Pub Date : 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2560432
Alejandro Leal-Duaso, José M. Fraile
Chloroaromatic compounds—including not only chlorobenzenes, but alsochloroanilines, chlorophenols and others—are chemicals widely used for decades as industrial solvents, synthetic intermediates, and pesticides. However, many of these compounds are classified as persistent organic pollutants due to their biaccumulative nature, additionally having toxic and neurotoxic effects to humans and animals. Significant stocks of obsolete chloroaromatics, along with numerous heavily contaminated sites worldwide—including air, surface water, groundwater, and soil—underscore the urgent need for efficient remediation strategies. Chemical reduction has emerged as a well-stablished and effective approach for the transformation and/or valorization of chloroaromatics, particularly chlorobenzenes, into less toxic and higher-value compounds, such as cyclohexane and benzene. This approach may also yield other specific products such as methane, polyaromatics, and carbon-based nanomaterials.In this review, we provide the first comprehensive and also critical assessment of all hydrodechlorination and chemical reduction methods applied to the transformation, remediation, and valorization of chlorobenzenes. All the available literature has been analyzed in terms of practical feasibility, limitations, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Reduction strategies are categorized by the type of reducing agent, distinguishing between stoichiometric and catalytic methods. The performance of various reductants—including metals, metal sulfides, hydrogen gas, hydrides, and water—in combination with a long series of organic and inorganic hydrogen donors (e.g. hydrocarbons, alcohols, formates, silanes, hydrazine) is thoroughly evaluated. Finally, insights into the electrochemical and photochemical reduction of chlorobenzenes in both polluted water and soil are also provided.
{"title":"Chloroaromatics remediation: Insights into the chemical reduction and hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzenes","authors":"Alejandro Leal-Duaso, José M. Fraile","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2560432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2560432","url":null,"abstract":"Chloroaromatic compounds—including not only chlorobenzenes, but alsochloroanilines, chlorophenols and others—are chemicals widely used for decades as industrial solvents, synthetic intermediates, and pesticides. However, many of these compounds are classified as persistent organic pollutants due to their biaccumulative nature, additionally having toxic and neurotoxic effects to humans and animals. Significant stocks of obsolete chloroaromatics, along with numerous heavily contaminated sites worldwide—including air, surface water, groundwater, and soil—underscore the urgent need for efficient remediation strategies. Chemical reduction has emerged as a well-stablished and effective approach for the transformation and/or valorization of chloroaromatics, particularly chlorobenzenes, into less toxic and higher-value compounds, such as cyclohexane and benzene. This approach may also yield other specific products such as methane, polyaromatics, and carbon-based nanomaterials.In this review, we provide the first comprehensive and also critical assessment of all hydrodechlorination and chemical reduction methods applied to the transformation, remediation, and valorization of chlorobenzenes. All the available literature has been analyzed in terms of practical feasibility, limitations, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Reduction strategies are categorized by the type of reducing agent, distinguishing between stoichiometric and catalytic methods. The performance of various reductants—including metals, metal sulfides, hydrogen gas, hydrides, and water—in combination with a long series of organic and inorganic hydrogen donors (<i>e.g</i>. hydrocarbons, alcohols, formates, silanes, hydrazine) is thoroughly evaluated. Finally, insights into the electrochemical and photochemical reduction of chlorobenzenes in both polluted water and soil are also provided.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145133739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The removal and recovery of metal ions from wastewater are crucial for environmental sustainability and resource management. Electrochemical adsorption emerges as a promising technology due to its simplicity, controllability, and eco-friendliness. Manganese oxides (Mn oxides), naturally abundant and electrochemically active, exhibit substantial adsorption capacities and selectivity for various metal ions in aqueous solutions, making them excellent candidates for this technology. This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest developments in Mn oxides-based electrochemical adsorption from fundamentals to applications. This review finds that the superior performance of Mn oxides stems from a synergy of multiple mechanisms. Beyond conventional electric double-layer adsorption, pseudocapacitive ion storage and surface redox reactions play a dominant role, offering a significant advantage in terms of both capacity and selectivity. The analysis reveals that this performance is intricately dependent on a delicate interplay between the material’s intrinsic properties (such as crystal structure, morphology, and average oxidation state), solution chemistry (including pH and the presence of co-existing ions), and operational parameters. Furthermore, this review provides a detailed overview of the diverse applications of Mn oxides electrodes, spanning not only wastewater treatment for heavy metals and radioactive ions but also crucial resource recovery endeavors such as seawater desalination, water softening, and lithium extraction. By offering a critical framework for understanding these complex mechanisms and identifying key influencing factors, this work provides a roadmap for the rational design of next-generation Mn oxides adsorbents and the future development of electrochemical metal ion recovery technologies.
