Asian Journal of Geographical Research最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Temperature Changes on Groundwater Levels in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya","authors":"Ernest Othieno Odwori","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2022/v5i1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2022/v5i1119","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change poses uncertainties to the supply and management of water resources under the observed increase in surface temperatures all over Africa. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of temperature changes on groundwater levels in Nzoia River Basin. Temperature and groundwater level variability and trends has been analyzed using the parametric test of Linear regression and the non-parametric Mann-Kendall statistical test. Temperature data was obtained from the Kenya meteorological department (KMD) whereas groundwater level data was collected from Water resources management agency (WRMA). Linear regression of the annual groundwater levels in Nzoia River Basin between 2011 and 2017 revealed a decreasing trend ranging from -0.49 ft/year (Kitale Golf Club) to -0.03 ft/year (Kakamega Tande School). Mann-Kendall statistical test also showed decreasing groundwater levels for all observation wells with the results for Kitale Golf Club and Mois Bridge Quarry observation wells being statistically significant, whereas those for Kapsabet Boys High School, Kakamega Mwikalikha School, Kakamega Tande School and Busia Town Prison were statistically insignificant at 5% significance level. The highest decline in groundwater levels was observed in the upper catchment of the basin.There are significant increases in annual tempratures for Kitale and Kakamega stations in the period 1979 - 2014. Kitale showed annual maximum temprature rising at 0.0006260C/year; annual minimum temperature rising at 0.0011630C/year and the annual mean temprature rising at 0.0008940C/year. Kakamega had annual maximum temprature rising at 0.0007710C/year; annual minimum tempratures rising at 0.0004710C/year and the annual mean tempratures rising at 0.0006230C/year. Eldoret showed falling maximum temprature at - 0.002020C/year; rising minimum temperature at 0.0008130C/year and falling mean temperatures at - 0.001420C/year. The results for Kitale and Eldoret stations showed statistically significant trends whereas those for Kakamega station had a statistically insignificant trend. In Nzoia River Basin, Kitale and Eldoret, annual minimum tempratures are rising faster than the maximum whereas in Kakamega it’s the annual maximum tempratures that are rising faster than the minimum. Kitale and Kakamega stations showed rising annual mean temperatures whereas Eldoret showed falling annual mean tempratures. As one would expect, temperatures in Nzoia River Basin are expected to be rising; however, the case of falling temperatures recorded at Eldoret international airport might occur because this region of Rift valley has highly protected natural resources and a high forest cover is available all the year round. Another possible explanation to this could be the changing cloudness around Eldoret station. Kitale and Kakamega showed annual mean tempratures rising at about 0.10C per century and Eldoret showed mean temperatures falling at about -1.40C per century. The findings for Kitale and","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129287332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examination of the Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Sustainable Food Production in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands of Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya","authors":"Isaac Kipchirchir Kimitei, Felix Lamech Mogambi Ming’ate","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2022/v5i1108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2022/v5i1108","url":null,"abstract":"Food insecurity has remained a major challenge to many developing countries. The Food and Agricultural Organization, estimates that 842 million people have suffered from lack of food access, resulting in undernourishment. Kenya’s rural and urban areas, have been suffering from food insecurity since independence. Previous case-studies have shown that, although various governments and donor agencies' have attempted to sponsor food-production programs, execution has remained a challenge. Elgeyo Marakwet has previously been experiencing famine intervention projects from World Vision Kenya, Community Agricultural Development for Semi-Arid Lands, National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Program and Njaa Marufuku Kenya.  The aim of this research was to examine the, organizational structure, socio-economic and capacity-building factors that contribute to sustainable food production in semi-arid and arid areas. The study used a descriptive survey research design to guide in the collection of data from a sample of 136 households using structured questionnaire. Data was analysed through cross-tabulation using Chi-square, ANOVA and percentages. In conclusion the research has revealed that organizational, demographic and capacity building factors are important in the improvement of food production. It is recommended that sustainable food security depends on developing sustainable local food production policy.