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Yoga in Brazil and the National Health System 瑜伽在巴西和国家卫生系统
Pub Date : 2009-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210109343306
P. Siegel, N. F. de Barros
Background: Yoga is practiced in almost all Brazilian urban centers by people of various social, economic, and cultural strata. Practitioners use yoga for health promotion and illness prevention, as well as for developing self-knowledge and self-care. Objective: This article explores the perceptions of yoga leaders regarding the potential contributions of yoga to the Brazilian National Health System (BNHS). Methods: Leaders of the 15 most developed yoga traditions in São Paulo, Brazil, were interviewed regarding their perceptions of potential contributions of yoga to the National Health System. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to qualitative methodology. Results: Areas in which yoga was perceived as being able to make important contributions included the concept of body-mind-soul; vegetarianism; postural correction and integration of movements; peace culture; the cultivation of virtuous values (e.g., abstention from addictive substances); spiritual consciousness; integration of the self; cultivation of awareness; brain oxygenization; cultivation of discipline and improved quality of life. Conclusion: Yoga is seen as a group of useful physical, social, and philosophical practices for the health field. However, challenges to its integration into the BNHS include its maintenance as an alternative culture practice and its distance from the epistemological bases of present complementary and integrative medicine.
背景:在巴西几乎所有的城市中心,来自不同社会、经济和文化阶层的人们都在练习瑜伽。练习者用瑜伽来促进健康和预防疾病,以及发展自我认识和自我保健。目的:本文探讨了瑜伽领导者对瑜伽对巴西国家卫生系统(BNHS)的潜在贡献的看法。方法:对巴西圣保罗15个最发达的瑜伽传统的领导者进行了采访,了解他们对瑜伽对国家卫生系统的潜在贡献的看法。访谈记录,转录,并根据定性方法进行分析。结果:瑜伽被认为能够做出重要贡献的领域包括身体-心灵-灵魂的概念;素食主义;姿势矫正与动作整合;和平文化;培养良好的价值观(例如,戒除成瘾物质);精神意识;自我整合;意识的培养;大脑oxygenization;培养纪律,提高生活质量。结论:瑜伽被视为一组有益的身体,社会和哲学实践的健康领域。然而,它融入BNHS的挑战包括它作为一种替代文化实践的维持,以及它与当前补充和综合医学的认识论基础的距离。
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引用次数: 3
Envisioning a Future Contemplative Science of Mindfulness: Fruitful Methods and New Content for the Next Wave of Research. 展望未来的正念冥想科学:下一波研究的富有成效的方法和新内容。
Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210109333718
Eric Garland, Susan Gaylord

Mindfulness is an ancient spiritual practice as well as a unique behavioral technique involving the cultivation of non-judgmental, non-reactive, metacognitive awareness of present-moment experience. Given the growing interest in mindfulness across numerous academic and clinical disciplines, an agenda is needed to guide the next wave of research. Here, we suggest four areas that, in our view, are important for a future contemplative science of mindfulness: performance-based measures of mindfulness, scientific evaluation of Buddhist claims, neurophenomenology of mindfulness, and measuring changes in mindfulness-induced gene expression. By exploring these domains, the wisdom of the meditative traditions may be complemented by leading-edge empirical research methodologies.

