Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1874942901104010008
A. J. Jacobs
Ulsan, South Korea is home to the world's largest auto production complex and shipyard, and its second biggest petrochemicals combine. Drawing upon Jacobs' Contextualized Model of Urban-Regional Development, this article shows how Ulsan's growth path towards becoming one of the world's Great Industrial Cities was decisively shaped by both global and nested factors. While the weights of the various tiers from the global to local have fluctuated over time, no one level has had primacy. Through Ulsan this study seeks to introduce the concept of Great Industrial City and in the process: 1) remind scholars and practitioners about the continued importance of industrial cities for national economies and in global capitalism; 2) demonstrate how the world's city-regions have been decisively shaped by both international forces and embedded/nested factors; 3) enhance the English language reader's knowledge of South Korean urban areas; and 4) encourage scholars to more seriously consider the manufacturing sector when classifying world cities and delineating the global urban hierarchy, and thereby, expand the global-nested city debate beyond merely the analyzing of large financial centers.
{"title":"Ulsan, South Korea: A Global and Nested ‘Great’ Industrial City","authors":"A. J. Jacobs","doi":"10.2174/1874942901104010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901104010008","url":null,"abstract":"Ulsan, South Korea is home to the world's largest auto production complex and shipyard, and its second biggest petrochemicals combine. Drawing upon Jacobs' Contextualized Model of Urban-Regional Development, this article shows how Ulsan's growth path towards becoming one of the world's Great Industrial Cities was decisively shaped by both global and nested factors. While the weights of the various tiers from the global to local have fluctuated over time, no one level has had primacy. Through Ulsan this study seeks to introduce the concept of Great Industrial City and in the process: 1) remind scholars and practitioners about the continued importance of industrial cities for national economies and in global capitalism; 2) demonstrate how the world's city-regions have been decisively shaped by both international forces and embedded/nested factors; 3) enhance the English language reader's knowledge of South Korean urban areas; and 4) encourage scholars to more seriously consider the manufacturing sector when classifying world cities and delineating the global urban hierarchy, and thereby, expand the global-nested city debate beyond merely the analyzing of large financial centers.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124190981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1874942901104010001
Hasnat Dewan
This paper attempts to find the equilibrium and the optimum size of a monocentric open city that produces a constant return to scale good and a group of differentiated goods and services (increasing return to scale goods and services), where the production of goods and services causes negative externalities (pollution). The model in this paper also assumes the presence of positive externalities of agglomeration (agglomeration economies). As it is an open city, there will be too much agglomeration in the absence of any penalty on the polluters. The results of this paper show that if the city dwellers value environmental quality the market outcomes are sub-optimal. Therefore, a tax scheme is necessary for the correct level of agglomeration or the optimum size of the city. The optimal tax rate in the differentiated goods and services sector depends on the emission intensity of output, consumer preference for product diversity, demand for labour (or level of output), and the wage rate; and that in the constant return to scale good sector depends on the emission intensity of output, average labour productivity, and the wage rate.
{"title":"Equilibrium and Optimum City Size with the Presence of Pollution","authors":"Hasnat Dewan","doi":"10.2174/1874942901104010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901104010001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to find the equilibrium and the optimum size of a monocentric open city that produces a constant return to scale good and a group of differentiated goods and services (increasing return to scale goods and services), where the production of goods and services causes negative externalities (pollution). The model in this paper also assumes the presence of positive externalities of agglomeration (agglomeration economies). As it is an open city, there will be too much agglomeration in the absence of any penalty on the polluters. The results of this paper show that if the city dwellers value environmental quality the market outcomes are sub-optimal. Therefore, a tax scheme is necessary for the correct level of agglomeration or the optimum size of the city. The optimal tax rate in the differentiated goods and services sector depends on the emission intensity of output, consumer preference for product diversity, demand for labour (or level of output), and the wage rate; and that in the constant return to scale good sector depends on the emission intensity of output, average labour productivity, and the wage rate.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133992636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-05DOI: 10.2174/1874942901003010103
T. Kauko
Concerns about the sustainability of urban property development are increasing amid broader concerns of sustainable development and contemporary financial crisis. Central to the sustainability agenda are the physical, economic, social, and cultural features of the built environment, together with various institutional parameters therein. This is a review article on property development and neighbourhood dynamics with focus on three interlinked issues: property, neighbourhood and - as a category at the interface of these two topics - urban regeneration; and lastly, about methods and methodology to study such phenomena. The common denominator for these issues here is the location (urban renewal areas, neighbourhoods) in relation to property prices. The paper concludes with a suggestion for a .methodology to evaluate the sustainability of area-level property development activity.
