Current diabetes reviews最新文献

Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes that affects the eyes and can lead to severe vision loss or blindness if left untreated. Chronic hyperglycemia destroys the blood vessels in the retina, resulting in diabetic retinopathy. The damage can lead to leakage of fluid and blood into the retina, causing edema, hemorrhages, and ischemia. A thorough evaluation by an ophthalmologist is necessary to determine the most appropriate course of treatment for each patient with diabetic retinopathy. The article discusses various surgical treatment options for diabetic retinopathy, including vitrectomy, scleral buckling, epiretinal membrane peeling, retinal detachment repair, and the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. These surgical techniques can help to address the underlying causes of vision loss and prevent further complications from developing or worsening. To avoid complications and maintain vision, this review emphasizes the significance of early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Patients with diabetic retinopathy can improve their eyesight and quality of life with the help of some surgical treatments. The article also highlights some case studies in the field of diabetic retinopathy.

Bioactive compounds found in various natural sources, such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs, have been studied for their potential benefits in managing obesity and diabetes. These compounds include polyphenols, flavonoids, other antioxidants, fiber, and certain fatty acids. Studies have found that these compounds may improve insulin sensitivity, regulate blood sugar levels, and promote weight loss. However, the effects of these compounds can vary depending on the type and amount consumed, as well as individual factors, such as genetics and lifestyle. Nutraceutical substances have multifaceted therapeutic advantages, and they have been reported to have disease-prevention and health-promoting properties. Several clinically used nutraceuticals have been shown to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome and their complications and modulate various clinical outcomes favorably. This review aims to highlight and comment on some of the most prominent natural components used as antidiabetics and in managing obesity.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently referred to as a "lifestyle illness". In 2000, India (31.7 million) had the greatest global prevalence of diabetes mellitus, followed by China (20.8 million), the United States (17.7 million), and other countries. In recent years, the treatment of gene therapy (T2DM) has attracted intensive interest.

Objective: We aimed to critically review the literature on the various techniques and methods, which may be a possible novel approach through the gene therapy CRISPR Cas9 and some other gene editing techniques for T2DM. Interventional and pharmacological approaches for the treatment of T2DM were also included to identify novel therapies for its treatment.

Method: An extensive literature survey was done on databases like PubMed, Elsevier, Science Direct and Springer.

Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that recent advancements in gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR Cas9, have opened new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for T2DM. CRISPR Cas9 is a powerful tool that enables precise and targeted modifications of the genome.

The diabetic milieu is associated with cascades of pathophysiological pathways that culminate in diabetic complications and tissue injuries. Autophagy is an essential process mandatory for cell survival and tissue homeostasis by degrading damaged organelles and removing injured cells. However, it may turn into a pathological process in an aberrant mode in the diabetic and/or malignant milieu. Moreover, autophagy could serve as a promising therapeutic target for many complications related to tissue injury. Glp-1 mimetics are a class of newer antidiabetic agents that reduce blood glucose through several pathways. However, some evidence suggests that they can provide extra glycemic benefits by modulating autophagy, although there is no complete understanding of this mechanism and its underlying molecular pathways. Hence, in the current review, we aimed to provide new insights on the possible impact of Glp-1 mimetics on autophagy and consequent benefits as well as mediating pathways.

The utilization of nanotechnology-based herbal medication delivery systems is gaining attention as a novel approach to treating diabetes mellitus. The incorporation of nanotechnology into herbal medicine provides benefits such as enhanced Stability, solubility, and bioavailability of herbal medications. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the present status of research on herbal medicine delivery systems based on nanotechnology for the treatment of diabetic patients. The paper evaluates the various nanocarriers and herbal drugs used, the challenges and opportunities in the development of these systems, and their potential efficacy and safety. Additionally, the paper highlights the need for further research to optimize the formulation and delivery of these systems. This review's overarching objective is to provide a complete understanding of the possibilities of herbal medication delivery systems based on nanotechnology in diabetes mellitus treatment.

Background: Probiotics can compete with periodontal pathogens in the formation of dental biofilm, and they are able to modulate local and systemic immune responses. Thus, its use in diabetic patients with periodontal disease (PD) can overcome the limitations of conventional periodontal treatment.

Objective: This scoping review aimed to understand the extent and type of evidence in relation to the effects of probiotic therapy on periodontal and glycaemic parameters of diabetic patients with PD.

Methods: An electronic search was performed in the following databases: Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Virtual Health Library (including LILACS and BBO), PubMed (including Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The review included clinical trials on patients with type 2 diabetes, diagnosed with gingivitis or periodontitis, who received probiotic therapy as a single therapy or adjuvant to scaling and root planning, and on whom the analyses of clinical periodontal, immunological, microbiological, or glycaemic parameters were performed.

