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Precision Phenotyping of Heart Failure in People with HIV: Early Insights and Challenges. 艾滋病病毒感染者心力衰竭的精准表型分析:早期见解与挑战
IF 3.8 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00674-w
Eli Grunblatt, Matthew J Feinstein

Purpose of review: People with HIV have an elevated risk of developing heart failure even with optimally controlled disease. In this review, we outline the various mechanisms through which HIV infection may directly and indirectly contribute to heart failure pathology and highlight the emerging relationship between HIV, chronic inflammation, and cardiometabolic disease.

Recent findings: HIV infection leads to chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and metabolic imbalances even in those with well controlled disease. These dysregulations occur through several diverse mechanisms which may lead to manifestations of different phenotypes of heart failure in people with HIV. While it has long been known that people with HIV are at risk of developing heart failure, recent studies have suggested numerous complex mechanisms involving chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and metabolic derangement through which this may be mediated. Further comprehensive studies are needed to elucidate the precise relationship between these mechanisms and the development of different subtypes of heart failure in people with HIV.

审查目的:艾滋病病毒感染者即使在病情得到最佳控制的情况下,患心力衰竭的风险也会升高。在这篇综述中,我们概述了艾滋病病毒感染可能直接或间接导致心衰病理的各种机制,并强调了艾滋病病毒、慢性炎症和心脏代谢疾病之间新出现的关系:艾滋病病毒感染会导致慢性炎症、免疫失调和代谢失衡,即使是那些病情控制良好的患者也不例外。这些失调通过几种不同的机制发生,可能导致艾滋病病毒感染者出现不同表型的心力衰竭。虽然人们早就知道艾滋病病毒感染者有患心力衰竭的风险,但最近的研究表明,这种风险可能是由慢性炎症、免疫失调和代谢紊乱等多种复杂机制造成的。要阐明这些机制与艾滋病病毒感染者发生不同亚型心力衰竭之间的确切关系,还需要进一步的综合研究。
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引用次数: 0
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. 肥厚型心肌病。
IF 3.8 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00654-0
Jason N Dungu, Amy Hardy-Wallace, Anthony D Dimarco, Henry O Savage

Purpose of review: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited cardiac condition with potential for severe complications including sudden cardiac death. Early diagnosis allows appropriate risk stratification and prompt intervention to minimise the potential for adverse outcomes. The implications of poorly coordinated screening are significant, either missing relatives at high-risk or burdening low-risk individuals with a diagnosis associated with reduced life expectancy. We aim to guide clinicians through the diagnostic pathway through to novel treatment options. Several conditions mimic the condition, and we discuss the phenocopies and how to differentiate from HCM.

Recent findings: We summarise the latest developments informing clinical decision making in the modern era of myosin inhibitors and future gene editing therapies. Early identification will enable prompt referral to specialist centres. A diagnostic flowchart is included, to guide the general cardiology and heart failure clinician in important decision making regarding the care of the HCM patient and importantly their relatives at risk. We have highlighted the importance of screening because genotype-positive/phenotype-negative patients are likely to have the most to gain from novel therapies.

综述目的:肥厚型心肌病(HCM)是一种常见的遗传性心脏病,有可能引发严重的并发症,包括心脏性猝死。早期诊断可进行适当的风险分层和及时干预,最大限度地降低不良后果的可能性。协调不当的筛查会造成重大影响,要么漏掉高风险亲属,要么给低风险患者带来诊断负担,导致预期寿命缩短。我们的目标是指导临床医生完成从诊断到新型治疗方案的整个过程。有几种病症与 HCM 相似,我们将讨论这些表型以及如何与 HCM 进行鉴别:我们总结了现代肌球蛋白抑制剂和未来基因编辑疗法的最新进展,为临床决策提供参考。早期识别将有助于及时转诊至专科中心。我们还提供了一张诊断流程图,以指导普通心脏病学和心力衰竭临床医生就 HCM 患者及其高危亲属的护理做出重要决策。我们强调了筛查的重要性,因为基因型阳性/表型阴性的患者可能从新型疗法中获益最多。
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引用次数: 0
Sex and Gender-related Disparities in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Heart Transplantation. 心脏移植临床特征和结果中与性别相关的差异。
IF 3.8 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00670-0
Andrea Severo Sánchez, Javier González Martín, Javier de Juan Bagudá, Laura Morán Fernández, Christian Muñoz Guijosa, Fernando Arribas Ynsaurriaga, Juan Francisco Delgado, María Dolores García-Cosío Carmena