{"title":"Manganese oxides for electrochemical adsorption of metal ions in aqueous environments: A comprehensive review from fundamentals to applications","authors":"Xiong Yang, Jiahai Yu, Yafei Shi, Kewu Pi, Chengshuai Liu, Guohong Qiu","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2557360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2557360","url":null,"abstract":"The removal and recovery of metal ions from wastewater are crucial for environmental sustainability and resource management. Electrochemical adsorption emerges as a promising technology due to its simplicity, controllability, and eco-friendliness. Manganese oxides (Mn oxides), naturally abundant and electrochemically active, exhibit substantial adsorption capacities and selectivity for various metal ions in aqueous solutions, making them excellent candidates for this technology. This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest developments in Mn oxides-based electrochemical adsorption from fundamentals to applications. This review finds that the superior performance of Mn oxides stems from a synergy of multiple mechanisms. Beyond conventional electric double-layer adsorption, pseudocapacitive ion storage and surface redox reactions play a dominant role, offering a significant advantage in terms of both capacity and selectivity. The analysis reveals that this performance is intricately dependent on a delicate interplay between the material’s intrinsic properties (such as crystal structure, morphology, and average oxidation state), solution chemistry (including pH and the presence of co-existing ions), and operational parameters. Furthermore, this review provides a detailed overview of the diverse applications of Mn oxides electrodes, spanning not only wastewater treatment for heavy metals and radioactive ions but also crucial resource recovery endeavors such as seawater desalination, water softening, and lithium extraction. By offering a critical framework for understanding these complex mechanisms and identifying key influencing factors, this work provides a roadmap for the rational design of next-generation Mn oxides adsorbents and the future development of electrochemical metal ion recovery technologies.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145133744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-18DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2553281
Pan Ni, John Earwood, Baolin Deng
Rare earth elements (REE) are of significant importance due to their irreplaceable roles played in various industries and military applications. The current REE supply mainly comes from primary ore-deposits and is under control by very few countries, leading to a significant risk of supply-chain disruption. To minimize such risk, there is an increased interest in extracting REEs from secondary sources, such as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and natural Acid Rock Drainage (ARD). However, compared to the primary sources, the dramatically lower concentration of REEs and higher levels of competing species (e.g., H+, Fe3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+) makes REE extraction extremely challenging. One approach to overcome this challenge is to use highly selective adsorbents, such as ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) that have been increasingly explored in recent years. Our main objectives of this data-based review are to: (1) clarify the application scenarios of two types of selectivity factors and evaluate the related methods via data analysis and modeling, (2) compare the performance of synthetic versus natural polymer-based IIPs through statistical analysis, and (3) provide perspectives for IIP development and testing to facilitate future advances.
