Abstract Protein transfer in tobacco smoke has been studied using the protease, Savinase™, as a model protein. Mainstream and sidestream smoke were collected from cigarettes to which Savinase had been added at various concentrations. Savinase was extracted from the smoke condensate with an organic solvent system before being precipitated and further identified by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western immunoblotting. The detection limit of the method, based on addition of Savinase to the smoke condensate, was 25 µg in mainstream and 100 µg in sidestream smoke. At a Savinase concentration of 6000 µg per gram of tobacco, the methodology allows the detection of protein transfer as low as 0.009% and 0.054% in mainstream and sidestream smoke, respectively. Using this approach, it was shown that there is no detectable Savinase in the mainstream and sidestream smoke of filtered and unfiltered cigarettes containing up to 6000 µg of Savinase per gram of tobacco. These facts strongly suggest that there is no significant transfer of protein from tobacco into cigarette smoke.
{"title":"Protein Transfer in Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke","authors":"R. Voisine, F. Côté, J. Verreault, A. Porter","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0766","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Protein transfer in tobacco smoke has been studied using the protease, Savinase™, as a model protein. Mainstream and sidestream smoke were collected from cigarettes to which Savinase had been added at various concentrations. Savinase was extracted from the smoke condensate with an organic solvent system before being precipitated and further identified by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western immunoblotting. The detection limit of the method, based on addition of Savinase to the smoke condensate, was 25 µg in mainstream and 100 µg in sidestream smoke. At a Savinase concentration of 6000 µg per gram of tobacco, the methodology allows the detection of protein transfer as low as 0.009% and 0.054% in mainstream and sidestream smoke, respectively. Using this approach, it was shown that there is no detectable Savinase in the mainstream and sidestream smoke of filtered and unfiltered cigarettes containing up to 6000 µg of Savinase per gram of tobacco. These facts strongly suggest that there is no significant transfer of protein from tobacco into cigarette smoke.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"9 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90168495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Various techniques have been employed in the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, these techniques are insufficient for the precise analysis of tobacco smoke VOCs because of the complexity of the operating system, system instability, or poor sensitivity. To overcome these problems, a combined system of VOC preconcentrator, gas chromatograph, and olfactometer has been developed. The performance of this new system was evaluated in the analysis of VOCs in tobacco smoke and applied to the odor profiling of sidestream smoke (SSS) that has not been sufficiently investigated in the past. A VOC sample in a gas-sampling bag was injected into a gas chromatograph through a preconcentrator, where it was concentrated, dehydrated, and cryo-focused. Separated VOCs were introduced into a mass spectrometer (for qualitative and quantitative analysis) and a sniffing port (for odor profiling) by a splitting device. In addition to the conventional Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O) technique that was used for describing the odor quality of each compound, the odor intensity was estimated based on the dilution ratio of the sample, Aroma Direct Dilution Analysis (ADDA). Also, the contribution of each VOC to the overall SSS odor was estimated by sensory evaluation. This system permitted adequate characterization of the VOCs. The reproducibility of quantification was also good enough with Coefficient of Variation (CV) values less than about 5% (n = 5). With the GC-O technique, we obtained an SSS odor profile composed of over 30 odorants. ADDA indicated that seven odorants were sufficient to characterize SSS odor. In addition, the omit-test revealed that three odor attributes, (‘metallic’, ‘potato-like’, and ‘popcorn-like’) were most important for the characterization of SSS odor.