Purpose of review: Limited research has been conducted on sex disparities in heart transplant (HT). The aim of this review is to analyse the available evidence on the influence of sex and gender-related determinants in the entire HT process, as well as to identify areas for further investigation.

Recent findings: Although women make up half of the population affected by heart failure and related mortality, they account for less than a third of HT recipients. Reasons for this inequality include differences in disease course, psychosocial factors, concerns about allosensitisation, and selection or referral bias in female patients. Women are more often listed for HT due to non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy and have a lower burden of cardiovascular risk factors. Although long-term prognosis appears to be similar for both sexes, there are significant disparities in post-HT morbidity and causes of mortality (noting a higher incidence of rejection in women and of malignancy and cardiac allograft vasculopathy in men). Additional research is required to gain a better understanding of the reasons behind gender disparities in eligibility and outcomes following HT. This would enable the fair allocation of resources and enhance patient care.

综述目的:有关心脏移植(HT)中性别差异的研究十分有限。本综述旨在分析在整个心脏移植过程中性别和性别相关决定因素影响的现有证据,并确定需要进一步调查的领域:最近的研究结果:尽管女性占心力衰竭及相关死亡率患者的一半,但她们在接受高温热疗的患者中所占比例却不到三分之一。造成这种不平等的原因包括病程差异、社会心理因素、对异体敏感的担忧以及女性患者的选择或转诊偏差。由于非缺血性心肌病,女性更常被列入接受高密度脂蛋白胆固醇治疗的名单,而且其心血管风险因素的负担较低。虽然男女患者的长期预后似乎相似,但 HT 术后的发病率和死亡原因存在显著差异(女性患者的排斥反应发生率较高,男性患者的恶性肿瘤和心脏异体移植血管病变发生率较高)。需要开展更多的研究,以更好地了解在接受高密度置换术的资格和结果方面存在性别差异的原因。这将有助于公平分配资源,加强对患者的护理。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Coagulation in Heart Failure: A Literature Review. 凝血在心力衰竭中的作用:文献综述。
IF 3.8 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00671-z
Farhan Anjum, Mahrukh Gilani, Maryam Latif, Aqsa Sattar, Habiba Ashraf, Saira Rafaqat

Purpose of review: This article summarizes the role of coagulation factors in the pathophysiology of heart failure including D-dimer, fibrinogen and fibrin, prothrombin, p-selectin, tissue factor, tissue plasminogen activator, von Willebrand factor, β-thromboglobulin, Factor XI, tissue thromboplastin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), thrombomodulin, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and stuart-prower factor.

Recent findings: The D-dimer, P-selectin, prothrombin, von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator, fibrinogen, suPAR, tissue factor, thrombomodulin and Factor XI play significant roles the pathophysiology of heart failure. However, no associations were found between β-thromboglobulin, tissue thromboplastin, PAI-1 and stuart-prower factor in the context of heart failure. Coagulation factors play significant role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Consequently, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that explain changes in the cascade are closely related to the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic roles of coagulation cascade factors, which help physicians identify and treat heart failure.

综述目的:本文总结了凝血因子在心力衰竭病理生理学中的作用,包括D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白、凝血酶原、P-选择素、组织因子、组织凝血酶原激活物、von Willebrand因子、β-凝血酶原球蛋白、因子XI、组织凝血活酶、凝血酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)、血栓调节蛋白、可溶性尿激酶型凝血酶原激活物受体(suPAR)和stuart-prower因子:最新研究结果:D-二聚体、P-选择素、凝血酶原、冯-威廉因子、组织纤溶酶原激活物、纤维蛋白原、suPAR、组织因子、血栓调节蛋白和因子 XI 在心力衰竭的病理生理学中发挥着重要作用。然而,β-凝血酶原球蛋白、组织凝血活酶、PAI-1 和 stuart-prower 因子与心力衰竭之间没有关联。凝血因子在心力衰竭的病理生理学中起着重要作用。因此,解释级联变化的潜在病理生理学机制与凝血级联因子的诊断、预后和治疗作用密切相关,有助于医生识别和治疗心衰。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Sex in the Incidence of Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome. 性别对慢性冠状动脉综合征患者心衰发生率的影响
IF 3.8 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00663-z
Ramón López-Palop, Pilar Carrillo, Íñigo Lozano