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125962489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish Community Structure in River Ossiomo, Niger Delta, Nigeria in Relation to Some Selected Environmental Variables","authors":"G. O. Omovoh, Francis Ofurum Arimoro, A. V. Anyanwale, E. Egwim, B. O. Omovoh, V. Chukwuemeka, S. Zakari, A. O. Edegbene","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i4106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i4106","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade, it has been reported that water quality of rivers are deteriorating increasingly. In this study we examined the state of River Ossiomo to assess the current health of the river for a period of 24 months from April 2019 to March 2020, then July 2020 to May 2021 in three well marked out stations. The study was to determine the relationship between environmental variables and fish species assemblage in the river. From the results of the physico-chemical variables, the mean values of pollution indicating physico-chemical variables such as sulphate (1.26+0.32mg/l) and total suspended solids (TSS) (5.53+1.89mg/l) were higher in station 2. On the other hand, pH (5.94+0.48), DO (8.64+1.57mg/l), turbidity (7.48+7.63NTU), TDS (29.64+14.65mg/l) and phosphate (0.43+0.31mg/l) mean values were highest in station 1. Conductivity (70.87+26.42µS/cm) and nitrate (0.49+0.34mg/l) mean values were highest in station 3. Further, dissolved oxygen (DO) was higher in station 1, the reference station. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), we performed for the physico-chemical variables revealed that temperature, conductivity, DO, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, TSS, sulphate, phosphate and nitrate were significantly different among the three stations sampled (P<0.05), while pH, BOD and turbidity were not significant among the three stations sampled (P>0.05). The result of the principal component analysis showed that conductivity was positively associated with station 3, and temperature, TDS and alkalinity were negatively associated with stations 1 and 2. A total of 2,324 fish individuals belonging to 29 taxa were recorded in the entire study period. Station 1 harbours more fish species (1018), followed by station 2 (809), and we recorded the lowest number of fish individuals in station 3 (497). Auchenoglanis occidentalis was the most preponderant fish species probably occasioned by its level of adaptation to prevailing environmental conditions in the study river. The least abundant fish species was Synodontis eupterus.The canonical correspondence analysis we used in visualizing the relationship between fish species and physico-chemical variables showed that fish taxa such as Distichodus brevipinni, Cteropoma kinsleyae, Tilapia zillii, Malapterarus electricus, Mormyrus engystoma, and Synodontis  nigita that were positively associated with pollution indicating physico-chemical variables were suggested as indicators for monitoring riverine health in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. We recommend that more detailed studies should be carried out in River Ossiomo to confirm this result. However, this study serves as a baseline study in the present study area.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123527151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-Construction of Palaeo-Sedimentation Processes of Aquifers underlying Igueben using Geo-Electrical Resistivity Signature and Borehole Data","authors":"S. O. Salufu, I. Aigbedion","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i4104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i4104","url":null,"abstract":"Igueben is located in the central of Edo State, Nigeria. It has neighboring towns; Ogwa, Ugbegun, Ugiogba, Ebelle, and Ekpon. These towns have the same aquifer but significantvariations in the water table. However this study is intended to unravel the salient ancient hydrological processes that occurred in the study area which resulted in this variation. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) data and borehole data of the area are integrated to generate geo-electrical resistivity section of the area, to identify the aquifer trends, body, and shape to re-construct the palaeo-sedimentation processes of the aquifers that underlie Iguebe and the neighboring towns. The inversion model result for the seven VES conducted in the study area show that the curve types are HQA, AHA, A, AHA, AHA, HAQ, and AQA, respectively. These curve type suggested that the aquifer type is anarenite sandstoneaquifer that has been transported from a long distance. The geo-electrical pattern and shape show that Igueben and Ogwa (shallow marine) are the points of deposition from where other nearby towns (Ugbegun, Ugiogba, Ebelle, and Ekpon) sourced their aquifer by gravity settling from suspended sediments in water body into adjacent deep marine environment (Ugbegun, Ugiogba, Ebelle, and Ekpon).The study showed that Igueben and Ogwa are the hydraulic-head of the aquifer in the study area. The geological processes that had occurred in the study area during sedimentation are responsible for the variation in the water table in the study area.