{"title":"Analysis of Sidestream Smoke VOCs and Characterization of their Odor Profiles by VOC Preconcentrator-GC-O Techniques","authors":"N. Higashi, H. Shikata, M. Shimoda, I. Hayakawa","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0769","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Various techniques have been employed in the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, these techniques are insufficient for the precise analysis of tobacco smoke VOCs because of the complexity of the operating system, system instability, or poor sensitivity. To overcome these problems, a combined system of VOC preconcentrator, gas chromatograph, and olfactometer has been developed. The performance of this new system was evaluated in the analysis of VOCs in tobacco smoke and applied to the odor profiling of sidestream smoke (SSS) that has not been sufficiently investigated in the past. A VOC sample in a gas-sampling bag was injected into a gas chromatograph through a preconcentrator, where it was concentrated, dehydrated, and cryo-focused. Separated VOCs were introduced into a mass spectrometer (for qualitative and quantitative analysis) and a sniffing port (for odor profiling) by a splitting device. In addition to the conventional Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O) technique that was used for describing the odor quality of each compound, the odor intensity was estimated based on the dilution ratio of the sample, Aroma Direct Dilution Analysis (ADDA). Also, the contribution of each VOC to the overall SSS odor was estimated by sensory evaluation. This system permitted adequate characterization of the VOCs. The reproducibility of quantification was also good enough with Coefficient of Variation (CV) values less than about 5% (n = 5). With the GC-O technique, we obtained an SSS odor profile composed of over 30 odorants. ADDA indicated that seven odorants were sufficient to characterize SSS odor. In addition, the omit-test revealed that three odor attributes, (‘metallic’, ‘potato-like’, and ‘popcorn-like’) were most important for the characterization of SSS odor.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"29 1","pages":"32 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78073717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Based on the unique temperature and oxygen profiles in a burning cigarette, a novel approach is proposed in this paper to use a single oxidant/catalyst in the cigarette filler for simultaneous removal of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) in mainstream smoke. A nanoparticle iron oxide is identified as a very active material for this application due to its multiple functions as a CO catalyst, as a CO oxidant, and in its reduced forms as a NO catalyst. The multiple functions of the nanoparticle iron oxide are characterized in a flow tube reactor and the working mechanisms of these multiple functions for CO and NO removal in a burning cigarette are explained. The effect of smoke condensate on the catalyst are examined and discussed. The advantage of in situ generation of the catalyst during the cigarette burning process is illustrated. The test results of nanoparticle iron oxide for CO and NO removal in cigarettes are presented.
{"title":"Application of Nanoparticle Iron Oxide in Cigarette for Simultaneous CO and NO Removal in the Mainstream Smoke","authors":"P. Li, F. Rasouli, M. Hajaligol","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0765","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on the unique temperature and oxygen profiles in a burning cigarette, a novel approach is proposed in this paper to use a single oxidant/catalyst in the cigarette filler for simultaneous removal of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) in mainstream smoke. A nanoparticle iron oxide is identified as a very active material for this application due to its multiple functions as a CO catalyst, as a CO oxidant, and in its reduced forms as a NO catalyst. The multiple functions of the nanoparticle iron oxide are characterized in a flow tube reactor and the working mechanisms of these multiple functions for CO and NO removal in a burning cigarette are explained. The effect of smoke condensate on the catalyst are examined and discussed. The advantage of in situ generation of the catalyst during the cigarette burning process is illustrated. The test results of nanoparticle iron oxide for CO and NO removal in cigarettes are presented.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"146 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80564328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The goal of this study is to investigate whether the permeability of the tipping/plugwrap system, the permeability of the cigarette paper and the draw resistances of the filter and tobacco rod can be calculated from measurements of the degree of filter ventilation and of the open and closed draw resistance. This issue is investigated for a linear and a non-linear model of the flow in unlit cigarettes. At first it is proven that there exist experimental conditions to which the cigarette can be exposed such that the problem has at least a unique solution. The problem is then solved by least-squares optimisation for a linear and a non-linear model of the air flow in unlit cigarettes with various noise levels on the output quantities. The error sensitivity of the optimisation problem is estimated by calculation of the condition number. From the simulation several facts can be concluded. Firstly, for the linear model varying the flow velocity at the mouth end of the cigarette does not provide enough information to uniquely determine the properties of the cigarette's components. Secondly, estimates of these properties from the linear model have low standard deviations but a high bias, which makes the linear model useless for the estimation task. Thirdly, estimates from the non-linear model are more reliable if the pressure at the cigarette tip is varied instead of the flow velocity at the mouth end. Fourthly, the measurements of the degree of filter ventilation and of the open and closed draw resistance need to be at least 10 to 20 times more accurate than the desired accuracy of the estimate. Several methods to improve this situation are proposed.