Purpose of review: This review examines the available evidence concerning the incidence of heart failure in patients with chronic coronary syndrome, with a focus on gender differences.

Recent findings: The incidence of heart failure in the context of chronic coronary syndrome presents conflicting data. Most of the available information stems from studies involving stable patients' post-acute coronary syndrome, revealing a wide range of incidence rates, from less than 3% to over 20%, observed over 5 years of follow-up. Regarding the gender differences in heart failure incidence, there is no consensus about whether women exhibit a higher incidence, particularly in the presence of evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease. However, in cases where obstructive coronary artery disease is absent, women may face a more unfavourable prognosis due to a higher prevalence of microvascular disease and heart failure with preserved ventricular function. The different profile of ischaemic heart disease in women difficult to establish differences in prognosis independently associated with female sex. Targeted investigations are essential to discern the incidence of heart failure in chronic coronary syndrome and explore potential gender-specific associations.

综述目的:本综述研究了有关慢性冠状动脉综合征患者心力衰竭发生率的现有证据,重点关注性别差异:慢性冠状动脉综合征心力衰竭的发病率数据相互矛盾。现有资料大多来自对急性冠状动脉综合征后病情稳定的患者进行的研究,结果显示,随访 5 年的发病率范围很广,从不到 3% 到超过 20%。关于心力衰竭发病率的性别差异,目前还没有就女性是否发病率更高达成共识,尤其是在有证据表明存在阻塞性冠状动脉疾病的情况下。然而,在没有阻塞性冠状动脉疾病的情况下,由于微血管疾病和心室功能保留的心力衰竭的发病率较高,女性可能会面临更不利的预后。女性缺血性心脏病的不同特征难以确定与女性性别独立相关的预后差异。有针对性的调查对于确定慢性冠状动脉综合征心力衰竭的发病率和探索潜在的性别特异性关联至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Is There a Mitochondrial Protection via Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Settings of Anticancer Therapy Cardiotoxicity? 在抗癌治疗心脏毒性的情况下,远程缺血调节对线粒体有保护作用吗?
IF 3.8 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00658-w
Petra Kleinbongard, Ioanna Andreadou

Purpose of review: To provide an overview of (a) protective effects on mitochondria induced by remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) and (b) mitochondrial damage caused by anticancer therapy. We then discuss the available results of studies on mitochondrial protection via RIC in anticancer therapy-induced cardiotoxicity.

Recent findings: In three experimental studies in healthy mice and pigs, there was a RIC-mediated protection against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and there was some evidence of improved mitochondrial function with RIC. The RIC-mediated protection was not confirmed in the two available studies in cancer patients. In adult cancer patients, RIC was associated with an adverse outcome. There are no data on mitochondrial function in cancer patients. Studies in tumor-bearing animals are needed to determine whether RIC does not interfere with the anticancer properties of the drugs and whether RIC actually improves mitochondrial function, ultimately resulting in improved cardiac function.

