Pub Date : 2013-10-31DOI: 10.2174/1874942901306010040
F. K. Boersma, H. Langen, P. Smets
Studio K, a relatively new quasi-public space in a gentrifying multi-ethnic neighborhood in Amsterdam East, is a prime example of the growing urban reinvestment within the area. The basic idea behind the by students managed Studio K is to create a cultural centre as an open place, including a cinema, restaurant, bar and club, where all visitors feel at home. It is the form and content that renders neighborhood relations relevant, not the physical proximity. Our paper involves a critical discussion of what can be understood as 'community commitment' and how the organizational identity of Studio K responded to the needs and expectations of the community in relation to the gentrification debate, and in particular studentification. Our analysis suggests that neighborhoods do not indicate the potential for social identification and shared community experience.
{"title":"Paradoxes of studentification: social mix versus gentrification in a disadvantaged neighborhood in Amsterdam East","authors":"F. K. Boersma, H. Langen, P. Smets","doi":"10.2174/1874942901306010040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901306010040","url":null,"abstract":"Studio K, a relatively new quasi-public space in a gentrifying multi-ethnic neighborhood in Amsterdam East, is a prime example of the growing urban reinvestment within the area. The basic idea behind the by students managed Studio K is to create a cultural centre as an open place, including a cinema, restaurant, bar and club, where all visitors feel at home. It is the form and content that renders neighborhood relations relevant, not the physical proximity. Our paper involves a critical discussion of what can be understood as 'community commitment' and how the organizational identity of Studio K responded to the needs and expectations of the community in relation to the gentrification debate, and in particular studentification. Our analysis suggests that neighborhoods do not indicate the potential for social identification and shared community experience.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127790357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-31DOI: 10.2174/1874942901306010065
Aya Nassar
There is a broad literature on public space and landscape and their socio-political construction, though it is not usually linked to the more contentious political theory concept of public sphere. The dual understanding of public space/sphere bears on relationships of inclusion and exclusion, where public space is seen as normatively desirable, inclusionary and offering the chances of unmediated encounters. It is important to see how far these concepts can go in understanding parks as public spaces in the setting of Cairo. The paper argues that the emergence of modern public spaces in Cairo is necessary to understand the meaning of being in parks. The paper tackles Al-Azhar park - one of the celebrated examples of recent public spaces in Cairo- as a reference to discuss the nature of emerging new public spaces in the city, with a focus on the way this space re-enforces politics of inclusion and exclusion, the nature of power relations that underlay the landscape and the social practice within it. The question of the park as a potentially politicized public space as opposed to more salient spaces of contestation in Cairo is tackled. The case of Al-Azhar park helps to problematize the notion of parks as public spaces as it gets to be applied to various contexts.
{"title":"‘Being’ in Al-Azhar Park: Public Spaces in Cairo","authors":"Aya Nassar","doi":"10.2174/1874942901306010065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901306010065","url":null,"abstract":"There is a broad literature on public space and landscape and their socio-political construction, though it is not usually linked to the more contentious political theory concept of public sphere. The dual understanding of public space/sphere bears on relationships of inclusion and exclusion, where public space is seen as normatively desirable, inclusionary and offering the chances of unmediated encounters. It is important to see how far these concepts can go in understanding parks as public spaces in the setting of Cairo. The paper argues that the emergence of modern public spaces in Cairo is necessary to understand the meaning of being in parks. The paper tackles Al-Azhar park - one of the celebrated examples of recent public spaces in Cairo- as a reference to discuss the nature of emerging new public spaces in the city, with a focus on the way this space re-enforces politics of inclusion and exclusion, the nature of power relations that underlay the landscape and the social practice within it. The question of the park as a potentially politicized public space as opposed to more salient spaces of contestation in Cairo is tackled. The case of Al-Azhar park helps to problematize the notion of parks as public spaces as it gets to be applied to various contexts.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128361151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-31DOI: 10.2174/1874942901306010057
A. Zhelnina
The article discusses the post-socialist developments of urban public space in St. Petersburg, Russia. The city with a historic center protected by the UNESCO World Heritage status in combination with the Soviet legacy of lack of public participation is facing the problem of public space development. There are two controversial concepts of urban space represented in the public discourse that are analyzed in the article: the concept of a 'museum city' and the 'city for people'. The historic context of transformation (the Soviet period of the strict divide of public and private, and the post- socialist era of individualization and the decay of the public) is used to explain the current debate and difficulties of building an inclusive and tolerant model of public space in St. Petersburg.
