Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.2174/2666779701666220412085825
B. Kaczmarek-Szczepańska, A. Kozak, Lidia Zasada
Polyphenols are natural compounds that show bioactive properties such as antioxidants. Thereby their application in the cosmetic industry may be considered. Tannic acid and gallic acid were used as an additive for emulsion preparation. The microscope observation was carried out to study the formation of the droplets. Also, the polyphenols release from the emulsion, its antioxidant activity and the color parameters were studied. The results showed that the addition of polyphenols decreased the droplets’ diameter. Each emulsion showed antioxidant activity; however, the most effective was formulation containing 5% additive of gallic acid. The addition of tannic acid and gallic acid results in the change of color parameters of the studied formulation. In this study, we confirmed that tannic acid and gallic acid might be potentially used as additives in cosmetics formulations.
{"title":"The preparation and characterization of emulsions with the addition of tannic acid and gallic acid","authors":"B. Kaczmarek-Szczepańska, A. Kozak, Lidia Zasada","doi":"10.2174/2666779701666220412085825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666779701666220412085825","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Polyphenols are natural compounds that show bioactive properties such as antioxidants. Thereby their application in the cosmetic industry may be considered.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Tannic acid and gallic acid were used as an additive for emulsion preparation. The microscope observation was carried out to study the formation of the droplets. Also, the polyphenols release from the emulsion, its antioxidant activity and the color parameters were studied.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results showed that the addition of polyphenols decreased the droplets’ diameter. Each emulsion showed antioxidant activity; however, the most effective was formulation containing 5% additive of gallic acid. The addition of tannic acid and gallic acid results in the change of color parameters of the studied formulation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this study, we confirmed that tannic acid and gallic acid might be potentially used as additives in cosmetics formulations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10817,"journal":{"name":"Current Cosmetic Science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80450623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.2174/2666779701666220404181950
R. F. Abbas, Ali A. Waheb
The toxic metal content of cosmetics causes worry because of the daily and repeated use of these products, which are placed over thin and sensitive areas of the skin such as the face, eyelids, and lips. Toxic metals like Fe, Cr, Hg, Cu, Cd, Ni, and As are determined in various types of cosmetics such as colour cosmetics, hair cosmetics, body and face care products, and herbal cosmetics. Last studies estimate that in commercial cosmetics toxic metals might present in amounts making a risk to human health. Many analysis methods used for determining toxic metals in cosmetics were established. The instruments involving FAAS, ICP-AES, ICP–MS, Hydride generation, Cold vapor, and CE spectrometers with many novel methods were described in this review. Green analytical methods should be developed for determining toxic metals in cosmetics and particularly during the preparation of analytical cosmetic samples. The most tools used for assessing analytical protocols related to green analytical chemistry are GAPI (Green Analytical Procedure Index). GAPI gives good information on the safety of analytical chemistry procedures, depending on the five pentagrams shaped with three color symbols that can be used (green, yellow, and red) referring to low, medium to high impact, respectively. This review offers an overview, analytical chemistry methods and instruments used for the estimation of toxic metals in cosmetics and their GAPI assessment.
{"title":"Analytical methods and GAPI assessment used for determination of toxic metals in commercially cosmetics products: Review","authors":"R. F. Abbas, Ali A. Waheb","doi":"10.2174/2666779701666220404181950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666779701666220404181950","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The toxic metal content of cosmetics causes worry because of the daily and repeated use of these products, which are placed over thin and sensitive areas of the skin such as the face, eyelids, and lips.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Toxic metals like Fe, Cr, Hg, Cu, Cd, Ni, and As are determined in various types of cosmetics such as colour cosmetics, hair cosmetics, body and face care products, and herbal cosmetics. Last studies estimate that in commercial cosmetics toxic metals might present in amounts making a risk to human health.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Many analysis methods used for determining toxic metals in cosmetics were established. The instruments involving FAAS, ICP-AES, ICP–MS, Hydride generation, Cold vapor, and CE spectrometers with many novel methods were described in this review. Green analytical methods should be developed for determining toxic metals in cosmetics and particularly during the preparation of analytical cosmetic samples.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The most tools used for assessing analytical protocols related to green analytical chemistry are GAPI (Green Analytical Procedure Index). GAPI gives good information on the safety of analytical chemistry procedures, depending on the five pentagrams shaped with three color symbols that can be used (green, yellow, and red) referring to low, medium to high impact, respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This review offers an overview, analytical chemistry methods and instruments used for the estimation of toxic metals in cosmetics and their GAPI assessment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10817,"journal":{"name":"Current Cosmetic Science","volume":"47 12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82768857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-11DOI: 10.2174/2666779701666220211145354
E. Guzmán
2-in-1 shampoos are very complex multi-component mixtures used for the cleansing of the hair fibers and the modulation of their tribological properties, contributing to the reduction of the negative charge of damaged hair fibers. This is the result of the combined action of the polyelectrolytes and surfactants that play a central role in the effectiveness of modern 2-in-1 shampoo formulations. Thus, surfactants contribute to the removal of the dust and fatty compounds during the washing process, whereas polyelectrolytes present a strong ability to be deposited on the surface of damaged fibers, and enhance their tribological properties. However, the lack of knowledge about the main forces driving the conditioning process has pushed the research and development strategy of the cosmetic industry towards the design of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methodologies for evaluating the behavior of mixtures formed by polyelectrolytes and surfactants in solution and adsorbed onto solid surfaces with negative charge and contact angle for water similar to those appearing in the surface of damaged hair fibers, which have become a very promising tool for obtaining important insights that can be exploited for the optimization of new formulations for hair cleaning and conditioning. This work tries to provide an updated perspective of the current understanding of the behavior of mixtures containing polyelectrolytes and surfactants bearing opposite charges in relation to their performance in hair care and conditioning for providing a link between physico-chemical aspects and the performance of real 2-in-1 formulations. Polyelectrolyte-surfactant are powerful tools for obtaining useful information for the optimization of cosmetic formulations for hair care and conditioning. However, the rational design of this type of cosmetic products must be considered a multi-disciplinary challenge, which requires the combined efforts of researchers with very different backgrounds.