正念是一种古老的精神实践,也是一种独特的行为技巧,涉及培养对当下体验的非判断、非反应、元认知意识。鉴于许多学术和临床学科对正念的兴趣日益浓厚,需要制定一个议程来指导下一波研究。在这里,我们提出了四个方面,在我们看来,是重要的未来冥想科学的正念:正念的表现为基础的措施,佛教主张的科学评估,正念的神经现象学,和测量正念诱导的基因表达的变化。通过探索这些领域,冥想传统的智慧可能会得到前沿实证研究方法的补充。
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引用次数: 38
Mindfulness Research Update: 2008. 正念研究更新:2008年。
Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210108329862
Jeffrey M Greeson

OBJECTIVE: To briefly review the effects of mindfulness on the mind, the brain, the body, and behavior. METHODS: Selective review of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases (2003-2008) using the terms "mindfulness", "meditation", "mental health", "physical health", "quality of life", and "stress reduction." A total of 52 exemplars of empirical and theoretical work were selected for review. RESULTS: Both basic and clinical research indicate that cultivating a more mindful way of being is associated with less emotional distress, more positive states of mind, and better quality of life. In addition, mindfulness practice can influence the brain, the autonomic nervous system, stress hormones, the immune system, and health behaviors, including eating, sleeping and substance use, in salutary ways. CONCLUSION: The application of cutting-edge technology toward understanding mindfulness - an "inner technology" - is elucidating new ways in which attention, awareness, acceptance, and compassion may promote optimal health - in mind, body, relationships, and spirit.

目的:简要回顾正念对思想、大脑、身体和行为的影响。方法:使用“正念”、“冥想”、“心理健康”、“身体健康”、“生活质量”和“减压”等术语,选择性地查阅MEDLINE、PsycINFO和Google Scholar数据库(2003-2008)。总共有52个实证和理论工作的例子被选中进行审查。结果:基础和临床研究都表明,培养一种更专注的生活方式与更少的情绪困扰、更积极的心态和更好的生活质量有关。此外,正念练习可以以有益的方式影响大脑、自主神经系统、应激激素、免疫系统和健康行为,包括饮食、睡眠和物质使用。结论:应用尖端技术来理解正念——一种“内在技术”——正在阐明关注、意识、接受和同情可能促进最佳健康的新途径——在思想、身体、人际关系和精神方面。
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引用次数: 316
The Tong Ren Healing Method: A Survey Study 通人疗愈法的调查研究
Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210108329265
A. Sullivan, S. Bauer-Wu, M. Miovic
Tong Ren (TR) is an untested energy healing modality with anecdotally-reported effectiveness for a variety of disorders. Study objective: To describe participant reports of effectiveness and safety. Design: Cross-sectional, anonymous survey. Setting: Weekly group sessions in the Northeast US. Participants: Adults attending group sessions. Measures: Changes in conditions attributed to TR. Results: Response rate 89% (n = 265). Cancer (30.6%), endocrine/autoimmune (17.5%) and musculoskeletal disorders (17.2%) were the most commonly reported conditions. Among respondents who had attended more than one session (n = 216), 30% used superlatives (e.g., ``amazing'') to describe TR's impact, and one-third noted improved quality of life. No adverse effects were described. Anxiety, depression, cancer, and autoimmune disorders appeared to have the greatest treatment responses, with 63.8%, 61.0%, 60.3%, and 58.1% of participants with these conditions reporting substantial improvements. Conclusion: This first study documenting self-reported effects of TR shows subjective benefits and no adverse effects. Further research on this approach is warranted.