{"title":"Sustainable Urban Property Development and Neighbourhood Dynamics","authors":"T. Kauko","doi":"10.2174/1874942901003010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901003010103","url":null,"abstract":"Concerns about the sustainability of urban property development are increasing amid broader concerns of sustainable development and contemporary financial crisis. Central to the sustainability agenda are the physical, economic, social, and cultural features of the built environment, together with various institutional parameters therein. This is a review article on property development and neighbourhood dynamics with focus on three interlinked issues: property, neighbourhood and - as a category at the interface of these two topics - urban regeneration; and lastly, about methods and methodology to study such phenomena. The common denominator for these issues here is the location (urban renewal areas, neighbourhoods) in relation to property prices. The paper concludes with a suggestion for a .methodology to evaluate the sustainability of area-level property development activity.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133446723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-01DOI: 10.2174/1874942901003010089
Mulugeta S. Kahsai, P. Schaeffer
This study analyzes trends in the population distribution of Switzerland, with focus on the period 1980-2000. It updates and extends an earlier study [1]. The extensions include analyses of population distribution trends by region and citizenship. Results show that Switzerland experienced deconcentration in the 1970s at the cantonal level, and in the 1980s and 1990s at the district level. The results also show a trend of moving away from large densely populated districts to small, sparsely populated and medium sized districts. There was a strong suburbanization trend starting in the 1950s and counter-urbanization during 1980-2000. The core urban areas experienced the slowest growth at the end of the century. Although the foreign permanent resident population increased from 11.6% at the beginning of the century to 20.7% in 2005, its role in shaping the distribution pattern is low.
{"title":"Deconcentration, Counter-Urbanization, or Trend Reversal? The Population Distribution of Switzerland, Revisited","authors":"Mulugeta S. Kahsai, P. Schaeffer","doi":"10.2174/1874942901003010089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901003010089","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes trends in the population distribution of Switzerland, with focus on the period 1980-2000. It updates and extends an earlier study [1]. The extensions include analyses of population distribution trends by region and citizenship. Results show that Switzerland experienced deconcentration in the 1970s at the cantonal level, and in the 1980s and 1990s at the district level. The results also show a trend of moving away from large densely populated districts to small, sparsely populated and medium sized districts. There was a strong suburbanization trend starting in the 1950s and counter-urbanization during 1980-2000. The core urban areas experienced the slowest growth at the end of the century. Although the foreign permanent resident population increased from 11.6% at the beginning of the century to 20.7% in 2005, its role in shaping the distribution pattern is low.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115463497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-17DOI: 10.2174/1874942901003020078
Francesc M. Munoz
{"title":"Urbanalisation: Common Landscapes, Global Places~!2009-04-07~!2009-05-15~!2010-03-02~!","authors":"Francesc M. Munoz","doi":"10.2174/1874942901003020078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901003020078","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129619711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-17DOI: 10.2174/1874942901003020068
Patrícia Abrantes, D. Pimentel, J. Tenedório
The metropolitan dynamics typology of the Portuguese urban system is the product of a methodology based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A GIS data describes six dimensions of metropolisation (population, economy, urban organisation, society and culture, networks and territorial organisation), based on a matrix of entities or indicators. Such a matrix has been subjected to treatment by neuronal networks through a Self-Organising Map (SOM). The method is robust in order to obtain a typology designated as DYMET (Metropolitan Dynamics Typology). As a result of the application of SOM’s classification algorithm ten types of areas were identified (metropolis core of Lisbon and of Porto, suburbanised area, suburbanised area in consolidation, potential metropolis centre, metropolisation area, area of urban dynamics, area of local centrality, peri-urbanised area, area with weak urban dynamics, area without urban dynamics) and compared to the typologies based on empirical studies of the Portuguese urban network developed mainly in the nineties. The identified types are described and characterised with some global dimension indicators.
{"title":"Metropolitan Dynamics Typology of the Portuguese Urban System~!2009-04-07~!2009-05-15~!2010-03-02~!","authors":"Patrícia Abrantes, D. Pimentel, J. Tenedório","doi":"10.2174/1874942901003020068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901003020068","url":null,"abstract":"The metropolitan dynamics typology of the Portuguese urban system is the product of a methodology based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A GIS data describes six dimensions of metropolisation (population, economy, urban organisation, society and culture, networks and territorial organisation), based on a matrix of entities or indicators. Such a matrix has been subjected to treatment by neuronal networks through a Self-Organising Map (SOM). The method is robust in order to obtain a typology designated as DYMET (Metropolitan Dynamics Typology). As a result of the application of SOM’s classification algorithm ten types of areas were identified (metropolis core of Lisbon and of Porto, suburbanised area, suburbanised area in consolidation, potential metropolis centre, metropolisation area, area of urban dynamics, area of local centrality, peri-urbanised area, area with weak urban dynamics, area without urban dynamics) and compared to the typologies based on empirical studies of the Portuguese urban network developed mainly in the nineties. The identified types are described and characterised with some global dimension indicators.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134431650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-17DOI: 10.2174/1874942901003020014
Lorenzo López Trigal
This study opens with concepts and features of new urban developments, current processes and the changing model of the city. It goes on to present the restructuring of territorial and urban systems in the Iberian Peninsula, with the consequent readjustment to city hierarchies and urban strategies. The text then focuses on a review of the characteristics of recent urban expansion based on, in the first place, the bibliography consulted, and in the second place, on field studies and interviews carried out with those responsible for various metropolises, which leads on to a comparative presentation of the pace and state of present day dynamics in Iberian cities.