{"title":"Learning to Use ‘Public Space’: Urban Space in Post-Soviet St. Petersburg","authors":"A. Zhelnina","doi":"10.2174/1874942901306010057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901306010057","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the post-socialist developments of urban public space in St. Petersburg, Russia. The city with a historic center protected by the UNESCO World Heritage status in combination with the Soviet legacy of lack of public participation is facing the problem of public space development. There are two controversial concepts of urban space represented in the public discourse that are analyzed in the article: the concept of a 'museum city' and the 'city for people'. The historic context of transformation (the Soviet period of the strict divide of public and private, and the post- socialist era of individualization and the decay of the public) is used to explain the current debate and difficulties of building an inclusive and tolerant model of public space in St. Petersburg.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122902099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-31DOI: 10.2174/1874942901306010050
Sara Martucci
Retail and demographic gentrification is well documented in the social sciences, but few studies have examined the impact of this process on a neighborhood's public spaces. This paper focuses on an annual street closure event in Williamsburg, Brooklyn -a former working class neighborhood that is now attracting wealthy members of the upper class. 'Williamsburg Walks,' part of a New York City initiative, eliminates car traffic on the main commercial street for select summer weekends. Residents and visitors are encouraged to 'rethink' their use of the street during the closure. However merchants, residents, and event organizers each have different motives and expectations for 'Williamsburg Walks.' While the event aims to create more public space and 'a celebration of neighborhood,' it also serves an implicit goal of branding the neighborhood for the wealthy at the exclusion of long-term residents. I analyze 'Williamsburg Walks' in terms of a branding strategy using ethnographic data from the 2008-2010 events.
{"title":"Rethink Your Public Space: Community Events in Gentrified Brooklyn","authors":"Sara Martucci","doi":"10.2174/1874942901306010050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901306010050","url":null,"abstract":"Retail and demographic gentrification is well documented in the social sciences, but few studies have examined the impact of this process on a neighborhood's public spaces. This paper focuses on an annual street closure event in Williamsburg, Brooklyn -a former working class neighborhood that is now attracting wealthy members of the upper class. 'Williamsburg Walks,' part of a New York City initiative, eliminates car traffic on the main commercial street for select summer weekends. Residents and visitors are encouraged to 'rethink' their use of the street during the closure. However merchants, residents, and event organizers each have different motives and expectations for 'Williamsburg Walks.' While the event aims to create more public space and 'a celebration of neighborhood,' it also serves an implicit goal of branding the neighborhood for the wealthy at the exclusion of long-term residents. I analyze 'Williamsburg Walks' in terms of a branding strategy using ethnographic data from the 2008-2010 events.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132923632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-31DOI: 10.2174/1874942901306010030
Felicity Hwee-Hwa Chan
Doubts about the efficacy of multiculturalism to address the tensions experienced between different social and cultural milieus or ethnoscapes in globalizing nations have grown. At the nexus of these tensions are multi-ethnic cities. Discussions of interculturalism at the urban scale have emerged as national governments search for ways to live in and with diversity in peace. However, less is understood about how interculturalism is actually lived out through the tensions in everyday encounters and negotiations in these globalizing multi-ethnic neighborhoods by people who live, work and/or regularly use these settings, which I posit in this paper as public-parochial realms. This paper presents empirical findings from a comparative qualitative study of three globalizing multi-ethnic neighborhoods in Los Angeles of different income levels by examining the following aspects (a) the circumstances of intercultural interaction in these neighborhoods from the perspectives of different ethnicities and (b) if and how local belongings are formed in these multi-ethnic spaces, in order to understand the possibilities for the formation of intercultural space in these diverse neighborhoods. The discussion foregrounds the globalizing multi-ethnic neighborhood as a meaningful frontier space for encounters that are capable of leading to either experiences of conflict or conviviality.