{"title":"Application of ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) for rare earth elements recovery from secondary aqueous sources—A data-based review","authors":"Pan Ni, John Earwood, Baolin Deng","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2553281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2553281","url":null,"abstract":"Rare earth elements (REE) are of significant importance due to their irreplaceable roles played in various industries and military applications. The current REE supply mainly comes from primary ore-deposits and is under control by very few countries, leading to a significant risk of supply-chain disruption. To minimize such risk, there is an increased interest in extracting REEs from secondary sources, such as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and natural Acid Rock Drainage (ARD). However, compared to the primary sources, the dramatically lower concentration of REEs and higher levels of competing species (e.g., H<sup>+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>) makes REE extraction extremely challenging. One approach to overcome this challenge is to use highly selective adsorbents, such as ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) that have been increasingly explored in recent years. Our main objectives of this data-based review are to: (1) clarify the application scenarios of two types of selectivity factors and evaluate the related methods <i>via</i> data analysis and modeling, (2) compare the performance of synthetic <i>versus</i> natural polymer-based IIPs through statistical analysis, and (3) provide perspectives for IIP development and testing to facilitate future advances.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145067736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-18DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2557306
Danmei Cai, Yan Wang, Xinyu Zhao, Junqiu Wu, Yun Lu, Beidou Xi
Driven by the dual carbon goals, composting technology is undergoing a transformative shift toward multifunctionality, precision, and intelligentization. By leveraging the data-driven modeling advantages of machine learning (ML), composting technology aims to enhance organic waste valorization and soil carbon sequestration. However, current intelligent composting technologies remain constrained by data scarcity, limited generalization capacity, and oversimplified optimization objectives, which hinder their ability to meet the demands of high-efficiency resource recovery and process intelligence. To address these challenges, this study proposes a quadruple synergistic modeling framework, integrating “multi-source data, mechanistic insights, adaptive intelligence, and multi-objective optimization,” aiming to overcome the limitations of traditional data analysis methods and drive composting technologies toward intelligence and high-value applications. Specifically, this study enhances the prediction accuracy through multi-source data integration, elucidates the interaction mechanisms within the system to strengthen the model construction, incorporates dynamic data optimization modules to improve the system adaptability, and couples a multi-objective optimization decision system to holistically regulate the multi-dimensional balance among compost product value, process efficiency, and environmental benefits. Overall, this study conceptualizes a sustainable organic waste management paradigm, offering novel perspectives to advance waste valorization cycles and amplify the carbon mitigation potential of composting, thereby contributing to the implementation of dual carbon goal strategies.
{"title":"A paradigm shift driven by multi-source data, mechanistic insights, adaptive machine intelligence, and multi-objective optimization for composting intelligent automation applications","authors":"Danmei Cai, Yan Wang, Xinyu Zhao, Junqiu Wu, Yun Lu, Beidou Xi","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2557306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2557306","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by the dual carbon goals, composting technology is undergoing a transformative shift toward multifunctionality, precision, and intelligentization. By leveraging the data-driven modeling advantages of machine learning (ML), composting technology aims to enhance organic waste valorization and soil carbon sequestration. However, current intelligent composting technologies remain constrained by data scarcity, limited generalization capacity, and oversimplified optimization objectives, which hinder their ability to meet the demands of high-efficiency resource recovery and process intelligence. To address these challenges, this study proposes a quadruple synergistic modeling framework, integrating “multi-source data, mechanistic insights, adaptive intelligence, and multi-objective optimization,” aiming to overcome the limitations of traditional data analysis methods and drive composting technologies toward intelligence and high-value applications. Specifically, this study enhances the prediction accuracy through multi-source data integration, elucidates the interaction mechanisms within the system to strengthen the model construction, incorporates dynamic data optimization modules to improve the system adaptability, and couples a multi-objective optimization decision system to holistically regulate the multi-dimensional balance among compost product value, process efficiency, and environmental benefits. Overall, this study conceptualizes a sustainable organic waste management paradigm, offering novel perspectives to advance waste valorization cycles and amplify the carbon mitigation potential of composting, thereby contributing to the implementation of dual carbon goal strategies.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"28 1","pages":"1578-1598"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145067734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2566174
Tong Sun, Yiwei Cai, Peng Huang, Guiying Li, Po Keung Wong, Taicheng An
Natural environmental conditions fluctuate randomly, with various factors influencing multiple aspects of the microorganisms that live in them. In adverse environmental conditions, microorganisms can enter dormant states with low metabolic activities, which is a survival strategy for them to adapt to deleterious environmental changes. Small colony variant (SCV) state is one of the dormant states; the size of SCV colonies is nearly one-tenth that of those of wild-type (WT) parental bacteria. This review used scientometric analysis to summarize relevant publications on SCVs. SCV physiological characteristics modified by changes in cell size, as well as induction conditions and mechanisms, detection technologies, and elimination methods in natural environments, were systematically reviewed. Interactions between SCVs and other coexisting microorganisms are also discussed. The emergence of SCVs ensures the survival of bacterial communities by providing metabolic and competitive protection; however, they also pose a potential threat to ecosystems and human health. For example, pathogens may enter the SCV state and move across geographical space along with their host’s geographical movements. Future research directions related to the transmission and control of SCVs in the natural environment are also highlighted. This review expands the understanding of the living states of microorganisms in natural environments and reveals the effects of SCVs on the evolution and persistence of both individual microorganisms and microbial populations.