综述的目的:综述(a)远程缺血调节(RIC)对线粒体的保护作用和(b)抗癌治疗对线粒体的损伤。然后,我们讨论了在抗癌治疗引起的心脏毒性中通过 RIC 保护线粒体的现有研究结果:在对健康小鼠和猪进行的三项实验研究中,RIC 对蒽环类药物诱导的心脏毒性有保护作用,而且有证据表明 RIC 改善了线粒体功能。在对癌症患者进行的两项研究中,RIC 介导的保护作用未得到证实。在成年癌症患者中,RIC 与不良预后有关。目前还没有关于癌症患者线粒体功能的数据。需要在肿瘤动物中进行研究,以确定 RIC 是否不会干扰药物的抗癌特性,以及 RIC 是否真的会改善线粒体功能,最终导致心脏功能的改善。
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引用次数: 0
Sex-based Differences in Heart Failure Biomarkers. 心力衰竭生物标志物的性别差异
IF 3.8 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00665-x
Ainhoa Robles-Mezcua, Nelsa González Aguado, Antonia Pilar Martin de la Rosa, Concepción Cruzado-Álvarez, Clara Jiménez Rubio, Alejandro IPérez Cabeza, Juan José Gómez-Doblas, Manuel F Jiménez-Navarro, Mora Murri Pierri, José M García-Pinilla

Purpose of review: Differences in HF biomarker levels by sex may be due to hormonal, genetic, and fat distribution differences. Knowledge of these differences is scarce, and it is not well established whether they may affect their usefulness in the management of HF.

Recent findings: The different biomarker profiles in women and men have been confirmed in recent studies: in women, markers of cardiac stretch and fibrosis (NP and galectin-3) are higher, whereas in men, higher levels of markers of cardiac injury and inflammation (cTn and sST2) are found. The use of new biomarkers, together with growing evidence that a multimarker approach can provide better risk stratification, raises the question of building models that incorporate sex-specific diagnostic criteria. More and more research are being devoted to understanding sex-related differences in HF. The aim of this review is to review the dynamics of HF biomarkers according to sex and in different situations, to learn whether these sex differences may affect their use in the diagnosis and follow-up of HF patients.

综述的目的:高血压生物标志物水平的性别差异可能是由于荷尔蒙、遗传和脂肪分布差异造成的。对这些差异的了解还很少,也没有很好地确定这些差异是否会影响它们在高血压管理中的作用:最近的研究证实了女性和男性不同的生物标志物特征:女性的心脏舒张和纤维化标志物(NP 和 galectin-3)更高,而男性的心脏损伤和炎症标志物(cTn 和 sST2)水平更高。新生物标志物的使用,以及越来越多的证据表明多标志物方法可以提供更好的风险分层,提出了建立包含性别特异性诊断标准的模型的问题。越来越多的研究致力于了解心房颤动与性别有关的差异。本综述旨在回顾不同性别和不同情况下心房颤动生物标志物的动态变化,以了解这些性别差异是否会影响它们在心房颤动患者诊断和随访中的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Slope as an Endpoint in Cardiovascular Trials. 将估计肾小球滤过率斜率作为心血管试验的终点。
IF 3.8 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00668-8
Arsalan Hamid, Stephen J Greene, Ankit Mehta, Javed Butler, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan

Purpose of review: End stage kidney disease can be a slow process and it may be challenging to achieve required follow-up for sufficient events. Therefore, a surrogate kidney endpoint, such as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slope maybe attractive to assess the kidney in cardiovascular trials, especially heart failure (HF).

Recent findings: eGFR slope can generate informative results in a shorter follow-up period, has decreased risk of type-2 error, and is less sensitive to eGFR shifts compared with other surrogate kidney endpoints (eGFR decline≥40% or doubling creatinine). However, eGFR slope has its limitations with acute effects, heterogeneity in slope calculation/reporting, and deviations from linearity. eGFR slope is a kidney endpoint which may be well-suited for HF trials. Cross-collaborated guideline recommendations are needed to optimize the use of eGFR slope as a kidney endpoint in patients with HF.

审查目的:终末期肾病可能是一个缓慢的过程,要实现所需的充分事件随访可能具有挑战性。最近的研究结果:与其他替代肾脏终点(eGFR 下降≥40% 或肌酐翻倍)相比,eGFR 斜率能在较短的随访期内产生有参考价值的结果,减少 2 型错误的风险,对 eGFR 变化的敏感性较低。然而,eGFR 斜率也有其局限性,如急性效应、斜率计算/报告的异质性以及线性偏差等。为优化 eGFR 斜率作为肾脏终点在心房颤动患者中的应用,需要制定交叉合作的指南建议。
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引用次数: 0
Exergaming to Increase Physical Activity in Older Adults: Feasibility and Practical Implications. Exergaming to Increase Physical Activity in Older Adults:可行性和实际意义。
IF 3.8 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00675-9
Patrik Rytterström, Anna Strömberg, Tiny Jaarsma, Leonie Klompstra

Purpose of review: To evaluate the feasibility of exergaming among older adults, focusing on acceptability, demand, implementation, and practicality. Additionally, to offer practical implications based on the review's findings.