通人(TR)是一种未经测试的能量治疗方式,轶事报道对各种疾病的有效性。研究目的:描述参与者报告的有效性和安全性。设计:横断面,匿名调查。设置:在美国东北部进行每周一次的小组会议。参与者:参加小组会议的成年人。测量方法:TR引起的病情变化。结果:有效率89% (n = 265)。癌症(30.6%)、内分泌/自身免疫性疾病(17.5%)和肌肉骨骼疾病(17.2%)是最常见的报告疾病。在参加过不止一次会议的受访者中(n = 216), 30%的人使用最高级词汇(例如“令人惊叹”)来描述TR的影响,三分之一的人指出了生活质量的改善。未发现不良反应。焦虑、抑郁、癌症和自身免疫性疾病似乎有最大的治疗反应,63.8%、61.0%、60.3%和58.1%的这些疾病的参与者报告了实质性的改善。结论:这是第一个记录TR自我报告效果的研究,显示了主观的益处,没有不良反应。对这种方法的进一步研究是有必要的。
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引用次数: 0
Research Into Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Personal Comment 补充/替代医学研究:个人评论
Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210109332392
E. Ernst
1. The amount of wrong or misleading information on CAM, for example, on the Internet, in popular books, newspaper articles, and so on, is colossal and by far exceeds that in neurology, gynaecology, rheumatology, or any other medical field. The following three misconceptions are, in our experience, the most widespread: (a) Proponents often claim that CAM somehow defies scientific evaluation. Yet they are more than willing to refer to scientific tests of CAM—as long as the results are positive (e.g., Mathie, 2003). (b) Enthusiasts of CAM frequently contend that the treatments are risk-free. However, important direct and indirect risks have been identified for virtually all CAM modalities (Ernst, Pittler, Wider, & Boddy, 2006). (c) Both opponents and proponents of CAM, for different reasons, often maintain that there is no or very little scientific evidence in CAM or sections of CAM. Yet, on closer inspection, one finds at least some preliminary evidence in almost all areas of CAM (Ernst et al., 2006). 2. The clinical practice of CAM is remarkably resistant to scientific evidence. Most practitioners continue to insist that their intuition and experience are more reliable than the results of rigorous clinical trials. They are thus unwilling to abandon their treatments if the best available evidence shows they have no specific effects or might even be harmful. It is my impression that, for some practitioners and for many patients, CAM is more akin to a religion than to a form of healthcare. To them, belief counts more than facts. 3. Despite these obstacles, research into CAM has made considerable progress. I estimate that approximately 5,000 clinical trials of CAM have been published during the last decade. Their quality and results are, of course, mixed. Based on these data, it is possible to classify CAM into three categories (Ernst et al., 2006).
1. 例如,在互联网上、流行书籍、报纸文章等中,关于CAM的错误或误导性信息的数量是巨大的,远远超过了神经病学、妇科、风湿病学或任何其他医学领域。根据我们的经验,以下三种误解最为普遍:(a)支持者经常声称CAM在某种程度上违背了科学评估。然而,他们更愿意参考cam的科学测试——只要结果是肯定的(例如,matie, 2003)。(b) CAM的狂热者经常声称这些治疗是无风险的。然而,已经确定了几乎所有CAM模式的重要直接和间接风险(Ernst, Pittler, Wider, & Boddy, 2006)。(c) CAM的反对者和支持者出于不同的理由,经常坚持认为CAM或CAM的某些部分没有或只有很少的科学证据。然而,仔细观察,人们发现至少在CAM的几乎所有领域都有一些初步证据(Ernst et al., 2006)。2. 辅助医学的临床实践明显缺乏科学依据。大多数从业人员仍然坚持认为,他们的直觉和经验比严格的临床试验结果更可靠。因此,如果现有的最佳证据表明它们没有特定的效果,甚至可能有害,他们就不愿意放弃它们的治疗方法。我的印象是,对于一些从业者和许多患者来说,CAM更像是一种宗教,而不是一种医疗保健形式。对他们来说,信念比事实更重要。3.尽管存在这些障碍,对CAM的研究已经取得了相当大的进展。我估计,在过去的十年里,大约有5000个CAM的临床试验被发表。当然,它们的质量和效果参差不齐。基于这些数据,可以将CAM分为三类(Ernst et al., 2006)。
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引用次数: 1
Chiropractors and Vaccinations: Ethics is the Real Issue 脊椎按摩师和疫苗接种:道德是真正的问题
Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210109333771
L. F. Vernon, Christopher Kent
This article traces the historical and philosophical roots of the provaccination and anti-vaccination movements through to the present day, with a focus on the role of chiropractic within those movements. Political, legal, and scientific issues are considered. Attempts to portray the anti-vaccination chiropractors as unscientific extremists, by both orthodox medicine and from within the chiropractic community itself, clouds the informed consent and freedom of choice aspect relating to health care that they espouse, and scapegoats the so-called extremists rather than facing the ethical issues surrounding fully informed consent. The authors conclude that would-be medical ethicists promote their own political agendas that aid profit before safety and breed distrust within the community that is meant to be served in a balanced and ethical manner.
