiveness in unrestrained economies as well as governmental efficiency. This essay concludes in assessing the structures and strategies of fiscal policy making employed by governments which remain largely arbitrary and which reinforce and affirm the views of renowned libertarian scholars, who see taxation in its unjust form as a method for government to perpetually sustain itself.","PeriodicalId":106117,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Political Theory: Political Philosophy (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121776177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-21DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9337.2010.00460.x
Ming‐Sung Kuo
Drawing upon Hannah Arendt’s and Carl Schmitt’s theories on the relationship between nomos and boundary, this paper revisits how constitutionalism and political power are reconciled as a constitutional ordering. It first analyzes constitutionalism in the light of political modernity. Indicating that political power grounded by a constitution is omnipotent, complementing and completing constitutionalism, this paper contends that an omnipotent constitutional ordering is anything but an unleashed Leviathan. It is argued that constitutional omnipotence is framed and thus constrained by a constitutional nomos, the matrix of which is a dual delimitation of boundaries, generational and jurisdictional.
{"title":"Reconciling Constitutionalism with Power: Towards a Constitutional Nomos of Political Ordering","authors":"Ming‐Sung Kuo","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9337.2010.00460.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.2010.00460.x","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing upon Hannah Arendt’s and Carl Schmitt’s theories on the relationship between nomos and boundary, this paper revisits how constitutionalism and political power are reconciled as a constitutional ordering. It first analyzes constitutionalism in the light of political modernity. Indicating that political power grounded by a constitution is omnipotent, complementing and completing constitutionalism, this paper contends that an omnipotent constitutional ordering is anything but an unleashed Leviathan. It is argued that constitutional omnipotence is framed and thus constrained by a constitutional nomos, the matrix of which is a dual delimitation of boundaries, generational and jurisdictional.","PeriodicalId":106117,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Political Theory: Political Philosophy (Topic)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126080389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-02-26DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9337.2007.00380.x
G. Pavlakos
The paper looks at an impasse with respect to the role of rights as reasons for action which afflicts contemporary legal and political debates. Adopting a meta-ethical approach, it moves on to argue that the impasse arises from a philosophical confusion surrounding the role of rights as normative reasons. In dispelling the confusion, an account of reasons is put forward that attempts to capture their normativity by relating them to a reflexive public practice. Two key outcomes are identified as a result of this explication: first, that normative practices are instances of rule-following, and second, that agents partaking of normative practices possess absolute value (i.e., acquire the status of persons). In light of this explication, rights acquire the status of the most general reasons that purport to guarantee the content of personhood by specifying and safeguarding conditions which enable agents to participate in public practices of universalisation.
{"title":"Non-Individualism, Rights, and Practical Reason","authors":"G. Pavlakos","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-9337.2007.00380.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.2007.00380.x","url":null,"abstract":"The paper looks at an impasse with respect to the role of rights as reasons for action which afflicts contemporary legal and political debates. Adopting a meta-ethical approach, it moves on to argue that the impasse arises from a philosophical confusion surrounding the role of rights as normative reasons. In dispelling the confusion, an account of reasons is put forward that attempts to capture their normativity by relating them to a reflexive public practice. Two key outcomes are identified as a result of this explication: first, that normative practices are instances of rule-following, and second, that agents partaking of normative practices possess absolute value (i.e., acquire the status of persons). In light of this explication, rights acquire the status of the most general reasons that purport to guarantee the content of personhood by specifying and safeguarding conditions which enable agents to participate in public practices of universalisation.","PeriodicalId":106117,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Political Theory: Political Philosophy (Topic)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133548022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a review that was originally written for a collection that was to have been edited and published by the late Alan F. Westin on the various social science contributions to the study of privacy. This paper was drafted in the late 1990s and funded through the Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) component of the Human Genome Project. It was substantially revised in 2001. Obviously the literature in these fields has changed dramatically as the Internet has flourished and personal data is now more widely circulated and traded with enormous political, social and economic consequences. But the kinds of scholarly questions addressed and reviewed in this paper perhaps remain constant. What does the tradition of political theory contribute to the debate about the appropriate "balance" between privacy interests on the one hand, and wider societal and community obligations on the other? What is the relationship between attitudes toward privacy and political culture and ideology? What can political science tell us about the nature and extent of surveillance? What can political science (and particularly the study of bureaucratic behavior) tell us about the relationship between technology and politics? When privacy is viewed as a regulatory issue, what does the response to it tell us about the way that different states manage technological change? And how can privacy be analyzed on the basis of economics or public choice assumptions?