{"title":"Intercultural climate and belonging in the globalizing multi-ethnic neighborhoods of Los Angeles","authors":"Felicity Hwee-Hwa Chan","doi":"10.2174/1874942901306010030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901306010030","url":null,"abstract":"Doubts about the efficacy of multiculturalism to address the tensions experienced between different social and cultural milieus or ethnoscapes in globalizing nations have grown. At the nexus of these tensions are multi-ethnic cities. Discussions of interculturalism at the urban scale have emerged as national governments search for ways to live in and with diversity in peace. However, less is understood about how interculturalism is actually lived out through the tensions in everyday encounters and negotiations in these globalizing multi-ethnic neighborhoods by people who live, work and/or regularly use these settings, which I posit in this paper as public-parochial realms. This paper presents empirical findings from a comparative qualitative study of three globalizing multi-ethnic neighborhoods in Los Angeles of different income levels by examining the following aspects (a) the circumstances of intercultural interaction in these neighborhoods from the perspectives of different ethnicities and (b) if and how local belongings are formed in these multi-ethnic spaces, in order to understand the possibilities for the formation of intercultural space in these diverse neighborhoods. The discussion foregrounds the globalizing multi-ethnic neighborhood as a meaningful frontier space for encounters that are capable of leading to either experiences of conflict or conviviality.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125241216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-28DOI: 10.2174/1874942901306010009
T. Kauko
Sustainable development is conceptualised along three dimensions: environmental-ecologic, social-cultural and economic-financial. In this study sustainability is defined in terms of three specific evaluation criteria: quality, affordability and diversity. Evidence from Budapest suggests that quality varies (new versus old in particular), affordability is low and diversity, while high overall, is very limited within new developments. While the situation for property developments are weak, fortunately, amid an otherwise bleak situation, prospects for a minority of innovative and adaptable developers who operate in market niches are encouraging as these foster a relatively sustainable development in terms of one or more of the three dimensions. Moreover, in the longer term particular opportunities for sustainable development are likely to open as the maintenance of the new stock is more affordable and of better quality than the old stock.
{"title":"On Sustainable Property Development – The Case of Budapest","authors":"T. Kauko","doi":"10.2174/1874942901306010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901306010009","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable development is conceptualised along three dimensions: environmental-ecologic, social-cultural and economic-financial. In this study sustainability is defined in terms of three specific evaluation criteria: quality, affordability and diversity. Evidence from Budapest suggests that quality varies (new versus old in particular), affordability is low and diversity, while high overall, is very limited within new developments. While the situation for property developments are weak, fortunately, amid an otherwise bleak situation, prospects for a minority of innovative and adaptable developers who operate in market niches are encouraging as these foster a relatively sustainable development in terms of one or more of the three dimensions. Moreover, in the longer term particular opportunities for sustainable development are likely to open as the maintenance of the new stock is more affordable and of better quality than the old stock.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124655955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-02-08DOI: 10.2174/1874942901306010001
J. Cavailhès, M. Hilal, P. Wavresky
We study two option values in the developable land market in a French department (Nord): the classical option value relating to the short-run volatility of the land price and a long-run option value resulting from uncertainty about demographic change. The findings show that both are significant. First, the land price increases by 7.4-15.3% when the standard deviation (STD) of the land price rises by a STD. Second, an increase of one STD in the STD of the variation in population between 1982 and 1999 entails a 6% increase in the developable land price.
{"title":"A new real option value due to \"demographic risk\" in the market for developable land","authors":"J. Cavailhès, M. Hilal, P. Wavresky","doi":"10.2174/1874942901306010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901306010001","url":null,"abstract":"We study two option values in the developable land market in a French department (Nord): the classical option value relating to the short-run volatility of the land price and a long-run option value resulting from uncertainty about demographic change. The findings show that both are significant. First, the land price increases by 7.4-15.3% when the standard deviation (STD) of the land price rises by a STD. Second, an increase of one STD in the STD of the variation in population between 1982 and 1999 entails a 6% increase in the developable land price.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128236269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-27DOI: 10.2174/1874942901205010022
D. Laefer, M. Anwar
Heightened demand for larger and more accurate microclimate models for heat transfer, pollution accumulation, and wind level prediction has posed new challenges for researchers working in wind tunnels, as well as those employing computational fluid dynamics modeling. Namely, the problem is how to generate geometrically accurate and up to date models inexpensively and quickly without compromising potentially critical details. The problem is an important and growing one, as there is an increased tendency to use such models as the basis for planning permission and long-term policy decisions in urban areas. This review paper traces the recent evolution in the size and detail-level of microclimate models (both physical and numerical) and explains the difficulties of applying the existing technology traditionally adopted in virtual city model creation. Finally, the paper provides an overview of recent innovations in the geometric creation and population of microclimate models to overcome existing documented deficiencies in an absence of architectural detailing in the investigated models through use of aerial laser scanning data.