{"title":"On the Estimation of Permeabilities and Draw Resistances of Cigarette Components","authors":"B. Eitzinger","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0768","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The goal of this study is to investigate whether the permeability of the tipping/plugwrap system, the permeability of the cigarette paper and the draw resistances of the filter and tobacco rod can be calculated from measurements of the degree of filter ventilation and of the open and closed draw resistance. This issue is investigated for a linear and a non-linear model of the flow in unlit cigarettes. At first it is proven that there exist experimental conditions to which the cigarette can be exposed such that the problem has at least a unique solution. The problem is then solved by least-squares optimisation for a linear and a non-linear model of the air flow in unlit cigarettes with various noise levels on the output quantities. The error sensitivity of the optimisation problem is estimated by calculation of the condition number. From the simulation several facts can be concluded. Firstly, for the linear model varying the flow velocity at the mouth end of the cigarette does not provide enough information to uniquely determine the properties of the cigarette's components. Secondly, estimates of these properties from the linear model have low standard deviations but a high bias, which makes the linear model useless for the estimation task. Thirdly, estimates from the non-linear model are more reliable if the pressure at the cigarette tip is varied instead of the flow velocity at the mouth end. Fourthly, the measurements of the degree of filter ventilation and of the open and closed draw resistance need to be at least 10 to 20 times more accurate than the desired accuracy of the estimate. Several methods to improve this situation are proposed.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"25 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83040227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Three races of Pseudomonas syringaepv. tabaciTox+ (wildfire) (races 0, 1 and 2) and two races of Tox- (angular leaf spot) (races 1 and 2) have been confirmed on tobacco in Zimbabwe (Zim). Very few cultivars with no resistance to Ps. syringaepv. tabaci are grown commercially and race 0 has not been isolated since 1996. Because we no longer have a viable culture of race 0, we obtained an isolate of race 0 from Kentucky (0 KY), USA in January 2000. We included this isolate in race tests on standard indicator cultivars K E1 (susceptible to all races), KM 10 (resistance to race 0 derived from Nicotianalongiflora), WZ (resistance to races 0 and 1 derived from N. rustica) and a hybrid, K 35 (resistance to races 0 and 0 and 1 derived from N. longiflora and N. rustica respectively). Two leaves on 10-week-old seedlings were inoculated with a bacterial suspension (106 colony forming units [cfu] per mL) by spraying selected areas until just watersoaked and incubating the plants at 28 C and 70% RH for 10 d. The reaction to race 0, measured as lesion diameter, was different from that previously obtained with race 0 (Zim). Races 0 and 1 (Zim) are avirulent on WZ but race 0 (KY) was virulent. Further isolates of race 0 were received from Maryland (MD) and Tennessee (TN). The TN isolates overcame resistance derived from N. longiflora and N. rustica, except where both sets of genes were present in the same cultivar. Reactions have been variable with the race 0 (MD) isolate suggesting it is a mixed culture. We conclude that there are at least four races of Ps. syringaepv. tabaciTox+ worldwide and race 0 (KY) should be designated race 3. On all cultivars, race 2 consistently caused the largest lesions.
