Current diabetes reviews最新文献

Background: This article focuses on extracting a standard feature set for predicting the complications of diabetes mellitus by systematically reviewing the literature. It is conducted and reported by following the guidelines of PRISMA, a well-known systematic review and meta-analysis method. The research articles included in this study are extracted using the search engine "Web of Science" over eight years. The most common complications of diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases are considered in the study.

Method: The features used to predict the complications are identified and categorised by scrutinising the standards of electronic health records.

Result: Overall, 102 research articles have been reviewed, resulting in 59 frequent features being identified. Nineteen attributes are recognised as a standard in all four considered complications, which are age, gender, ethnicity, weight, height, BMI, smoking history, HbA1c, SBP, eGFR, DBP, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride, use of insulin, duration of diabetes, family history of CVD, and diabetes. The existence of a well-accepted and updated feature set for health analytics models to predict the complications of diabetes mellitus is a vital and contemporary requirement. A widely accepted feature set is beneficial for benchmarking the risk factors of complications of diabetes.

Conclusion: This study is a thorough literature review to provide a clear state of the art for academicians, clinicians, and other stakeholders regarding the risk factors and their importance.

Background: In the realm of diabetes research, considerable attention has been directed toward elucidating the intricate interplay between the gastrointestinal tract and glucose regulation. The gastrointestinal tract, once exclusively considered for its role in digestion and nutrient assimilation, is presently acknowledged as a multifaceted ecosystem with regulatory supremacy over metabolic homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Recent studies indicate that alterations in the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota could potentially influence the regulation of glucose levels and glucose homeostasis in the body. Dysbiosis, characterized by perturbations in the equilibrium of gut microbial constituents, has been irrevocably linked to an augmented risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, research has revealed the potential influence of the gut microbiota on important factors, like inflammation and insulin sensitivity, which are key contributors to the onset and progression of diabetes. The key protagonists implicated in the regulation of glucose encompass the gut bacteria, gut barrier integrity, and the gut-brain axis. A viable approach to enhance glycemic control while concurrently mitigating the burden of comorbidities associated with diabetes resides in the strategic manipulation of the gut environment through adapted dietary practices.

Objective: This review aimed to provide a deep understanding of the complex relationship between gut health, glucose metabolism, and diabetes treatment.

Conclusion: This study has presented an exhaustive overview of dietary therapies and functional foods that have undergone extensive research to explore their potential advantages in the management of diabetes. It looks into the role of gut health in glucose regulation, discusses the impact of different dietary elements on the course of diabetes, and evaluates how well functional foods can help with glycemic control. Furthermore, it investigates the mechanistic aspects of these therapies, including their influence on insulin sensitivity, β-cell activity, and inflammation. It deliberates on the limitations and potential prospects associated with integrating functional foods into personalized approaches to diabetes care.

Background: One of the largest problems for global public health is diabetes mellitus (DM) and its micro and macrovascular consequences. Although prevention, diagnosis, and treatment have generally improved, its incidence is predicted to keep rising over the coming years. Due to the intricacy of the molecular mechanisms, which include inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, among others, discovering treatments to stop or slow the course of diabetic complications is still a current unmet need.

Methods: The pathogenesis and development of diabetic neuropathies may be explained by a wide variety of molecular pathways, hexosamine pathways, such as MAPK pathway, PARP pathway, oxidative stress pathway polyol (sorbitol) pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway, and lipoxygenase pathway. Although diabetic neuropathies can be treated symptomatically, there are limited options for treating the underlying cause.

Result: Various pathways and screening models involved in diabetic neuropathies are discussed, along with their possible outcomes. Moreover, both medicinal and non-medical approaches to therapy are also explored.

Conclusion: This study highlights the probable involvement of several processes and pathways in the establishment of diabetic neuropathies and presents in-depth knowledge of new therapeutic approaches intended to stop, delay, or reverse different types of diabetic complications.

