Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2582545
Xifen Zhu, Fa Liu, Quanyong Zhang, Shaofu Deng, Weikun Meng, Yirong Deng, Jianteng Sun, Guanyong Su, Ping’an Peng, Lizhong Zhu
Fluorinated liquid crystal monomers (FLCMs), widely employed in liquid crystal displays, are emerging organofluorine compounds that are characterized by their universal presence, environmental persistence, and potential endocrine/developmental toxicity. This review emphasizes on the existing knowledge on their physicochemical properties, ecological distribution, human-exposure routes, transformation pathways, and elimination technologies. Some FLCMs exhibit atmospheric persistence, bioaccumulation and various toxicities, despite significant deviations between their measured and predicted characteristics. However, their persistence in soil and water remains largely unknown, hindering their comprehensive environmental risk assessment. A narrow array of FLCMs is frequently detected in diverse ecological and biotic matrices; however, monitoring is currently limited to a few countries and regions. E-waste dismantling is recognized as a significant source of FLCMs in the environment, investigate their distribution and exposure risks in developing countries associated with e-waste dismantling is highly needed. Analytical methods combined with nontargeted screening can provide a solution for identifying a wider range of these compounds. Prior evidence has indicated that dietary ingestion is predominant human-exposure pathway, with infants experiencing higher exposure levels than adults. Considering their detection frequency, persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and potential for human exposure, several FLCMs have been selected as priority compounds for future monitoring and research. FLCMs can undergo photo- and biotransformation, which can generate potentially toxic transformation products. The ecological and health risks posed by FLCMs and their transformation products underscore the urgent need for bringing up more effective and environmentally friendly remediation technologies.
{"title":"Environmental behavior, human exposure, and elimination technology of fluorinated liquid crystal monomers: A review","authors":"Xifen Zhu, Fa Liu, Quanyong Zhang, Shaofu Deng, Weikun Meng, Yirong Deng, Jianteng Sun, Guanyong Su, Ping’an Peng, Lizhong Zhu","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2582545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2582545","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorinated liquid crystal monomers (FLCMs), widely employed in liquid crystal displays, are emerging organofluorine compounds that are characterized by their universal presence, environmental persistence, and potential endocrine/developmental toxicity. This review emphasizes on the existing knowledge on their physicochemical properties, ecological distribution, human-exposure routes, transformation pathways, and elimination technologies. Some FLCMs exhibit atmospheric persistence, bioaccumulation and various toxicities, despite significant deviations between their measured and predicted characteristics. However, their persistence in soil and water remains largely unknown, hindering their comprehensive environmental risk assessment. A narrow array of FLCMs is frequently detected in diverse ecological and biotic matrices; however, monitoring is currently limited to a few countries and regions. E-waste dismantling is recognized as a significant source of FLCMs in the environment, investigate their distribution and exposure risks in developing countries associated with e-waste dismantling is highly needed. Analytical methods combined with nontargeted screening can provide a solution for identifying a wider range of these compounds. Prior evidence has indicated that dietary ingestion is predominant human-exposure pathway, with infants experiencing higher exposure levels than adults. Considering their detection frequency, persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and potential for human exposure, several FLCMs have been selected as priority compounds for future monitoring and research. FLCMs can undergo photo- and biotransformation, which can generate potentially toxic transformation products. The ecological and health risks posed by FLCMs and their transformation products underscore the urgent need for bringing up more effective and environmentally friendly remediation technologies.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"67-86"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2572301
Hangkai Hu, Saiqa Menhas, Saiyong Zhu, Daohui Lin
Cadmium (Cd) contamination and methane (CH4) emission from paddy soil are alarming environmental issues that occur simultaneously but are often studied separately, and thus synergistic treatment studies need to be strengthened. This article reviews the involved mechanisms and influencing factors of currently adopted soil amendments for solving the two issues, pinpointing promising amendment materials and environmental conditions for synergistic remediation. The method of application, performances, and mechanisms of currently used soil amendments, including biochar (BC), iron/manganese materials, lime, sulfur, and silicate materials, for mitigating Cd pollution and CH4 emission in paddy soils are demonstrated. The amendments reduce the bioavailability of Cd in soil through various mechanisms including adsorption, complexation, and co-precipitation, and simultaneously, they potentially inhibit CH4 emission by increasing soil redox potential (Eh), enhancing methanotrophy, and reducing the abundance of anaerobic methanogens. Synergistic remediation performance is regulated especially by soil pH and Eh. The most effective pH range for synergistic Cd reduction and CH4 mitigation is between 6.0 and 7.0, with Eh between −150 and −100 mV. However, achieving this promising environmental condition in flooded paddy fields is challenging. Several promising amendment strategies (BC, high-valent Fe/Mn, lime, sulfate, and silicate) are proposed to achieve this goal, identifying research challenges and future directions for in situ remediation of paddy fields.