这篇文章追溯了历史和哲学根源的疫苗接种和反疫苗接种运动,通过到目前为止,重点是在这些运动中的作用脊医。考虑政治、法律和科学问题。正统医学和脊骨疗法社区本身都试图将反对接种疫苗的脊医描绘成不科学的极端分子,这掩盖了他们所支持的与医疗保健有关的知情同意和选择自由方面,并将所谓的极端分子作为替罪羊,而不是面对围绕完全知情同意的伦理问题。这组作者得出的结论是,想要成为医学伦理学家的人促进了他们自己的政治议程,这些议程在安全之前帮助利润,并在本应以平衡和道德的方式服务的社区内滋生不信任。
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引用次数: 2
Comparison of Treatment of HIV Patients in Naturopathic and Biomedical Settings 自然疗法和生物医学疗法治疗艾滋病患者的比较
Pub Date : 2008-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210108326274
H. Baer
Patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS have turned to a variety of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in seeking relief from their illnesses and a better quality of life. Many of them have adopted an integrative approach in which they simultaneously use biomedicine and CAM. Naturopathic physicians, are one category of CAM practitioners upon which some HIV/AIDS patients rely. This article describes naturopathic philosophy and therapeutics; examines naturopathic medical treatment of HIV/AIDS patients in two CAM treatment centers in a Western US metropolitan area; describes treatment of HIV/AIDS patients in a biomedical treatment center frequented by many of the HIV patients who have opted for an integrative approach; and compares these approaches in terms of models of practitioner-patient relationship. I argue that the naturopathic physician-patient relationship constitutes a form of social support that generally cannot be facilitated in the biomedical physician-patient relationship due to time, and perhaps philosophical, constraints.
被诊断患有艾滋病毒/艾滋病的患者已经转向各种补充和替代医学(CAM),以寻求缓解他们的疾病和提高生活质量。他们中的许多人采用了一种综合方法,同时使用生物医学和辅助医学。自然疗法医生是一些艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者所依赖的CAM从业者的一个类别。这篇文章描述了自然疗法的哲学和治疗方法;在美国西部大都市地区的两个CAM治疗中心检查艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者的自然疗法;描述了许多选择综合方法的艾滋病毒患者经常光顾的生物医学治疗中心对艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者的治疗;并从医患关系模型的角度对这些方法进行比较。我认为自然疗法的医患关系构成了一种社会支持的形式,由于时间的限制,也许是哲学上的限制,在生物医学的医患关系中通常无法促进这种支持。
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引用次数: 3
CAM Management of Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease (PAOD): A Case Report 外周动脉闭塞性疾病(pad)的CAM治疗:1例报告
Pub Date : 2008-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210108325383
Sanjeev Rastogi
Peripheral Arterial occlusive Disease is one among many conditions where a dependable cure is still elusive. Despite of availability of various treatment options on medical and surgical grounds, these many options does not with stand to the complexity, generalization and rapid progression inherent to the disease. Cost of diagnosis and cost of therapy also acts as a constraint in its quick management. In these conditions, any CAM approach addressing to all these intricacies of PAOD is a welcoming thought. We tried to intervene with CAM therapy in a patient diagnosed as having PAOD. The clinical improvements observed in this single case are warranting for more serious studies to define the role of CAM in these conditions.