{"title":"Reaction of Indicator Tobacco Cultivars to Races of Pseudomonas syringaepv. tabaciTox+","authors":"D. Cole, N. Mapuranga","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0723","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Three races of Pseudomonas syringaepv. tabaciTox+ (wildfire) (races 0, 1 and 2) and two races of Tox- (angular leaf spot) (races 1 and 2) have been confirmed on tobacco in Zimbabwe (Zim). Very few cultivars with no resistance to Ps. syringaepv. tabaci are grown commercially and race 0 has not been isolated since 1996. Because we no longer have a viable culture of race 0, we obtained an isolate of race 0 from Kentucky (0 KY), USA in January 2000. We included this isolate in race tests on standard indicator cultivars K E1 (susceptible to all races), KM 10 (resistance to race 0 derived from Nicotianalongiflora), WZ (resistance to races 0 and 1 derived from N. rustica) and a hybrid, K 35 (resistance to races 0 and 0 and 1 derived from N. longiflora and N. rustica respectively). Two leaves on 10-week-old seedlings were inoculated with a bacterial suspension (106 colony forming units [cfu] per mL) by spraying selected areas until just watersoaked and incubating the plants at 28 C and 70% RH for 10 d. The reaction to race 0, measured as lesion diameter, was different from that previously obtained with race 0 (Zim). Races 0 and 1 (Zim) are avirulent on WZ but race 0 (KY) was virulent. Further isolates of race 0 were received from Maryland (MD) and Tennessee (TN). The TN isolates overcame resistance derived from N. longiflora and N. rustica, except where both sets of genes were present in the same cultivar. Reactions have been variable with the race 0 (MD) isolate suggesting it is a mixed culture. We conclude that there are at least four races of Ps. syringaepv. tabaciTox+ worldwide and race 0 (KY) should be designated race 3. On all cultivars, race 2 consistently caused the largest lesions.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"353 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87110785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Bacterial (Granville) wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major disease of tobacco in both North and South Carolina. In contrast, Granville wilt rarely occurs on tobacco in Georgia and Florida. This difference was documented over fifty years ago and, today, it is still not understood. Isolates of R. solanacearum from tobacco and tomato were collected from Florida, Georgia, North and South Carolina. All isolates were identified as race 1, biovar 1. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fingerprinting technique, rep-PCR, was used to generate genomic fingerprints that were used to assess the genetic diversity of the R. solanacearum isolates. Bands were scored as present or absent and converted to band-sharing distances. A similarity matrix was generated and used to produce neighbor-joining trees. A highly branched tree that is indicative of the heterogeneity of the isolates in each of the states was constructed. South Carolina isolates segregated from Georgia, North Carolina and Florida isolates. Additionally, South Carolina isolates clustered as a function of the host from which they were isolated. Two isolates from tobacco and two from tomato, from both Georgia and South Carolina, were evaluated for aggressiveness on the susceptible tobacco cultivar, K 326, under controlled environment conditions. Five aggressiveness groups were defined. The tobacco isolates caused the most severe wilt symptoms, however one tobacco isolate was only weakly virulent. Only two of the four tomato isolates were pathogenic on tobacco. There was no correlation between genotypic and aggressiveness groupings. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2001) 323-331]
{"title":"Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum in the Southeastern United States","authors":"A. Robertson, B. Fortnum, T. C. Wood, D. Kluepfel","doi":"10.2478/cttr-2013-0719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0719","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Bacterial (Granville) wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major disease of tobacco in both North and South Carolina. In contrast, Granville wilt rarely occurs on tobacco in Georgia and Florida. This difference was documented over fifty years ago and, today, it is still not understood. Isolates of R. solanacearum from tobacco and tomato were collected from Florida, Georgia, North and South Carolina. All isolates were identified as race 1, biovar 1. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fingerprinting technique, rep-PCR, was used to generate genomic fingerprints that were used to assess the genetic diversity of the R. solanacearum isolates. Bands were scored as present or absent and converted to band-sharing distances. A similarity matrix was generated and used to produce neighbor-joining trees. A highly branched tree that is indicative of the heterogeneity of the isolates in each of the states was constructed. South Carolina isolates segregated from Georgia, North Carolina and Florida isolates. Additionally, South Carolina isolates clustered as a function of the host from which they were isolated. Two isolates from tobacco and two from tomato, from both Georgia and South Carolina, were evaluated for aggressiveness on the susceptible tobacco cultivar, K 326, under controlled environment conditions. Five aggressiveness groups were defined. The tobacco isolates caused the most severe wilt symptoms, however one tobacco isolate was only weakly virulent. Only two of the four tomato isolates were pathogenic on tobacco. There was no correlation between genotypic and aggressiveness groupings. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 19 (2001) 323-331]","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"88 1","pages":"323 - 331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79980316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract During the period of tobacco smoke research from the early 1950s to the mid-1960s it was repeatedly asserted that a) tobacco and many tobacco components were involved in the pyrogenesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), several of which were reported to initiate tumors on the skin of laboratory animals and b) tobacco additives (flavorants, casing materials, humectants) were highly likely to be similarly involved in PAH pyrogenesis. Extensive knowledge on PAHs was deemed highly necessary because of their claimed importance in the smoking-health issue. The numerous assertions about the generation of PAHs in cigarette mainstream smoke (MSS) triggered extensive and intensive research both within and outside the Tobacco Industry to define the nature of the PAHs, their per cigarette MSS delivery amounts, their precursors, etc. It was not until 1960 that VAN DUUREN et al. (1) reported three specific aza-arenes in cigarette MSS that were asserted to be involved in smokers’ respiratory tract cancer. As noted in a recent Letter to the Editors (2), the presence of these three aza-arenes in tobacco smoke has never been confirmed. Between 1960 and 1965, other MSS components (phenols as promoters, polonium-210, N-nitrosamines, ciliastatic compounds) were asserted to be responsible for smoking related diseases. However, no major assertions were made that phenols, polonium-210, or the N-nitrosamines were derived from flavorants, casing materials, or humectants. Some investigators did report that several ciliastats were derived from added sugars and glycerol. The ciliastat proposal was drastically diminished in importance by the findings in the 1960s that only a relatively small proportion of the ciliastats reached the smoker's cilia. During that time, pertinent skills and competencies in research on tobacco smoke composition, particularly the PAH fraction, have been developed. Such skills permitted the isolation in crystalline form of 14 PAHs and the quantitation of these and many other PAHs. They were also used to put in perspective the pyrogenesis of PAHs from a) specific tobacco components, b) additives, and c) processed tobaccos (reconstituted tobacco sheet [RTS], expanded tobacco). R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJRT) pioneered the use of RTS (1953) and expanded tobaccos (1969) in cigarette blends and generated much previously unpublished data on the effect of such processed tobaccos on MSS composition.
{"title":"Studies of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: Identification, Tobacco Precursors, Control of Levels: A Review","authors":"A. Rodgman","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0724","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the period of tobacco smoke research from the early 1950s to the mid-1960s it was repeatedly asserted that a) tobacco and many tobacco components were involved in the pyrogenesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), several of which were reported to initiate tumors on the skin of laboratory animals and b) tobacco additives (flavorants, casing materials, humectants) were highly likely to be similarly involved in PAH pyrogenesis. Extensive knowledge on PAHs was deemed highly necessary because of their claimed importance in the smoking-health issue. The numerous assertions about the generation of PAHs in cigarette mainstream smoke (MSS) triggered extensive and intensive research both within and outside the Tobacco Industry to define the nature of the PAHs, their per cigarette MSS delivery amounts, their precursors, etc. It was not until 1960 that VAN DUUREN et al. (1) reported three specific aza-arenes in cigarette MSS that were asserted to be involved in smokers’ respiratory tract cancer. As noted in a recent Letter to the Editors (2), the presence of these three aza-arenes in tobacco smoke has never been confirmed. Between 1960 and 1965, other MSS components (phenols as promoters, polonium-210, N-nitrosamines, ciliastatic compounds) were asserted to be responsible for smoking related diseases. However, no major assertions were made that phenols, polonium-210, or the N-nitrosamines were derived from flavorants, casing materials, or humectants. Some investigators did report that several ciliastats were derived from added sugars and glycerol. The ciliastat proposal was drastically diminished in importance by the findings in the 1960s that only a relatively small proportion of the ciliastats reached the smoker's cilia. During that time, pertinent skills and competencies in research on tobacco smoke composition, particularly the PAH fraction, have been developed. Such skills permitted the isolation in crystalline form of 14 PAHs and the quantitation of these and many other PAHs. They were also used to put in perspective the pyrogenesis of PAHs from a) specific tobacco components, b) additives, and c) processed tobaccos (reconstituted tobacco sheet [RTS], expanded tobacco). R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJRT) pioneered the use of RTS (1953) and expanded tobaccos (1969) in cigarette blends and generated much previously unpublished data on the effect of such processed tobaccos on MSS composition.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"361 - 379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81035593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract 3-Oxo-α-ionol ethyl carbonate, a precursor of megastigmatrienones was prepared by reduction of α-ionone to α-ionol, followed by esterification with ethyl chloroformate and then by oxidation with t-butyl chromate. The total yield was about 23%. Infrared (IR) and mass spectra of this compound were determined. Upon smoking, cigarettes to which 0.002% by weight of the titled compound was added had an improved and more harmonious flavor. The smoke was sweeter and had a cleaner after taste. Experimental results suggest that the title compound added to the tobacco pyrolyzes to form megastigmatrienones during smoking.