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125684372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Erosion Monitoring Indicators: An Approach towards Natural Resource Management in Kuresoi South, Kenya","authors":"Chepkirui Gloria Baliach, A. Kiplagat, A. Sitienei","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i4102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i4102","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is still one of the most important land problems and it is linked to land use and land cover changes. These have negative effects on land resource which ultimately affects agricultural productivity and water quality. Local monitoring systems constitute an almost compulsory component of any program or project dealing with sustainable management of natural resources. The purpose of this study was to identify soil erosion monitoring indicators in Kuresoi South, Kenya. The study was comprised of a total representative sample population of 68 respondents from Kuresoi south catchment which was achieved using Nassiuma coefficient of variation formulae. Our findings reveal a positive significant relationship between soil erosion monitoring indicators and natural resource management. Taken together, soil erosion monitoring indicators can be used in detecting change over time in soil resource.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127598111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature Variability and Trends in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya","authors":"Ernest Othieno Odwori","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i4100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i4100","url":null,"abstract":"Nzoia River Basin is one of the regions that is highly vulnerable to climate change in Kenya. Many attempts have been made to identify and quantify the impact of climate change on socio-economic sectors and ecosystems using global studies resulting into recommendations on policy changes aimed at generating sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies. This top-down approach by using global studies lacks the required local and regional climate change specificities to address the regional and local climate change challenges. Temperature is one of the most important components of the climatic parameters widely measured as a starting point towards the apprehension of climate change courses. This study aims at filling the top-down approach knowledge gaps in Nzoia River Basin by assessing temperature variability and trends at three stations for the period 1979 to 2014, using Linear regression analysis and Mann-Kendall statistical test. Monthly maximum and minimum temperature data for Kitale, Kakamega and Eldoret stations was obtained from Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya. The main findings reveal that Kakamega has highest temperatures, followed by Kitale and the lowest temperatures are found at Eldoret. This trend seems to go with altitude as the lowest temperatures are found at highest altitudes and highest temperatures at lowest altitudes. There are significant increases in annual temperatures for Kitale and Kakamega stations, with Kitale showing annual maximum temprature rising at 0.0006260 C/year; annual minimum temperature rising at 0.0011630 C/year and the annual mean temprature rising at 0.0008940 C/year. Kakamega shows annual maximum temperature rising at 0.0007710 C/year; annual minimum temperatures rising at 0.0004710 C/year and the annual mean temperatures rising at 0.0006230 C/year. Eldoret shows falling maximum temperature at - 0.002020 C/year; rising minimum temperature at 0.0008130 C/year and falling mean temperatures at - 0.001420 C/year. The results for Kitale and Eldoret stations show statistically significant trends whereas those for Kakamega station were statistically insignificant. Eldoret annual minimum temperatures are rising faster than the maximum whereas in Kakamega it’s the annual maximum temperatures that are rising faster than the minimum. Kitale and Kakamega show annual mean temperatures rising at about 0.10C per century which compares well with IPCC Third Assessment Report estimated global warming rate of 0.6 0C during the twentieth century and other studies from the African continent and East African region.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127393731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rainfall Recovery in North-East Arid Zone of Nigeria: Comparative Analysis of Drought and Post Drought Decades","authors":"A. Jajere, A. Abbas, A. Abdu","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i498","url":null,"abstract":"This study used annual rainfall records from three stations within the North East Arid Zone of Nigeria for the period (1957-2017) to measure the extent of the rainfall recovery by comparing the drought decades and post drought decades rainfall patterns. Monthly rainfall records from Potiskum, Maiduguri and Nguru Stations were used. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were employed in analysing the data. The findings of the study revealed a significant year-to-year variability in rainfall characteristics around 61 years (1957-2017) averages. The variability was large in 1970s up till 1990s, and lower in 1960s and from 2000 to 2018. Decreasing trend in annual rainfall amount was observed during the study period while a stability in onset and cessation dates were observed. The differences between 1957-1986 and 1987-2017 climatic season were found to be statistically insignificant. The study concluded that the reported rainfall recovery from drought is statistically insignificant and the observed long term mean trend revealed a decreasing trend. Therefore, the theory of Sahel rainfall recovery can be better termed as a ‘’break of the series of drought or decline in frequency and magnitude of occurrence of drought’’ The research recommended the continuations with the drought adaptation and mitigation strategies adopted by local population, decisions makers and organizations following the series Sahelian droughts of 1970s and 1980s.