{"title":"Microbial dormancy evolution in the environments: Environmental adaptation and health risks of small colony variants","authors":"Tong Sun, Yiwei Cai, Peng Huang, Guiying Li, Po Keung Wong, Taicheng An","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2566174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2566174","url":null,"abstract":"Natural environmental conditions fluctuate randomly, with various factors influencing multiple aspects of the microorganisms that live in them. In adverse environmental conditions, microorganisms can enter dormant states with low metabolic activities, which is a survival strategy for them to adapt to deleterious environmental changes. Small colony variant (SCV) state is one of the dormant states; the size of SCV colonies is nearly one-tenth that of those of wild-type (WT) parental bacteria. This review used scientometric analysis to summarize relevant publications on SCVs. SCV physiological characteristics modified by changes in cell size, as well as induction conditions and mechanisms, detection technologies, and elimination methods in natural environments, were systematically reviewed. Interactions between SCVs and other coexisting microorganisms are also discussed. The emergence of SCVs ensures the survival of bacterial communities by providing metabolic and competitive protection; however, they also pose a potential threat to ecosystems and human health. For example, pathogens may enter the SCV state and move across geographical space along with their host’s geographical movements. Future research directions related to the transmission and control of SCVs in the natural environment are also highlighted. This review expands the understanding of the living states of microorganisms in natural environments and reveals the effects of SCVs on the evolution and persistence of both individual microorganisms and microbial populations.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2563346
Nan Huang, De-Xiu Wu, Ye Du, Yan-Lin Chen, Qian-Yuan Wu, Hong-Ying Hu
Non-oxidizing antimicrobials (NOAMs) provide long-lasting microbial control without reacting with other components or causing equipment corrosion, yet their environmental and health risks are often overlooked. Common NOAMs include quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), aldehydes, isothiazolinones, azoles, and biguanides. They are widely used in households, healthcare, industry, water treatment, and agriculture, entering the environment through wastewater, hospital/industrial sources, and urban/agricultural runoff. NOAM concentrations can reach mg/L in hospital/industrial wastewater and reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate. NOAMs have been detected globally in surface waters, sediments, and sewage sludge, with median concentrations of 0.01–0.1 μg/L, 3.2–12 μg/kg, and 5–7562 μg/kg, respectively. Risks associated with NOAMs include increased antibiotic resistance, ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms, and potential health hazards. Exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of QACs, cetrimide, or chlorhexidine can enhance resistance to other NOAMs and antibiotics by 1.3 to over 100 times. NOAMs exhibit comparable or higher ecotoxicity to luminescent bacteria, algae, daphnids, and fish compared to personal care products (PPCPs) and disinfection by-products (DBPs). NOAMs like QACs, isothiazolinones, and carbendazim can cause skin allergies, liver inflammation, fibrosis, or neuronal damage via multiple exposure routes. Most NOAMs require several weeks or more for complete biodegradation. NOAMs and PPCPs show similar biodegradability, both being less biodegradable than DBPs. Ozone reacts with QACs, carbendazim, and chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) at rates below 10 M−1s−1. Hydroxyl radicals react rapidly with NOAMs (>109 M−1s−1), while sulfate radical reactions with NOAMs are poorly understood. Future research requires expanded environmental monitoring, multi-endpoint toxicity assessments, resistance mechanisms under high NOAM pressure, and advanced disposal strategies.