Diabetes mellitus is an irreversible, chronic metabolic disorder indicated by hyperglycemia. It is now considered a worldwide pandemic. T2DM, a spectrum of diseases initially caused by tissue insulin resistance and slowly developing to a state characterized by absolute loss of secretory action of the β cells of the pancreas, is thought to be caused by reduced insulin secretion, resistance to tissue activities of insulin, or a combination of both. Insulin secretagogues, biguanides, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, amylin antagonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the main medications used to treat T2DM. Several of these medication's traditional dosage forms have some disadvantages, including frequent dosing, a brief half-life, and limited absorption. Hence, attempts have been made to develop new drug delivery systems for oral antidiabetics to ameliorate the difficulties associated with conventional dosage forms. In comparison to traditional treatments, this review examines the utilization of various innovative therapies (such as microparticles, nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, phytosomes, and transdermal drug delivery systems) to improve the distribution of various oral hypoglycemic medications. In this review, we have also discussed some new promising candidates that have been approved recently by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of T2DM, like semaglutide, tirzepatide, and ertugliflozin. They are used as a single therapy and also as combination therapy with drugs like metformin and sitagliptin.

Cardiovascular complications and renal disease is the growing cause of mortality in patients with diabetes. The subversive complications of diabetes such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance lead to an increase in the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF) as well as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among the commercially available anti-hyperglycemic agents, incretin-based medications appear to be safe and effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated cardiovascular and renal disease. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been shown to be fruitful in reducing HbA1c, blood glucose, lipid profile, and body weight in diabetic patients. Several preclinical and clinical studies revealed the safety, efficacy, and preventive advantages of GLP-1RAs against diabetes- induced cardiovascular and kidney disease. Data from cardio-renal outcome trials had highlighted that GLP-1RAs protected people with established CKD from significant cardiovascular disease, lowered the likelihood of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), and lowered all-cause mortality. They also had a positive effect on people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and CKD. Beside clinical outcomes, GLP-1RAs reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and improved lipid profile pre-clinically in diabetic models of cardiomyopathy and nephropathy that demonstrated the cardio-protective and reno-protective effect of GLP-1RAs. In this review, we have focused on the recent clinical and preclinical outcomes of GLP-1RAs as cardio-protective and reno-protective agents as GLP-1RAs medications have been demonstrated to be more effective in treating T2DM and diabetes-induced cardiovascular and renal disease than currently available treatments in clinics, without inducing hypoglycemia or weight gain.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is one of the significant high qualities of non-caloric sugar substitute sweetener plants against diabetes disease. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases caused by insulin secretion defects, insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, or both. Stevia rebaudiana is a perennial shrub of the Compositae family that is grown in several places around the world. It contains a plethora of different bioactive constituents which are responsible for several activities and sweetness. This sweetness is due to the presence of steviol glycosides which is 100-300 times sweeter than sucrose. Furthermore, stevia reduces oxidative stress, lowering the risk of diabetes. Its leaves have been used to control and treat diabetes and a variety of other metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the history, bioactive constituents of S. rebaudiana extract, pharmacology, anti-diabetic activity, and its application, especially in food supplements.

Objective: Evaluation of the synergistic effect of Naringin and Glimepiride in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Methods: Wistar rats were chosen and divided into five groups (n=6). STZ was used for the induction of diabetes. The combination of naringin and glimepiride was administered to diabetic rats. The changes in fasting blood sugar, body weight, Hb, HbA1c, and creatinine were evaluated, and urine was collected and the volume was observed. The lipid profiles like TC, HDL, LDL, and TG were measured. The biochemical parameters SGOT, SGPT, and ALP were analysed. Besides, endogenous antioxidant parameters like SOD, GSH, and catalase were also assessed. Lastly, the histopathological study of the beta cells in islets of the pancreas, glomerulus, and tubules of kidney and liver cells was conducted in all groups.

Results: The result shows significant reduction (p<0.001) of blood sugar in the naringin and glimepiride-treated group when compared with the control group (diabetes). Additionally, the combination of Naringin (100 mg/kg) and Glimepiride (0.1 mg/kg) significantly restores the creatinine levels and urine volumes, SGOT, SGPT, and ALP when compared to a single dose of administration. Further, the abnormal lipid profile levels (TC, LDL, TG, and HDL), and endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, catalase) in diabetic control rats were restored to normal levels in a significant manner. The histopathological result reveals significant alterations, including hypertrophy of islets and mild degeneration, renal necrosis, and inflammation of hepatocytes.