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122006993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geo-spatial Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) Dynamics in Akoko South West Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria","authors":"Dada Ibilewa, M. Aliyu, Usman O. Alalu, Taiwo Hassan Abdulrasheed","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i395","url":null,"abstract":"Geo-spatial assessment of land use/cover dynamics in Akoko South West Local Government was instigated to bridge the knowledge gap created by data deficiency on the nature, scope and magnitude of land use/cover change in the area. This was done through the analysis of Landsat images of three epochs from 2000 through 2010 to 2020. The processing of the satellite images was done in ArcGIS 10.8 while the analysis and 2030 projection was done in Microsoft office excel using the result from the analysis. QGIS was used to remove the scan lines error on the 2010 image. The result showed increasing built-up area, reducing vegetation and farmlands and diminishing rock outcrops. The changes vary among the different classification characteristics. The increasing change in the second epoch was higher in built up areas while rock outcrops increased in the first epoch. Farmland and vegetation were on reducing trend throughout the study period. However, the moderate change observed in the second epoch for the two land cover classes were not as significant as the first epoch. Government policies on forest reserve should strictly be adhered to in order to preserve the vegetation in the area. People of the area should be advised to diversify their economy in order to avoid total dependence on the forest reserve.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131135734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geo-Chemical Techniques for Earthquake Forecasting in Nigeria","authors":"Lungfa Collins Wuyep, U. Kadiri, Isogun Adeyemi Monday, N. Nansak, Lumi Zakka, Habila Yusuf Thomas, Ezisi Pius Ogugua","doi":"10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2021/v4i394","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of the doubt caused by some rounds on the impossibility of earthquake forecast, more and more countries, even at the highest governmental levels, realize that doing nothing is the ostrich position of dread before the real difficulties associated with the creation of a real forecasting system. Nigeria in times past was believed to be aseismic. However, the seismic record of Nigeria from 1933-2021 have demonstrated in contrast to the idea, numerous quakes have been recorded in Nigeria throughout the years. With the development of observation techniques and theoretical knowledge of geochemistry, geochemical observation of faults gas has become a hotspot once more in recent years. Rn, Hg, H2, etc., are used for geochemical observations. 222Rn has a half-life of 3.825 days, a magnitude 5.0 earthquake will be detected through precursory phenomena at a distance not greater than 142 km. Mercury and other elements are used as important detectors for earthquake prediction and they play an important role in revealing the relationship between fluid in the fault zone and the occurrence of earthquakes, the range for a magnitude 5.0 earthquake is limited to 200 km. Hydrogen concentrations have been monitored for precursory variations in many fault systems, using either discrete sampling and laboratory analysis or continuous monitoring of ground gas, using hydrogen-sensitive fuel cells. Precursory changes in groundwater chemistry are often attributed to the mixing of fluids from two or more chemically distinct aquifers, the physical mechanism responsible for the mixing of fluids is, however, not well established.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134629033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree Conservation Challenges among the Indigenous Pastoral Rendille Community in Marsabit, Kenya","authors":"Janet Ahatho Ekalo, J. Koske, C. Gichuki, I. Ngare","doi":"10.9734/AJGR/2021/V4I390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/AJGR/2021/V4I390","url":null,"abstract":"Every environment is surrounded by traditional people who have lived in the geographic location for a long time and use their particular knowledge to cohabit with the natural ecosystem. This study assessed challenges encountered towards tree conservation by the Rendille pastoral community in Kenya. Selected tree species; Olea europaea, Terminalia sp. and Hyphaene compressa, that are commonly used by the community were identified and the probable threats towards their conservation. Some of these tree conservation challenges by the indigenous Rendille were: charcoal burning and fuel wood consumption, demand of traditional tree medicinal value, climate variability extremes and demand for land for settlement by the community. The results indicate that, charcoal burning (84.4%) and demand for traditional tree medicine (77.3%) were leading causes frustrating tree conservation among the Rendille. To mitigate these challenges, the respondents indicated that, creation of awareness (89.1%) and promotion of other sources of fuel (78.9%) could be vital factors. The study recommends Integration of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) with formal education to enhance conservation of the mentioned tree species.","PeriodicalId":106705,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Geographical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121236990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}