{"title":"Privacy in the Political System: Perspectives from Political Science and Economics","authors":"Colin J. Bennett","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2230389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2230389","url":null,"abstract":"This is a review that was originally written for a collection that was to have been edited and published by the late Alan F. Westin on the various social science contributions to the study of privacy. This paper was drafted in the late 1990s and funded through the Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) component of the Human Genome Project. It was substantially revised in 2001. Obviously the literature in these fields has changed dramatically as the Internet has flourished and personal data is now more widely circulated and traded with enormous political, social and economic consequences. But the kinds of scholarly questions addressed and reviewed in this paper perhaps remain constant. What does the tradition of political theory contribute to the debate about the appropriate \"balance\" between privacy interests on the one hand, and wider societal and community obligations on the other? What is the relationship between attitudes toward privacy and political culture and ideology? What can political science tell us about the nature and extent of surveillance? What can political science (and particularly the study of bureaucratic behavior) tell us about the relationship between technology and politics? When privacy is viewed as a regulatory issue, what does the response to it tell us about the way that different states manage technological change? And how can privacy be analyzed on the basis of economics or public choice assumptions?","PeriodicalId":106117,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Political Theory: Political Philosophy (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129734596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mayo Fuster Morell, Marco Berlinguer, H. Wainwright
The world just now is a disturbing place for anyone who believes in peace, social justice, common goods, and ecological sanity. On the one hand, the traditional institutions of democratic control are exhausted; weakened, if not destroyed, by an unconstrained global market and superpower military ambition. On the other hand, the movements of mass protest, so visible on the eve of the invasion of Iraq that they were dubbed the “second superpower”, no longer provide the clear public focus that they once did.We believe, however, that diverse forms of resistance hold enormous potential for creating new forms of democracy and new institutions for social change. This social and cultural creativity often takes place beneath the media radar but it can sometimes surface unpredictably to disturb the complacent consensus. Our shared belief in the existence of this only partially understood, including self-understood, potential for social transformation has led us to explore the innovations in political organisation that are underway and the tools and insights that could take them further.We also share a curiosity in the transformative behaviour of people who frequently express common values – for example, as “ethical consumers”, vegetarians, file sharers, or participants in the social economy – but are not involved in movement or political networks.
{"title":"Networked Politics: Rethinking Political Organisation in an Age of Movements and Networks","authors":"Mayo Fuster Morell, Marco Berlinguer, H. Wainwright","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2843528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2843528","url":null,"abstract":"The world just now is a disturbing place for anyone who believes in peace, social justice, common goods, and ecological sanity. On the one hand, the traditional institutions of democratic control are exhausted; weakened, if not destroyed, by an unconstrained global market and superpower military ambition. On the other hand, the movements of mass protest, so visible on the eve of the invasion of Iraq that they were dubbed the “second superpower”, no longer provide the clear public focus that they once did.We believe, however, that diverse forms of resistance hold enormous potential for creating new forms of democracy and new institutions for social change. This social and cultural creativity often takes place beneath the media radar but it can sometimes surface unpredictably to disturb the complacent consensus. Our shared belief in the existence of this only partially understood, including self-understood, potential for social transformation has led us to explore the innovations in political organisation that are underway and the tools and insights that could take them further.We also share a curiosity in the transformative behaviour of people who frequently express common values – for example, as “ethical consumers”, vegetarians, file sharers, or participants in the social economy – but are not involved in movement or political networks.","PeriodicalId":106117,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Political Theory: Political Philosophy (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114863789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2008 financial crisis has touched almost every nation around the world resulting in the loss of trillions of dollars in wealth. People began seriously questioning the fundamentals of free market system. While some blame politicians, bureaucrats, and corporate leaders for their mistaken policies, others blame human nature. In Alan Greenspan’s terms, “The cause of our economic despair, however, is human nature’s propensity to sway from fear to euphoria and back.” Greenspan is not the first one blaming human nature for economic crises. John Maynard Keynes made a similar point in his famous recession prescription book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Many other economists refer to human nature in their works as well. For Bentham, it is human nature to pursue pleasure and avoid pain. For Adam Smith, it is human nature to act based on “self-interest”. However, no one elaborates on human nature which stays like a “black box” from which key assumptions in free market system are derived. This paper is an attempt to unlock the black box of human nature to better understand the crises of capitalism, including the most recent one. Even though the author agrees with Greenspan that the current financial crisis, and perhaps all economic crises, is driven by human nature, he disagrees with him that such crisis is unpredictable and unpreventable. The paper offers a new theory of human nature from an Islamic perspective to predict and prevent irrational and irresponsible behaviors of populist politicians, greedy capitalists, and conspicuous consumers.