{"title":"The Process of Urbanisation and Reconfiguration of Spanish and Portuguese Cities~!2009-04-07~!2009-05-15~!2010-03-02~!","authors":"Lorenzo López Trigal","doi":"10.2174/1874942901003020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901003020014","url":null,"abstract":"This study opens with concepts and features of new urban developments, current processes and the changing model of the city. It goes on to present the restructuring of territorial and urban systems in the Iberian Peninsula, with the consequent readjustment to city hierarchies and urban strategies. The text then focuses on a review of the characteristics of recent urban expansion based on, in the first place, the bibliography consulted, and in the second place, on field studies and interviews carried out with those responsible for various metropolises, which leads on to a comparative presentation of the pace and state of present day dynamics in Iberian cities.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126466673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-17DOI: 10.2174/1874942901003020002
Luis Alfonso Escudero Gómez, José Somoza Medina
The European territorial strategy known as the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) has as its main thrust the development of a multi-centred and balanced urban system. European, national, and regional investments have been concentrating on the formation of polycentric urban regions, or city clusters, in which medium-sized cities, acting as nodes, would have a major role. In this paper, an overall development index is applied to Spanish medium-sized cities. This uses economic, social, environmental, and territorial parameters to discover what their real growth trends are and what results have been achieved by policies for multi-centred development. In this way, it can be demonstrated that the efforts to create polycentric urban regions yield poorer results in development terms than the dynamic trend towards growth of metropolitan areas and those related to tourist activity on the coast. Factors driving this, related to the process of urbanisation in Spain over the last few decades, continue to override institutional land-use guidelines.
{"title":"Medium-Sized Cities: Polycentric Strategies vs the Dynamics of Metropolitan Area Growth~!2009-04-07~!2009-05-15~!2010-03-02~!","authors":"Luis Alfonso Escudero Gómez, José Somoza Medina","doi":"10.2174/1874942901003020002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901003020002","url":null,"abstract":"The European territorial strategy known as the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) has as its main thrust the development of a multi-centred and balanced urban system. European, national, and regional investments have been concentrating on the formation of polycentric urban regions, or city clusters, in which medium-sized cities, acting as nodes, would have a major role. In this paper, an overall development index is applied to Spanish medium-sized cities. This uses economic, social, environmental, and territorial parameters to discover what their real growth trends are and what results have been achieved by policies for multi-centred development. In this way, it can be demonstrated that the efforts to create polycentric urban regions yield poorer results in development terms than the dynamic trend towards growth of metropolitan areas and those related to tourist activity on the coast. Factors driving this, related to the process of urbanisation in Spain over the last few decades, continue to override institutional land-use guidelines.","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115131730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-17DOI: 10.2174/1874942901003020058
J. Vázquez, M. P. Otón
After the Rio Summit (1992), the European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns -held in Aalborg in May 1994ended with the drawing up of the Aalborg Charter, a document signed by 80 European local administrations. This Charter set out the main principles of sustainable urban management through the Local Agenda 21 programme, with public-private agreement and citizens' participation as key principles. The work methodology of the Local Agenda 21 is based on the drawing up of several indicators on economic, social and environmental aspects. There are increasingly more municipalities in Europe implementing Local Agendas 21 and developing them through analysis, action plan and monitoring stages. This essay studies the implementation in Spain of two of the most important issues addressed in Local Agendas 21: sustainable mobility and the recovery of degraded urban
{"title":"The Sustainable Management of the City: Examples of Implementation of Agenda 21 in Spain~!2009-04-07~!2009-05-15~!2010-03-02~!","authors":"J. Vázquez, M. P. Otón","doi":"10.2174/1874942901003020058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874942901003020058","url":null,"abstract":"After the Rio Summit (1992), the European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns -held in Aalborg in May 1994ended with the drawing up of the Aalborg Charter, a document signed by 80 European local administrations. This Charter set out the main principles of sustainable urban management through the Local Agenda 21 programme, with public-private agreement and citizens' participation as key principles. The work methodology of the Local Agenda 21 is based on the drawing up of several indicators on economic, social and environmental aspects. There are increasingly more municipalities in Europe implementing Local Agendas 21 and developing them through analysis, action plan and monitoring stages. This essay studies the implementation in Spain of two of the most important issues addressed in Local Agendas 21: sustainable mobility and the recovery of degraded urban","PeriodicalId":106409,"journal":{"name":"The Open Urban Studies Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125572291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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