外周动脉闭塞性疾病是许多疾病之一,其中可靠的治疗方法仍然难以捉摸。尽管在医学和外科方面有各种治疗选择,但这些许多选择与该病固有的复杂性、广泛性和快速进展不相符。诊断费用和治疗费用也成为其快速管理的制约因素。在这些条件下,任何CAM方法解决所有这些pad的复杂性都是一个受欢迎的想法。我们试图对诊断为pad的患者进行CAM治疗干预。在这一单一病例中观察到的临床改善值得进行更认真的研究,以确定CAM在这些情况下的作用。
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引用次数: 5
Allied Health and Nursing Academic Programs at New Jersey county colleges: Holistic Health and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Content 联合健康和护理学术课程在新泽西县学院:整体健康和补充和替代医学内容
Pub Date : 2008-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210108326268
Elsa Bruguier
Rising public interest in and use of holistic health (HH) practices and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has created a need for health care providers to become knowledgeable in these areas. HH/CAM content is increasingly included in curricula of professional health education, a trend less clear in associate, certificate, and diploma programs of 2-year colleges. A survey of directors and coordinators of allied health and nursing programs at New Jersey county colleges was conducted to determine curricular presence of HH/CAM and program constituency awareness of institutionally accessible HH/CAM information resources. Results indicated: rising interest in HH/CAM instruction; multiple forces influencing HH/CAM inclusion; HH/CAM strengthening programs; and uncertainty regarding knowledge of and perceived use of library HH/CAM resources. By including HH/CAM, New Jersey's allied health and nursing programs are progressively aligned with consumer use, and trends of professional health schools.
公众对整体健康(HH)做法以及补充和替代医学(CAM)的兴趣和使用日益增加,这就要求卫生保健提供者具备这些领域的知识。HH/CAM内容越来越多地包含在专业健康教育课程中,这一趋势在两年制大学的专科、证书和文凭课程中不太明显。本研究对新泽西州县大学联合健康护理项目的主任和协调员进行了调查,以确定HH/CAM的课程存在和项目选民对机构可访问的HH/CAM信息资源的认识。结果表明:HH/CAM教学兴趣上升;影响HH/CAM内含物的多重力;HH/CAM强化方案;以及对图书馆HH/CAM资源的知识和感知使用的不确定性。通过纳入HH/CAM,新泽西州的联合健康和护理计划逐渐与消费者使用和专业健康学校的趋势保持一致。
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引用次数: 7
Participant Perspectives on a Yoga Intervention for Menopausal Symptoms 瑜伽干预绝经期症状的参与者观点
Pub Date : 2008-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/1533210108324847
M. Taylor, C. Booth-LaForce, E. Elven, B. McGrath, R. Thurston
A pilot study of the effects of 10 weeks of yoga practice on 11 midlife women's menopausal symptoms was conducted. Qualitative analysis of participants' exit interviews provided information not captured in quantitative measures, including perceptions of the yoga intervention and suggestions for improving the study protocol. The women reported feeling relaxed and physically better after yoga class. Many viewed yoga as a skill they could incorporate into daily life to reduce stress and manage their menopausal symptoms. The class setting provided an opportunity for individualized instruction, peer interaction, and a structured time for self-care. Factors that made it more challenging to practice yoga at home included responsibilities to others as well as limited time, space, and energy. Women suggested providing a more flexible class schedule, increasing peer support, and providing more instruction on developing a home practice. This information will be incorporated into plans for future studies.
一项关于10周瑜伽练习对11名中年妇女更年期症状影响的初步研究进行了。参与者退出访谈的定性分析提供了定量测量中未捕获的信息,包括对瑜伽干预的看法和改进研究方案的建议。这些女性报告说,她们在瑜伽课后感到放松,身体状况也有所好转。许多人认为瑜伽是一种可以融入日常生活的技能,可以减轻压力,控制更年期症状。课堂设置提供了个性化指导、同伴互动和自我照顾的结构化时间的机会。使在家练习瑜伽更具挑战性的因素包括对他人的责任以及有限的时间、空间和精力。女性建议提供更灵活的课程安排,增加同伴的支持,并提供更多关于发展家庭实践的指导。这些资料将纳入未来的研究计划。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
Complementary Health Practice Review
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