{"title":"Polyelectrolyte-surfactant mixtures as model for understanding the performance of 2-in-1 shampoo formulations","authors":"E. Guzmán","doi":"10.2174/2666779701666220211145354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666779701666220211145354","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u00002-in-1 shampoos are very complex multi-component mixtures used for the cleansing of the hair fibers and the modulation of their tribological properties, contributing to the reduction of the negative charge of damaged hair fibers. This is the result of the combined action of the polyelectrolytes and surfactants that play a central role in the effectiveness of modern 2-in-1 shampoo formulations. Thus, surfactants contribute to the removal of the dust and fatty compounds during the washing process, whereas polyelectrolytes present a strong ability to be deposited on the surface of damaged fibers, and enhance their tribological properties. However, the lack of knowledge about the main forces driving the conditioning process has pushed the research and development strategy of the cosmetic industry towards the design of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methodologies for evaluating the behavior of mixtures formed by polyelectrolytes and surfactants in solution and adsorbed onto solid surfaces with negative charge and contact angle for water similar to those appearing in the surface of damaged hair fibers, which have become a very promising tool for obtaining important insights that can be exploited for the optimization of new formulations for hair cleaning and conditioning.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This work tries to provide an updated perspective of the current understanding of the behavior of mixtures containing polyelectrolytes and surfactants bearing opposite charges in relation to their performance in hair care and conditioning for providing a link between physico-chemical aspects and the performance of real 2-in-1 formulations.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Polyelectrolyte-surfactant are powerful tools for obtaining useful information for the optimization of cosmetic formulations for hair care and conditioning. However, the rational design of this type of cosmetic products must be considered a multi-disciplinary challenge, which requires the combined efforts of researchers with very different backgrounds.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10817,"journal":{"name":"Current Cosmetic Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84187037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-08DOI: 10.2174/2666779701666220208091859
G. C. Salata, A. C. Apolinário, J. S. Passos, L. B. Lopes
In the past decades, nanocarriers have attracted attention as topical delivery systems for many compounds employed in the cosmetic field. This interest is justified by their ability to provide protection against degradation of liable molecules, possibility to originate a local depot and prolong drug release, ability to overcome the barrier function of the skin and co-encapsulation of compounds of varying physicochemical characteristics, among other properties. The properties of nanocarriers vary with their composition and structure, which in turn, influence the outcomes of topical treatment. In this manuscript, we focused on three types of nanocarriers (namely, lipid and surfactant-based vesicles, nanoemulsions and lipid nanoparticles) and discussed their main characteristics and influence on cutaneous transport, stability and pharmacological effects of active molecules employed in the cosmetic field. We also provided examples of commercially available products that employ the nanocarriers discussed as well as patents relevant to this field.