Results: The electronic search yielded a total of 1165 articles. After removing duplicate titles and performing systematic screening, 6 studies were included in the qualitative summary. Probiotic administration improved clinical periodontal parameters (bleeding on probing and probing depth), oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) in relation to control groups. Experimental groups were also more advantageous in reducing the frequency of periodontopathogenic bacteria. However, the evidence of probiotics in decreasing glycated hemoglobin is still uncertain.

Conclusion: Probiotics may provide safe additional benefits to periodontal parameters of patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontal disease.

Background: The assessment of the quality of life (QoL) among type 2 diabetic patients is associated with different factors. Evidence shows that these patients usually suffer from a lack of knowledge about the disease, inadequate self-care, and low QoL.

Objective: The study aimed to assess knowledge of the QoL of type 2 diabetes patients and its possible associated factors.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive correlational study recruited type 2 diabetic patients conveniently from out-clinics to achieve the objective of the study. The Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory (DQoL) and the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire 18 (DKQ-18) along with a demographic questionnaire were used for patient assessment.

Results: A total of 184 patients participated in the study. Patients' knowledge of diabetes was found to be low (8.57 out of 18), with no statistical differences between male and female participants (p=0.259). The average DQoL score was 2.87 out of 5, indicating moderate satisfaction and self-care behavior. DKQ-18 and DoQL were found to be correlated (r= 0.216, p=0.003). However, the patient's age was found to be a significant factor that influences patients' QoL (F=4.27, p=0.040), whereas patients' knowledge contributed weakly to the variation of QoL (F=1.70, p=0.084).

Conclusion: Irrespective of knowledge and educational background, the patient's age is influential in enhancing better QoL among type 2 diabetic patients.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) frequently results in Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), which has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of diabetic patients. Sphingolipid metabolism is associated with diabetes, but its relationship with DN is unclear. Therefore, screening biomarkers related to sphingolipid metabolism is crucial for treating DN.

Methods: To identify Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) in the GSE142153 dataset, we conducted a differential expression analysis (DN samples versus control samples). The intersection genes were obtained by overlapping DEGs and Sphingolipid Metabolism-Related Genes (SMRGs). Furthermore, The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithms were used to filter biomarkers. We further analyzed the Gene Set Enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the immunoinfiltrational analysis based on biomarkers.

Results: We identified 2,186 DEGs associated with DN. Then, five SMR-DEGs were obtained. Subsequently, biomarkers associated with sphingolipid metabolism (S1PR1 and SELL) were identified by applying machine learning and expression analysis. In addition, GSEA showed that these biomarkers were correlated with cytokine cytokine receptor interaction'. Significant variations in B cells, DCs, Tems, and Th2 cells between the two groups suggested that these cells might have a role in DN.

Conclusion: Overall, we obtained two sphingolipid metabolism-related biomarkers (S1PR1 and SELL) associated with DN, which laid a theoretical foundation for treating DN.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic medical condition, has attained a global pandemic status over the last few decades affecting millions of people. Despite a variety of synthetic drugs available in the market, the use of herbal medicines for managing diabetes is gaining importance because of being comparatively safer. This article reviews the result of a substantial literature search on polyherbal formulations (PHFs) developed and evaluated with potential for DM. The accumulated data in the literature allowed us to enlist 76PHFs consisting of different parts of 147 plant species belonging to 58 botanical families. The documented plant species are laden with bioactive components with anti-diabetic properties and thus draw attention. The most favoured ingredient for PHFs was leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum used in 27 and 22 formulations, respectively. Apart from herbs, shilajit (exudates from high mountain rocks) formed an important component of 9 PHFs, whereas calcined Mytilus margaritiferus and goat pancreas were used in Dolabi, the most commonly used tablet form of PHF in Indian markets. The healing properties of PHFs against diabetes have been examined in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) of action of PHFs are still unclear and considered the pitfalls inherent in understanding the benefits of PHFs. From the information available based on experimental systems, it could be concluded that plant-derived medicines will have a considerable role to play in the control of diabetes provided the challenges related to their bioavailability, bioefficacy, optimal dose, lack of characterization, ambiguous mechanism of action, and clinical efficiency are addressed.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is becoming a widely recognized global health issue. Serum values of 25-(OH) vitamin D (<20 ng/ml) are used to identify vitamin D deficiency. By prompting vascular endothelial cells to activate their nuclear receptor in cardio-myocytes, Vitamin D regulates obesity, Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), energy consumption, and pancreatic cell function. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with diabetes, asthma, hyperlipidaemia, and pulmonary hypertension in humans.

Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar databases were utilised to search the literature on vitamin D and related diseases.

Result: It is also linked to an elevated risk of death and heart disease. On the other hand, metaanalyses of vitamin D intervention and trials have found no substantial changes in insulin sensitivity, lipid markers, or blood pressure, which result in the association between deficiency of vitamin D and cardiovascular disease.

Conclusion: In this review, we present the most recent research on the effects of Vitamin D therapy on various cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, and explain the underlying mechanisms.