Recent findings: Exergaming is a safe for older adults, potentially increasing physical activity, balance, cognition, and mood. Despite these possible benefits, barriers such as unfamiliarity with equipment, complex controls, and unclear instructions may challenge older adults in exergaming. Based on the experience of older adults, they found exergaming enjoyable, particularly the social interactions. Exergaming was perceived as physically and cognitively demanding, with technical and safety challenges. Introducing exergaming requires thorough familiarization, including written and video instructions, follow-up support, and home accessibility. To be able to follow improvements during exergaming as well as age-appropriate challenges are important for successful integration into daily life. Based on these findings, an ExerGameFlow model for older adults was developed which provides practical implications for future design of exergames and interventions.

审查目的:从可接受性、需求、实施和实用性等方面,评估老年人参与电子游戏的可行性。此外,根据综述结果提出实际意义:外部游戏对老年人来说是安全的,有可能增加身体活动、平衡、认知和情绪。尽管有这些可能的益处,但诸如不熟悉设备、复杂的控制和不明确的说明等障碍可能会对老年人玩电子游戏造成挑战。根据老年人的经验,他们认为外部游戏很有趣,尤其是社交互动。他们认为电子游戏对体力和认知能力要求较高,在技术和安全方面存在挑战。引入电子游戏需要全面的熟悉,包括书面和视频指导、后续支持和家庭无障碍环境。要想成功融入日常生活,就必须能够跟踪外部游戏过程中的改进情况,以及与年龄相适应的挑战。基于这些发现,我们为老年人开发了一个ExerGameFlow模型,该模型为未来设计外部游戏和干预措施提供了实际意义。
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引用次数: 0
Cellular Alterations in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction. 免疫检查点抑制剂疗法导致的心功能障碍中的细胞变化
Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00652-2
Lars Michel, Peter Ferdinandy, Tienush Rassaf

Purpose of review: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has emerged as a pivotal advancement in cancer treatment, but the widespread adoption has given rise to a growing number of reports detailing significant cardiovascular toxicity. This review concentrates on elucidating the mechanisms behind ICI-related cardiovascular complications, emphasizing preclinical and mechanistic data.

Recent findings: Accumulating evidence indicates a more significant role of immune checkpoints in maintaining cardiac integrity than previously understood, and new key scientific data are available to improve our understanding of ICI-related cardiovascular toxicity, including hidden cardiotoxicity. New avenues for innovative concepts are hypothesized, and opportunities to leverage the knowledge from ICI-therapy for pioneering approaches in related scientific domains can be derived from the latest scientific projects. Cardiotoxicity from ICI therapy is a paramount challenge for cardio-oncology. Understanding the underlying effects builds the foundation for tailored cardioprotective approaches in the growing collective at risk for severe cardiovascular complications.

综述目的:免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)疗法已成为癌症治疗领域的一项重要进展,但其广泛应用也引发了越来越多关于心血管毒性的报道。这篇综述集中阐明了 ICI 相关心血管并发症背后的机制,强调了临床前和机理数据:不断积累的证据表明,免疫检查点在维持心脏完整性方面的作用比以前所理解的更为重要,而且新的关键科学数据的出现提高了我们对 ICI 相关心血管毒性(包括隐性心脏毒性)的认识。最新的科学项目提出了创新概念的新途径,并提供了在相关科学领域利用 ICI 治疗知识开创性方法的机会。ICI 疗法引起的心脏毒性是心脏肿瘤学面临的最大挑战。了解其潜在影响可为针对越来越多的严重心血管并发症高危人群量身定制心脏保护方法奠定基础。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Current Heart Failure Reports
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