2008年的金融危机几乎波及了世界上每个国家，导致数万亿美元的财富损失。人们开始严肃地质疑自由市场体系的基础。一些人将错误的政策归咎于政客、官僚和企业领导人，而另一些人则归咎于人性。用艾伦·格林斯潘的话说，“然而，我们经济绝望的原因是人类本性的倾向，即从恐惧到兴奋再到兴奋。”格林斯潘并不是第一个将经济危机归咎于人性的人。约翰•梅纳德•凯恩斯(John Maynard Keynes)在他著名的经济衰退处方书《就业、利息和货币通论》(The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money)中也提出了类似的观点。许多其他经济学家在他们的著作中也提到了人性。在边沁看来，追求快乐，避免痛苦是人的本性。在亚当•斯密看来，基于“自身利益”行事是人类的天性。然而，没有人详细阐述人性，人性就像一个“黑盒子”，自由市场体系的关键假设就是从这个黑盒子中推导出来的。本文试图打开人性的黑箱，以更好地理解资本主义的危机，包括最近的危机。尽管作者同意格林斯潘的观点，认为当前的金融危机，也许所有的经济危机都是由人性驱动的，但他不同意格林斯潘的观点，认为这种危机是不可预测和不可预防的。本文从伊斯兰的角度提出了一种新的人性理论，以预测和防止民粹主义政治家、贪婪的资本家、炫耀性消费者的非理性和不负责任的行为。
{"title":"Free Market Madness and Human Nature","authors":"Necati Aydin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1583672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1583672","url":null,"abstract":"The 2008 financial crisis has touched almost every nation around the world resulting in the loss of trillions of dollars in wealth. People began seriously questioning the fundamentals of free market system. While some blame politicians, bureaucrats, and corporate leaders for their mistaken policies, others blame human nature. In Alan Greenspan’s terms, “The cause of our economic despair, however, is human nature’s propensity to sway from fear to euphoria and back.” Greenspan is not the first one blaming human nature for economic crises. John Maynard Keynes made a similar point in his famous recession prescription book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Many other economists refer to human nature in their works as well. For Bentham, it is human nature to pursue pleasure and avoid pain. For Adam Smith, it is human nature to act based on “self-interest”. However, no one elaborates on human nature which stays like a “black box” from which key assumptions in free market system are derived. This paper is an attempt to unlock the black box of human nature to better understand the crises of capitalism, including the most recent one. Even though the author agrees with Greenspan that the current financial crisis, and perhaps all economic crises, is driven by human nature, he disagrees with him that such crisis is unpredictable and unpreventable. The paper offers a new theory of human nature from an Islamic perspective to predict and prevent irrational and irresponsible behaviors of populist politicians, greedy capitalists, and conspicuous consumers.","PeriodicalId":106117,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Political Theory: Political Philosophy (Topic)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126300141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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