{"title":"Use of Lipid Nanoparticles, Nanoemulsions and Vesicles for Topical Delivery of Active Compounds Employed in the Cosmetic Field.","authors":"G. C. Salata, A. C. Apolinário, J. S. Passos, L. B. Lopes","doi":"10.2174/2666779701666220208091859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666779701666220208091859","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In the past decades, nanocarriers have attracted attention as topical delivery systems for many compounds employed in the cosmetic field. This interest is justified by their ability to provide protection against degradation of liable molecules, possibility to originate a local depot and prolong drug release, ability to overcome the barrier function of the skin and co-encapsulation of compounds of varying physicochemical characteristics, among other properties. The properties of nanocarriers vary with their composition and structure, which in turn, influence the outcomes of topical treatment. In this manuscript, we focused on three types of nanocarriers (namely, lipid and surfactant-based vesicles, nanoemulsions and lipid nanoparticles) and discussed their main characteristics and influence on cutaneous transport, stability and pharmacological effects of active molecules employed in the cosmetic field. We also provided examples of commercially available products that employ the nanocarriers discussed as well as patents relevant to this field.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10817,"journal":{"name":"Current Cosmetic Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86538802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-02DOI: 10.2174/2666779701666211102110454
A. Pratap, Nishat Khan, P. Meena, R. Mohile, Suraj N. Mali
Due to growing environmental concerns, eco-friendly and sustainable materials have become one of the key interests of cosmetics research. Isopropyl myristate is being used as a major cosmetic ingredient, like in many other cosmetic items, as an emollient for a long time. An emollient ester, isopropyl ricinoleate, is derived from non-edible oil, castor oil. The synthesized isopropyl ricinoleate using greener enzyme catalysed methodology was further tested for sensory evaluation and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) studies. An ester, isopropyl ricinoleate, imparted better gloss and shine to the skin as compared to isopropyl myristate due to its higher refractive index. Both esters, isopropyl ricinoleate and isopropyl myristate, showed minimum tackiness and residue after spreading. Moreover, in-silico toxicity analysis of ester, isopropyl ricinoleate, supported previously reported in-vitro toxicity data. Thus, the current study provides better insights on the replacement of emollient ester isopropyl myristate by isopropyl ricinoleate.
{"title":"Isopropyl Ricinoleate, A Potential Alternative to Isopropyl Myristate: Experimental and Computational evaluation","authors":"A. Pratap, Nishat Khan, P. Meena, R. Mohile, Suraj N. Mali","doi":"10.2174/2666779701666211102110454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666779701666211102110454","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Due to growing environmental concerns, eco-friendly and sustainable materials have become one of the key interests of cosmetics research. Isopropyl myristate is being used as a major cosmetic ingredient, like in many other cosmetic items, as an emollient for a long time. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000An emollient ester, isopropyl ricinoleate, is derived from non-edible oil, castor oil. The synthesized isopropyl ricinoleate using greener enzyme catalysed methodology was further tested for sensory evaluation and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) studies. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000An ester, isopropyl ricinoleate, imparted better gloss and shine to the skin as compared to isopropyl myristate due to its higher refractive index. Both esters, isopropyl ricinoleate and isopropyl myristate, showed minimum tackiness and residue after spreading. Moreover, in-silico toxicity analysis of ester, isopropyl ricinoleate, supported previously reported in-vitro toxicity data. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Thus, the current study provides better insights on the replacement of emollient ester isopropyl myristate by isopropyl ricinoleate. \u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":10817,"journal":{"name":"Current Cosmetic Science","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72602710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-05DOI: 10.2174/2666779701666210805100043
E. Cammarata, R. Giorgione, M. Andreassi, C. Airoldi, P. Savoia
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a tumor of endothelial derivation, which primarily affects the skin and is mainly related to the type 8 human herpesvirus (HHV8). Its onset is favored by immunosuppression, although the most common form is the classic or sporadic KS mainly developing in elderly men of Mediterranean and Eastern European origin. Different therapeutic options are available, depending on the clinical variant, progression pattern, and comorbidities. The treatment of localized forms includes surgical excision, laser treatment, cryosurgery, radiotherapy, imiquimod 5%, and intra-lesion injection of cytotoxic drugs; on the other hand, the treatment of widespread disease encompasses radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this scenario, electrochemotherapy (ECT), has shown to be an effective alternative to traditional treatment for disseminated KS skin lesions. The rationale of ECT relies on the local application of short, high-voltage electric pulses, able to open transient pores in the cell membrane (reversible electroporation, that increases the delivery of some poorly permeant cytotoxic agents into the cytosol. Herein we performed a retrospective analysis on 9 KS patients treated with ECT at our center between June 2016 and January 2020. The rate of Complete Response (CR) was 77.8% after the first cycle of treatment and 88.9% after the second course, with an overall response (OR) of 100%. Sustained local control of treated lesions was present in 77.8% of patients 6 months after the treatment and all of them reported only mild local toxicity, together with an excellent functional and cosmetic outcome, in agreement with data obtained from the comparison with the recent literature.