{"title":"A review on soil amendments for cadmium sequestration and methane emission reduction in paddy soils","authors":"Hangkai Hu, Saiqa Menhas, Saiyong Zhu, Daohui Lin","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2572301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2572301","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd) contamination and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emission from paddy soil are alarming environmental issues that occur simultaneously but are often studied separately, and thus synergistic treatment studies need to be strengthened. This article reviews the involved mechanisms and influencing factors of currently adopted soil amendments for solving the two issues, pinpointing promising amendment materials and environmental conditions for synergistic remediation. The method of application, performances, and mechanisms of currently used soil amendments, including biochar (BC), iron/manganese materials, lime, sulfur, and silicate materials, for mitigating Cd pollution and CH<sub>4</sub> emission in paddy soils are demonstrated. The amendments reduce the bioavailability of Cd in soil through various mechanisms including adsorption, complexation, and co-precipitation, and simultaneously, they potentially inhibit CH<sub>4</sub> emission by increasing soil redox potential (Eh), enhancing methanotrophy, and reducing the abundance of anaerobic methanogens. Synergistic remediation performance is regulated especially by soil pH and Eh. The most effective pH range for synergistic Cd reduction and CH<sub>4</sub> mitigation is between 6.0 and 7.0, with Eh between −150 and −100 mV. However, achieving this promising environmental condition in flooded paddy fields is challenging. Several promising amendment strategies (BC, high-valent Fe/Mn, lime, sulfate, and silicate) are proposed to achieve this goal, identifying research challenges and future directions for <i>in situ</i> remediation of paddy fields.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"56 1","pages":"1777-1801"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145484765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2560432
Alejandro Leal-Duaso, José M. Fraile
Chloroaromatic compounds—including not only chlorobenzenes, but alsochloroanilines, chlorophenols and others—are chemicals widely used for decades as industrial solvents, synthetic intermediates, and pesticides. However, many of these compounds are classified as persistent organic pollutants due to their biaccumulative nature, additionally having toxic and neurotoxic effects to humans and animals. Significant stocks of obsolete chloroaromatics, along with numerous heavily contaminated sites worldwide—including air, surface water, groundwater, and soil—underscore the urgent need for efficient remediation strategies. Chemical reduction has emerged as a well-stablished and effective approach for the transformation and/or valorization of chloroaromatics, particularly chlorobenzenes, into less toxic and higher-value compounds, such as cyclohexane and benzene. This approach may also yield other specific products such as methane, polyaromatics, and carbon-based nanomaterials.In this review, we provide the first comprehensive and also critical assessment of all hydrodechlorination and chemical reduction methods applied to the transformation, remediation, and valorization of chlorobenzenes. All the available literature has been analyzed in terms of practical feasibility, limitations, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Reduction strategies are categorized by the type of reducing agent, distinguishing between stoichiometric and catalytic methods. The performance of various reductants—including metals, metal sulfides, hydrogen gas, hydrides, and water—in combination with a long series of organic and inorganic hydrogen donors (e.g. hydrocarbons, alcohols, formates, silanes, hydrazine) is thoroughly evaluated. Finally, insights into the electrochemical and photochemical reduction of chlorobenzenes in both polluted water and soil are also provided.