{"title":"Overlooked risks of non-oxidizing antimicrobials (NOAMs) in water environments","authors":"Nan Huang, De-Xiu Wu, Ye Du, Yan-Lin Chen, Qian-Yuan Wu, Hong-Ying Hu","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2563346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2563346","url":null,"abstract":"Non-oxidizing antimicrobials (NOAMs) provide long-lasting microbial control without reacting with other components or causing equipment corrosion, yet their environmental and health risks are often overlooked. Common NOAMs include quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), aldehydes, isothiazolinones, azoles, and biguanides. They are widely used in households, healthcare, industry, water treatment, and agriculture, entering the environment through wastewater, hospital/industrial sources, and urban/agricultural runoff. NOAM concentrations can reach mg/L in hospital/industrial wastewater and reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate. NOAMs have been detected globally in surface waters, sediments, and sewage sludge, with median concentrations of 0.01–0.1 μg/L, 3.2–12 μg/kg, and 5–7562 μg/kg, respectively. Risks associated with NOAMs include increased antibiotic resistance, ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms, and potential health hazards. Exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of QACs, cetrimide, or chlorhexidine can enhance resistance to other NOAMs and antibiotics by 1.3 to over 100 times. NOAMs exhibit comparable or higher ecotoxicity to luminescent bacteria, algae, daphnids, and fish compared to personal care products (PPCPs) and disinfection by-products (DBPs). NOAMs like QACs, isothiazolinones, and carbendazim can cause skin allergies, liver inflammation, fibrosis, or neuronal damage <i>via</i> multiple exposure routes. Most NOAMs require several weeks or more for complete biodegradation. NOAMs and PPCPs show similar biodegradability, both being less biodegradable than DBPs. Ozone reacts with QACs, carbendazim, and chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) at rates below 10 M<sup>−1</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>. Hydroxyl radicals react rapidly with NOAMs (>10<sup>9</sup> M<sup>−1</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>), while sulfate radical reactions with NOAMs are poorly understood. Future research requires expanded environmental monitoring, multi-endpoint toxicity assessments, resistance mechanisms under high NOAM pressure, and advanced disposal strategies.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2566941
Yongyi Ma, Qianqian Li, Guijin Su, Huangnan Duan, Tieyu Wang, Jong Seong Khim, Seongjin Hong, Bohua Sun, Jing Meng, Bin Shi
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), especially short-chain (SCCPs) and medium-chain (MCCPs) homologues, have become a global concern due to their highly toxic and persistent. However, there remains a limited and fragmented understanding of their distribution and hotspots across diverse environmental matrices worldwide, and research on effective control measures is even more deficient. This study investigated the global occurrence of CPs in multiple environmental matrices and reviewed existing degradation technologies. Emissions from industrial activities, product usage and environmental matrices exchanges have led to widespread CPs contamination mainly encompassing SCCPs and MCCPs, with average concentrations of 10−3–103 ng/m3 in atmosphere, 10–103 ng/L in water and 1–105 ng/g dw in sediment, as well as 1–106 ng/g dw in soil. In contrast, data on long-chain CPs (LCCPs) remain extremely limited. The available long-term atmospheric monitoring demonstrated both the effectiveness of regulatory controls and the delayed environmental response due to long-range atmospheric transport. The environmental migration of CPs is strongly influenced by carbon chain length and degree of chlorination. Current degradation technologies primarily focus on pyrolysis, photolysis, photocatalysis, microbial degradation, and phytoremediation. Mechanisms and efficiency analyses revealed that major challenges include by-products and the limited scalability of technologies beyond laboratory settings. By systematically linking contaminations profiles to suitable treatment options, we proposed a targeted CPs pollution remediation strategy. These insights aim to advance global CPs government and support the implementation of the Stockholm Convention.