{"title":"Synthesis of 3-Oxo-α-ionol Ethyl Carbonate and its Conversion to Megastigmatrienones in Tobacco Smoke","authors":"H. Yang, J. Liu, Ke Li, X. Yin, X. Tan, J. Wang","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0721","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract 3-Oxo-α-ionol ethyl carbonate, a precursor of megastigmatrienones was prepared by reduction of α-ionone to α-ionol, followed by esterification with ethyl chloroformate and then by oxidation with t-butyl chromate. The total yield was about 23%. Infrared (IR) and mass spectra of this compound were determined. Upon smoking, cigarettes to which 0.002% by weight of the titled compound was added had an improved and more harmonious flavor. The smoke was sweeter and had a cleaner after taste. Experimental results suggest that the title compound added to the tobacco pyrolyzes to form megastigmatrienones during smoking.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"339 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82698365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A puff-by-puff mainstream smoke procedure has been developed that provides the sensitivity and selectivity of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. The smoke analysis is based on automated sample collection and injection into the GC system. This development builds on, and complements, prior puff-by-puff procedures developed by Philip Morris USA, that utilized infrared (IR) analysis of gas-phase mainstream smoke. IR analysis of the gas-phase smoke for individual smoke constituents relies on the unique spectroscopic absorption patterns of each analyte. The new multiplex procedure relies on both chromatographic separation as well as spectroscopic separation. A significant feature of this method is that multiple injections are made prior to the complete elution of the first injected sample. The benefits of this methodology are that both sensitivity and the number of detected compounds are enhanced. While the multiplex method increases the complexity of the chromatographic data, the mass spectral analysis provides a means for data reduction to meaningful results. Many smoke constituents that are at concentrations below the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) detection limit are observable with the multiplex analysis while maintaining the feature of puff-by-puff characterization of fresh smoke. The gas-phase mainstream smoke filtration performance of standard adsorption materials are discussed as a demonstration of the versatility and information content of this analytical procedure.
{"title":"Puff-by-puff Mainstream Smoke Analysis by Multiplex Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","authors":"C. Thomas, K. Koller","doi":"10.2478/CTTR-2013-0722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/CTTR-2013-0722","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A puff-by-puff mainstream smoke procedure has been developed that provides the sensitivity and selectivity of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. The smoke analysis is based on automated sample collection and injection into the GC system. This development builds on, and complements, prior puff-by-puff procedures developed by Philip Morris USA, that utilized infrared (IR) analysis of gas-phase mainstream smoke. IR analysis of the gas-phase smoke for individual smoke constituents relies on the unique spectroscopic absorption patterns of each analyte. The new multiplex procedure relies on both chromatographic separation as well as spectroscopic separation. A significant feature of this method is that multiple injections are made prior to the complete elution of the first injected sample. The benefits of this methodology are that both sensitivity and the number of detected compounds are enhanced. While the multiplex method increases the complexity of the chromatographic data, the mass spectral analysis provides a means for data reduction to meaningful results. Many smoke constituents that are at concentrations below the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) detection limit are observable with the multiplex analysis while maintaining the feature of puff-by-puff characterization of fresh smoke. The gas-phase mainstream smoke filtration performance of standard adsorption materials are discussed as a demonstration of the versatility and information content of this analytical procedure.","PeriodicalId":10723,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research","volume":"77 1","pages":"345 - 351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90345138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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