{"title":"Chloroaromatics remediation: Insights into the chemical reduction and hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzenes","authors":"Alejandro Leal-Duaso, José M. Fraile","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2560432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2560432","url":null,"abstract":"Chloroaromatic compounds—including not only chlorobenzenes, but alsochloroanilines, chlorophenols and others—are chemicals widely used for decades as industrial solvents, synthetic intermediates, and pesticides. However, many of these compounds are classified as persistent organic pollutants due to their biaccumulative nature, additionally having toxic and neurotoxic effects to humans and animals. Significant stocks of obsolete chloroaromatics, along with numerous heavily contaminated sites worldwide—including air, surface water, groundwater, and soil—underscore the urgent need for efficient remediation strategies. Chemical reduction has emerged as a well-stablished and effective approach for the transformation and/or valorization of chloroaromatics, particularly chlorobenzenes, into less toxic and higher-value compounds, such as cyclohexane and benzene. This approach may also yield other specific products such as methane, polyaromatics, and carbon-based nanomaterials.In this review, we provide the first comprehensive and also critical assessment of all hydrodechlorination and chemical reduction methods applied to the transformation, remediation, and valorization of chlorobenzenes. All the available literature has been analyzed in terms of practical feasibility, limitations, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Reduction strategies are categorized by the type of reducing agent, distinguishing between stoichiometric and catalytic methods. The performance of various reductants—including metals, metal sulfides, hydrogen gas, hydrides, and water—in combination with a long series of organic and inorganic hydrogen donors (<i>e.g</i>. hydrocarbons, alcohols, formates, silanes, hydrazine) is thoroughly evaluated. Finally, insights into the electrochemical and photochemical reduction of chlorobenzenes in both polluted water and soil are also provided.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145133739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The removal and recovery of metal ions from wastewater are crucial for environmental sustainability and resource management. Electrochemical adsorption emerges as a promising technology due to its simplicity, controllability, and eco-friendliness. Manganese oxides (Mn oxides), naturally abundant and electrochemically active, exhibit substantial adsorption capacities and selectivity for various metal ions in aqueous solutions, making them excellent candidates for this technology. This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest developments in Mn oxides-based electrochemical adsorption from fundamentals to applications. This review finds that the superior performance of Mn oxides stems from a synergy of multiple mechanisms. Beyond conventional electric double-layer adsorption, pseudocapacitive ion storage and surface redox reactions play a dominant role, offering a significant advantage in terms of both capacity and selectivity. The analysis reveals that this performance is intricately dependent on a delicate interplay between the material’s intrinsic properties (such as crystal structure, morphology, and average oxidation state), solution chemistry (including pH and the presence of co-existing ions), and operational parameters. Furthermore, this review provides a detailed overview of the diverse applications of Mn oxides electrodes, spanning not only wastewater treatment for heavy metals and radioactive ions but also crucial resource recovery endeavors such as seawater desalination, water softening, and lithium extraction. By offering a critical framework for understanding these complex mechanisms and identifying key influencing factors, this work provides a roadmap for the rational design of next-generation Mn oxides adsorbents and the future development of electrochemical metal ion recovery technologies.
{"title":"Manganese oxides for electrochemical adsorption of metal ions in aqueous environments: A comprehensive review from fundamentals to applications","authors":"Xiong Yang, Jiahai Yu, Yafei Shi, Kewu Pi, Chengshuai Liu, Guohong Qiu","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2557360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2557360","url":null,"abstract":"The removal and recovery of metal ions from wastewater are crucial for environmental sustainability and resource management. Electrochemical adsorption emerges as a promising technology due to its simplicity, controllability, and eco-friendliness. Manganese oxides (Mn oxides), naturally abundant and electrochemically active, exhibit substantial adsorption capacities and selectivity for various metal ions in aqueous solutions, making them excellent candidates for this technology. This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest developments in Mn oxides-based electrochemical adsorption from fundamentals to applications. This review finds that the superior performance of Mn oxides stems from a synergy of multiple mechanisms. Beyond conventional electric double-layer adsorption, pseudocapacitive ion storage and surface redox reactions play a dominant role, offering a significant advantage in terms of both capacity and selectivity. The analysis reveals that this performance is intricately dependent on a delicate interplay between the material’s intrinsic properties (such as crystal structure, morphology, and average oxidation state), solution chemistry (including pH and the presence of co-existing ions), and operational parameters. Furthermore, this review provides a detailed overview of the diverse applications of Mn oxides electrodes, spanning not only wastewater treatment for heavy metals and radioactive ions but also crucial resource recovery endeavors such as seawater desalination, water softening, and lithium extraction. By offering a critical framework for understanding these complex mechanisms and identifying key influencing factors, this work provides a roadmap for the rational design of next-generation Mn oxides adsorbents and the future development of electrochemical metal ion recovery technologies.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145133744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-18DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2553281
Pan Ni, John Earwood, Baolin Deng
Rare earth elements (REE) are of significant importance due to their irreplaceable roles played in various industries and military applications. The current REE supply mainly comes from primary ore-deposits and is under control by very few countries, leading to a significant risk of supply-chain disruption. To minimize such risk, there is an increased interest in extracting REEs from secondary sources, such as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and natural Acid Rock Drainage (ARD). However, compared to the primary sources, the dramatically lower concentration of REEs and higher levels of competing species (e.g., H+, Fe3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+) makes REE extraction extremely challenging. One approach to overcome this challenge is to use highly selective adsorbents, such as ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) that have been increasingly explored in recent years. Our main objectives of this data-based review are to: (1) clarify the application scenarios of two types of selectivity factors and evaluate the related methods via data analysis and modeling, (2) compare the performance of synthetic versus natural polymer-based IIPs through statistical analysis, and (3) provide perspectives for IIP development and testing to facilitate future advances.