Conclusion: A synergistic effect of Naringin and glimepiride was observed during the estimation of various biochemical parameters like body weight, fasting blood sugar, creatinine, urine level, TG, total cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Insulin, HbA1c, antioxidant parameters like SOD, GSH, and catalase in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Further, the combination of therapy improves the protective effect of the pancreas, kidney, and liver, suggesting a potential antidiabetic effect.

The pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is too complex and involves a variety of pathways and mediators. Hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia are identified as major risk factors for diabetic nephropathy. Various studies revealed the fact that dyslipidemia is a major contributor to the process of diabetic nephropathy. Dyslipidemia refers to abnormal lipid levels. Lipids like LDL, free fatty acids, abnormal lipoproteins, ceramides, etc., are unsafe for kidneys. They target proximal tubular epithelial cells, podocytes, and tubulointerstitial tissues through biochemical changes, especially by enhancing the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, endorsing tissue inflammation and mitochondrial damage, which give rise to nephropathy. Major lipid targets identified are SREBP1, LXR, FXR PPAR, CD-36, PKc, AGE/RAGE pathway, and ferroptosis. The drug acting on these targets has shown improvement in DN patients. Various preclinical and clinical studies support the fact that hyperlipidemic agents are promising targets for DN. Therefore, in conjunction with other standard therapies, drugs acting on dyslipidemia can be added as a part of the regimen in order to prevent the incidence of ESRD and CVD.

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus. Among all complications of DPN, diabetic foot (DF) can cause a myriad of symptoms and impact the quality of life. This study aimed to review the prevalence of DPN and DF in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region based on the publications available. This systematic review can be a cornerstone for further research and it summarizes the literature published on the prevalence of DPN and DF for the last two decades in the MENA region.

Methodology: The databases, PubMed, ResearchGate, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, CINAHL, and Cochrane were searched using relevant keywords for the study. Full articles in English since 2000, including keywords "Prevalence", "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy", "Diabetic foot", and "MENA region" were reviewed in two phases. All authors screened the titles and abstracts of the articles individually, which was followed by a screening of full texts. A consensus was made among all the authors for the final selection of the articles based on the eligibility criteria.

Results: Ten selected articles on the prevalence of DPN were reviewed in the first phase of the study, which reported varying prevalence rates among the different countries of the MENA region ranging from 9% to 61%. In the second phase, only two articles on DF prevalence were shortlisted. They reported the prevalence of DF as 4.6% and 18.1% in Jordan and Sudan, respectively.

Conclusion: The prevalence of DPN in the MENA region is varied within a short period of time and the reported prevalence of DF is limited. This study projects a strong need of establishing early screening strategies for DPN and DF to prevent further complications and decrease healthcare burden.

Throughout the previous three decades, the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone has attracted much attention to attain possible therapy goals for the treatment of both hypoglycaemic along type II diabetes militates and overweight. The pharmaceutical generation of peptides similar to hypoglycaemia-based medicines is exemplified by agonists of the GLP- 1R (Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors). Pharmacokinetic profiles are continuously being improved, beginning with the native hormone with a two- to three-minute quarter and progressing through growth every day with once-drug combinations. Due to contradictory data that indicate stimulation or inhibition of the Glucagon-like peptide receptor, the Glucose-dependent insulin tropic peptide receptor offers favorable effects on systemic metabolism. The recent Glp-1R (Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-) targeting monomolecular drugs has demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness and has stoked interest in Glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide antagonism as a treatment for overweight and diabetes mellitus. These drugs have been shown to dramatically improve carbohydrates with body weight management in sick people who have obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. In this study, recent breakthroughs in compelling therapeutic interventions are discussed, and the biology and pharmacology of the glucose-like peptide are reviewed.