{"title":"Review of Strategies for the Geometric Creation and Population of Urban Microclimate Models","authors":"D. Laefer, M. Anwar","doi":"10.2174/1874942901205010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901205010022","url":null,"abstract":"Heightened demand for larger and more accurate microclimate models for heat transfer, pollution accumulation, and wind level prediction has posed new challenges for researchers working in wind tunnels, as well as those employing computational fluid dynamics modeling. Namely, the problem is how to generate geometrically accurate and up to date models inexpensively and quickly without compromising potentially critical details. The problem is an important and growing one, as there is an increased tendency to use such models as the basis for planning permission and long-term policy decisions in urban areas. This review paper traces the recent evolution in the size and detail-level of microclimate models (both physical and numerical) and explains the difficulties of applying the existing technology traditionally adopted in virtual city model creation. Finally, the paper provides an overview of recent innovations in the geometric creation and population of microclimate models to overcome existing documented deficiencies in an absence of architectural detailing in the investigated models through use of aerial laser scanning data.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123817357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-13DOI: 10.2174/1874942901205010014
A. Sivam, S. Karuppannan, M. J. Koohsari, Akash Sivam
Abstract Obesity has risen progressively over the past three decades, and is a major health problem around the world. Biological, psychological, behavioural, and social factors are unable to fully explain or limit the obesity outbreak. Therefore, questions arise about whether a well-designed built environment (BE) can enhance desire and opportunity for physical activities including incidental exercise and recreation in the local community. Many studies in public health have confirmed that physical activity (PA) can help prevent obesity and PA has become a public health priority in modern societies. With individual policies often failing to encourage PA, there has been much focus upon various ecological models that emphasise importance of the BE in promoting PA. Structure and quality of the BE can influence the need, the desire or the opportunity for people to walk, cycle and undertake PA as part of daily routine, incidental exercise for recreation. Thus, the question arises whether urban design being a multidimensional design tool could help improve the BE of neighbourhoods and encourage PA. This paper aims to review evidence related to the influence of conceptual urban design qualities in the improvement of PA and to summarise guidelines to promote PA through these qualities. The method adopted to address this aim involves a content analysis of available academic literature, with focus on the public health, planning, transport and urban design fields. The findings demonstrate that in spite of some contradictory evidence, many studies have confirmed that good urban design qualities can play a partial role in encouraging PA.
{"title":"Does Urban Design Influence Physical Activity in the Reduction of Obesity? A Review of Evidence","authors":"A. Sivam, S. Karuppannan, M. J. Koohsari, Akash Sivam","doi":"10.2174/1874942901205010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901205010014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Obesity has risen progressively over the past three decades, and is a major health problem around the world. Biological, psychological, behavioural, and social factors are unable to fully explain or limit the obesity outbreak. Therefore, questions arise about whether a well-designed built environment (BE) can enhance desire and opportunity for physical activities including incidental exercise and recreation in the local community. Many studies in public health have confirmed that physical activity (PA) can help prevent obesity and PA has become a public health priority in modern societies. With individual policies often failing to encourage PA, there has been much focus upon various ecological models that emphasise importance of the BE in promoting PA. Structure and quality of the BE can influence the need, the desire or the opportunity for people to walk, cycle and undertake PA as part of daily routine, incidental exercise for recreation. Thus, the question arises whether urban design being a multidimensional design tool could help improve the BE of neighbourhoods and encourage PA. This paper aims to review evidence related to the influence of conceptual urban design qualities in the improvement of PA and to summarise guidelines to promote PA through these qualities. The method adopted to address this aim involves a content analysis of available academic literature, with focus on the public health, planning, transport and urban design fields. The findings demonstrate that in spite of some contradictory evidence, many studies have confirmed that good urban design qualities can play a partial role in encouraging PA.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125572496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-09DOI: 10.2174/1874942901205010001
Roberto Basile, A. Girardi, M. Mantuano
Does interregional migration equilibrate regional labor market performances? We answer this question focusing on regional unemployment dynamics in Italy over the 1995-2006 period, when a strong flow of out-migration from the South to the North occurred. Using System-GMM estimators for spatial dynamic panel data models in the presence of endogenous variables, the empirical analysis documents that past migration flows exert a negative effect on current regional unemployment. By falsifying the common wisdom, our results thus indicate that migration flows are likely to magnify spatial disparities in unemployment rates rather than mitigate them.
{"title":"Migration and Regional Unemployment in Italy","authors":"Roberto Basile, A. Girardi, M. Mantuano","doi":"10.2174/1874942901205010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901205010001","url":null,"abstract":"Does interregional migration equilibrate regional labor market performances? We answer this question focusing on regional unemployment dynamics in Italy over the 1995-2006 period, when a strong flow of out-migration from the South to the North occurred. Using System-GMM estimators for spatial dynamic panel data models in the presence of endogenous variables, the empirical analysis documents that past migration flows exert a negative effect on current regional unemployment. By falsifying the common wisdom, our results thus indicate that migration flows are likely to magnify spatial disparities in unemployment rates rather than mitigate them.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116611098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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