{"title":"Application of ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) for rare earth elements recovery from secondary aqueous sources—A data-based review","authors":"Pan Ni, John Earwood, Baolin Deng","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2553281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2553281","url":null,"abstract":"Rare earth elements (REE) are of significant importance due to their irreplaceable roles played in various industries and military applications. The current REE supply mainly comes from primary ore-deposits and is under control by very few countries, leading to a significant risk of supply-chain disruption. To minimize such risk, there is an increased interest in extracting REEs from secondary sources, such as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and natural Acid Rock Drainage (ARD). However, compared to the primary sources, the dramatically lower concentration of REEs and higher levels of competing species (e.g., H<sup>+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>) makes REE extraction extremely challenging. One approach to overcome this challenge is to use highly selective adsorbents, such as ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) that have been increasingly explored in recent years. Our main objectives of this data-based review are to: (1) clarify the application scenarios of two types of selectivity factors and evaluate the related methods <i>via</i> data analysis and modeling, (2) compare the performance of synthetic <i>versus</i> natural polymer-based IIPs through statistical analysis, and (3) provide perspectives for IIP development and testing to facilitate future advances.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145067736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-18DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2025.2557306
Danmei Cai, Yan Wang, Xinyu Zhao, Junqiu Wu, Yun Lu, Beidou Xi
Driven by the dual carbon goals, composting technology is undergoing a transformative shift toward multifunctionality, precision, and intelligentization. By leveraging the data-driven modeling advantages of machine learning (ML), composting technology aims to enhance organic waste valorization and soil carbon sequestration. However, current intelligent composting technologies remain constrained by data scarcity, limited generalization capacity, and oversimplified optimization objectives, which hinder their ability to meet the demands of high-efficiency resource recovery and process intelligence. To address these challenges, this study proposes a quadruple synergistic modeling framework, integrating “multi-source data, mechanistic insights, adaptive intelligence, and multi-objective optimization,” aiming to overcome the limitations of traditional data analysis methods and drive composting technologies toward intelligence and high-value applications. Specifically, this study enhances the prediction accuracy through multi-source data integration, elucidates the interaction mechanisms within the system to strengthen the model construction, incorporates dynamic data optimization modules to improve the system adaptability, and couples a multi-objective optimization decision system to holistically regulate the multi-dimensional balance among compost product value, process efficiency, and environmental benefits. Overall, this study conceptualizes a sustainable organic waste management paradigm, offering novel perspectives to advance waste valorization cycles and amplify the carbon mitigation potential of composting, thereby contributing to the implementation of dual carbon goal strategies.
{"title":"A paradigm shift driven by multi-source data, mechanistic insights, adaptive machine intelligence, and multi-objective optimization for composting intelligent automation applications","authors":"Danmei Cai, Yan Wang, Xinyu Zhao, Junqiu Wu, Yun Lu, Beidou Xi","doi":"10.1080/10643389.2025.2557306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2025.2557306","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by the dual carbon goals, composting technology is undergoing a transformative shift toward multifunctionality, precision, and intelligentization. By leveraging the data-driven modeling advantages of machine learning (ML), composting technology aims to enhance organic waste valorization and soil carbon sequestration. However, current intelligent composting technologies remain constrained by data scarcity, limited generalization capacity, and oversimplified optimization objectives, which hinder their ability to meet the demands of high-efficiency resource recovery and process intelligence. To address these challenges, this study proposes a quadruple synergistic modeling framework, integrating “multi-source data, mechanistic insights, adaptive intelligence, and multi-objective optimization,” aiming to overcome the limitations of traditional data analysis methods and drive composting technologies toward intelligence and high-value applications. Specifically, this study enhances the prediction accuracy through multi-source data integration, elucidates the interaction mechanisms within the system to strengthen the model construction, incorporates dynamic data optimization modules to improve the system adaptability, and couples a multi-objective optimization decision system to holistically regulate the multi-dimensional balance among compost product value, process efficiency, and environmental benefits. Overall, this study conceptualizes a sustainable organic waste management paradigm, offering novel perspectives to advance waste valorization cycles and amplify the carbon mitigation potential of composting, thereby contributing to the implementation of dual carbon goal strategies.","PeriodicalId":10823,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"28 1","pages":"1578-1598"},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145067734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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