{"title":"Electrochemotherapy In The Treatment of Kaposi’s Sarcoma: A Single Centre Cohort Study And A Comparison With Literature Data","authors":"E. Cammarata, R. Giorgione, M. Andreassi, C. Airoldi, P. Savoia","doi":"10.2174/2666779701666210805100043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666779701666210805100043","url":null,"abstract":"Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a tumor of endothelial derivation, which primarily affects the skin and is mainly related to the type 8 human herpesvirus (HHV8). Its onset is favored by immunosuppression, although the most common form is the classic or sporadic KS mainly developing in elderly men of Mediterranean and Eastern European origin. Different therapeutic options are available, depending on the clinical variant, progression pattern, and comorbidities. The treatment of localized forms includes surgical excision, laser treatment, cryosurgery, radiotherapy, imiquimod 5%, and intra-lesion injection of cytotoxic drugs; on the other hand, the treatment of widespread disease encompasses radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this scenario, electrochemotherapy (ECT), has shown to be an effective alternative to traditional treatment for disseminated KS skin lesions. The rationale of ECT relies on the local application of short, high-voltage electric pulses, able to open transient pores in the cell membrane (reversible electroporation, that increases the delivery of some poorly permeant cytotoxic agents into the cytosol. Herein we performed a retrospective analysis on 9 KS patients treated with ECT at our center between June 2016 and January 2020. The rate of Complete Response (CR) was 77.8% after the first cycle of treatment and 88.9% after the second course, with an overall response (OR) of 100%. Sustained local control of treated lesions was present in 77.8% of patients 6 months after the treatment and all of them reported only mild local toxicity, together with an excellent functional and cosmetic outcome, in agreement with data obtained from the comparison with the recent literature.","PeriodicalId":10817,"journal":{"name":"Current Cosmetic Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74638849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.2174/2666779701666210709113113
E. D. A. Almeida, Ricardo Ferreira-Nunes, B. R. L. Aguiar, P. E. D. dos Reis, Taís Gratieri, Marcilio Cunha-Filho, G. M. Gelfuso
α-Bisabolol (BIS) is a sesquiterpene extracted from chamomile flowers, which has been used to topically treat burnt skin has been reported. High lipophilicity of BIS, however, is a problem for both skin application and washing. The present study aimed to prepare and characterize a stable and safe aqueous-based nanoemulsion to incorporate BIS and favor skin penetration focusing on skin burns' topical treatment. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were obtained from a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The selected nanoemulsion was characterized (droplet size, PDI, and zeta potential), and the stability was assessed for 60 days at 6ºC and room temperature. The irritability of the formulation was determined by HET-CAM. Skin permeation studies were carried out in vitro intact skin, hot water burn skin, and hot plate burn skin. The nanoemulsion incorporated 1% (w/w) BIS, presented droplets' size of 14.0±0.8 nm (PDI= 0.13±0.02), the zeta potential of +7.5±1.9 mV, and was physically stable over 60 days. The HET-CAM did not show any irritability process provided by the nanoformulation. In the skin permeation experiments, when compared to an oily control solution of BIS, nanoemulsion increased 3.7-fold penetration of the drug in intact skin, likely because the nanoformulation acted as an absorption drug enhancer. On a hot water burn skin model, the increase in drug penetration was 1.7-fold, and in the hot plate burn skin, it was 2.3-fold. The nanoemulsion seems to be a promising alternative for skin burns' topical treatment using this natural active substance.
{"title":"Aqueous-Based Nanoemulsion Containing (-)-α-Bisabolol for Topical Treatment of Skin burns","authors":"E. D. A. Almeida, Ricardo Ferreira-Nunes, B. R. L. Aguiar, P. E. D. dos Reis, Taís Gratieri, Marcilio Cunha-Filho, G. M. Gelfuso","doi":"10.2174/2666779701666210709113113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666779701666210709113113","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000α-Bisabolol (BIS) is a sesquiterpene extracted from chamomile flowers, which has been used to topically treat burnt skin has been reported. High lipophilicity of BIS, however, is a problem for both skin application and washing. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present study aimed to prepare and characterize a stable and safe aqueous-based nanoemulsion to incorporate BIS and favor skin penetration focusing on skin burns' topical treatment. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were obtained from a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The selected nanoemulsion was characterized (droplet size, PDI, and zeta potential), and the stability was assessed for 60 days at 6ºC and room temperature. The irritability of the formulation was determined by HET-CAM. Skin permeation studies were carried out in vitro intact skin, hot water burn skin, and hot plate burn skin. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The nanoemulsion incorporated 1% (w/w) BIS, presented droplets' size of 14.0±0.8 nm (PDI= 0.13±0.02), the zeta potential of +7.5±1.9 mV, and was physically stable over 60 days. The HET-CAM did not show any irritability process provided by the nanoformulation. In the skin permeation experiments, when compared to an oily control solution of BIS, nanoemulsion increased 3.7-fold penetration of the drug in intact skin, likely because the nanoformulation acted as an absorption drug enhancer. On a hot water burn skin model, the increase in drug penetration was 1.7-fold, and in the hot plate burn skin, it was 2.3-fold. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The nanoemulsion seems to be a promising alternative for skin burns' topical treatment using this natural active substance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10817,"journal":{"name":"Current Cosmetic Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76195827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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