{"title":"Occurrence and remediation of chlorinated paraffins in global environmental matrices: Levels, trends, and future prospects","authors":"Yongyi Ma, Qianqian Li, Guijin Su, Huangnan Duan, Tieyu Wang, Jong Seong Khim, Seongjin Hong, Bohua Sun, Jing Meng, Bin Shi","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2566941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2566941","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), especially short-chain (SCCPs) and medium-chain (MCCPs) homologues, have become a global concern due to their highly toxic and persistent. However, there remains a limited and fragmented understanding of their distribution and hotspots across diverse environmental matrices worldwide, and research on effective control measures is even more deficient. This study investigated the global occurrence of CPs in multiple environmental matrices and reviewed existing degradation technologies. Emissions from industrial activities, product usage and environmental matrices exchanges have led to widespread CPs contamination mainly encompassing SCCPs and MCCPs, with average concentrations of 10<sup>−3</sup>–10<sup>3</sup> ng/m<sup>3</sup> in atmosphere, 10–10<sup>3</sup> ng/L in water and 1–10<sup>5</sup> ng/g dw in sediment, as well as 1–10<sup>6</sup> ng/g dw in soil. In contrast, data on long-chain CPs (LCCPs) remain extremely limited. The available long-term atmospheric monitoring demonstrated both the effectiveness of regulatory controls and the delayed environmental response due to long-range atmospheric transport. The environmental migration of CPs is strongly influenced by carbon chain length and degree of chlorination. Current degradation technologies primarily focus on pyrolysis, photolysis, photocatalysis, microbial degradation, and phytoremediation. Mechanisms and efficiency analyses revealed that major challenges include by-products and the limited scalability of technologies beyond laboratory settings. By systematically linking contaminations profiles to suitable treatment options, we proposed a targeted CPs pollution remediation strategy. These insights aim to advance global CPs government and support the implementation of the Stockholm Convention.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"53 1","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-14DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2560435
Yueyan Zhang, Jun Sasaki, Ang Li, Jundong Chen
Microbial remediation is crucial in environmental pollution control. However, targeted intervention is challenging due to the complex and dynamic interactions between microbial communities and external stressors. Machine learning (ML) can be used to deeply analyze the connections between microbial processes and contaminant removal through data mining. Microbial remediation lies at the intersection of microbiology and environmental science, with its diverse scope offering high flexibility for ML applications. Despite the potential of ML, limited attention has been given to its applications within this specific field, and there is a lack of structured reviews to guide the development of ML frameworks in microbial remediation. This review examines the role and current status of ML in microbial remediation. Application modes are presented and compared with a clear hierarchy, including initial monitoring, strategy formulation, and system design. It provides access to established frameworks and alternative solutions to address relevant challenges. Two primary application modes are identified among the seemingly diverse approaches: mapping-based inference and importance-based identification of key agents. The first mode establishes a mapping between two causally linked datasets to predict various outcomes such as remedial effects and microbial growth. Accordingly, the second mode identifies predictors that significantly contribute to mapping accuracies as key microbes or environmental variables. Emerging issues related to the limited accessibility and interpretability are discussed. Finally, using multi-modal learning for pipeline development and applying knowledge graphs (KGs) and a deep reinforcement learning framework to enhance interpretability are proposed as promising solutions.
{"title":"Application and challenges of machine learning in microbial remediation: A review of current status and future directions","authors":"Yueyan Zhang, Jun Sasaki, Ang Li, Jundong Chen","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2560435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2560435","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial remediation is crucial in environmental pollution control. However, targeted intervention is challenging due to the complex and dynamic interactions between microbial communities and external stressors. Machine learning (ML) can be used to deeply analyze the connections between microbial processes and contaminant removal through data mining. Microbial remediation lies at the intersection of microbiology and environmental science, with its diverse scope offering high flexibility for ML applications. Despite the potential of ML, limited attention has been given to its applications within this specific field, and there is a lack of structured reviews to guide the development of ML frameworks in microbial remediation. This review examines the role and current status of ML in microbial remediation. Application modes are presented and compared with a clear hierarchy, including initial monitoring, strategy formulation, and system design. It provides access to established frameworks and alternative solutions to address relevant challenges. Two primary application modes are identified among the seemingly diverse approaches: mapping-based inference and importance-based identification of key agents. The first mode establishes a mapping between two causally linked datasets to predict various outcomes such as remedial effects and microbial growth. Accordingly, the second mode identifies predictors that significantly contribute to mapping accuracies as key microbes or environmental variables. Emerging issues related to the limited accessibility and interpretability are discussed. Finally, using multi-modal learning for pipeline development and applying knowledge graphs (KGs) and a deep reinforcement learning framework to enhance interpretability are proposed as promising solutions.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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