Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-05-18DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829
Pai Li, Yi-Ju Lu, Huan Chen, Brad Day
Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system responsible for surveillance, perception, and the activation of defense. Plant immunity requires multiple signaling processes, the outcome of which vary according to the lifestyle of the invading pathogen(s). In short, these processes require the activation of host perception, the regulation of numerous signaling cascades, and transcriptome reprograming, all of which are highly dynamic in terms of temporal and spatial scales. At the same time, the development of a single immune event is subjective to the development of plant immune system, which is co-regulated by numerous processes, including plant ontogenesis and the host microbiome. In total, insight into each of these processes provides a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that govern plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the "lifecycle" of plant immunity: the development of individual events of defense, including both local and distal processes, as well as the development and regulation of the overall immune system by ontogenesis regulatory genes and environmental microbiota. In total, we will integrate the output of recent discoveries and theories, together with several hypothetical models, to present a dynamic portrait of plant immunity.
{"title":"The Lifecycle of the Plant Immune System.","authors":"Pai Li, Yi-Ju Lu, Huan Chen, Brad Day","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system responsible for surveillance, perception, and the activation of defense. Plant immunity requires multiple signaling processes, the outcome of which vary according to the lifestyle of the invading pathogen(s). In short, these processes require the activation of host perception, the regulation of numerous signaling cascades, and transcriptome reprograming, all of which are highly dynamic in terms of temporal and spatial scales. At the same time, the development of a single immune event is subjective to the development of plant immune system, which is co-regulated by numerous processes, including plant ontogenesis and the host microbiome. In total, insight into each of these processes provides a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that govern plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the \"lifecycle\" of plant immunity: the development of individual events of defense, including both local and distal processes, as well as the development and regulation of the overall immune system by ontogenesis regulatory genes and environmental microbiota. In total, we will integrate the output of recent discoveries and theories, together with several hypothetical models, to present a dynamic portrait of plant immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38729933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1707944
Kelly C S Rodrigues-Corrêa, A. Fett-Neto
Abstract Plants have developed several strategies to overcome the broad scope of environmental challenges imposed by biotic and abiotic stresses, including chemical defenses known as secondary metabolites, natural products or, more recently, specialized metabolites, i.e. chemicals often not present in all plant species, which are mostly involved in ecochemical interactions. Nonprotein amino acids (NPAAs) comprise a large heterogeneous group of nitrogen-containing specialized metabolites with wide distribution in the Plant Kingdom, commonly found in several genera of Fabaceae. Various examples of toxic effects attributed to the NPAAs on animal, microbial and other plant cells are known and often related to their structural similarities to protein amino acids (PAAs). However, NPAAs have also been shown to play important roles in planta as protectant molecules against oxidative damage, besides increasing tolerance of different plant species to a variety of abiotic-induced stresses, such as drought, salinity, and temperature. In this review, we discuss well-established and novel functions recently unveiled for NPAAs, besides alternative modes of action proposed for these metabolites as key mediators and effectors in responses to abiotic stresses.
{"title":"Abiotic Stresses and Non-Protein Amino Acids in Plants","authors":"Kelly C S Rodrigues-Corrêa, A. Fett-Neto","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2019.1707944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2019.1707944","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Plants have developed several strategies to overcome the broad scope of environmental challenges imposed by biotic and abiotic stresses, including chemical defenses known as secondary metabolites, natural products or, more recently, specialized metabolites, i.e. chemicals often not present in all plant species, which are mostly involved in ecochemical interactions. Nonprotein amino acids (NPAAs) comprise a large heterogeneous group of nitrogen-containing specialized metabolites with wide distribution in the Plant Kingdom, commonly found in several genera of Fabaceae. Various examples of toxic effects attributed to the NPAAs on animal, microbial and other plant cells are known and often related to their structural similarities to protein amino acids (PAAs). However, NPAAs have also been shown to play important roles in planta as protectant molecules against oxidative damage, besides increasing tolerance of different plant species to a variety of abiotic-induced stresses, such as drought, salinity, and temperature. In this review, we discuss well-established and novel functions recently unveiled for NPAAs, besides alternative modes of action proposed for these metabolites as key mediators and effectors in responses to abiotic stresses.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2019.1707944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47444386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1698129
I. Ginzberg, R. Stern
Abstract Skin cracking limits fruit quality and marketability. Suggested causes are environmental conditions, orchard management, and failure of the skin to resist surface tension due to fruit expansion. Fruit skin is made up of epidermis cells and cuticular matrix. Theoretical and experimental studies of skin mechanics, together with anatomical and molecular comparisons of cracking-susceptible vs. tolerant genotypes, suggest that increased cuticle thickness, high epidermal cell density and strong adhesion between neighboring cells are associated with cracking resistance. Calyx-end cracking disorder in apple is treated with a mixture of gibberellic acids 4 and 7 (GA4 + 7) and the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine (BA) early in fruit development. The treatment not only significantly reduces cracking incidence in the orchard, it also provides information on the cellular and molecular factors determining fruit-skin resistance to growth strain. BA + GA4 + 7 application results in an immediate increase in epidermal cell density that is maintained until fruit maturation. Moreover, the epidermal cells form clusters within the cuticular matrix, which may strengthen the cuticle by adding more cell-wall components and may enhance crack repair. Skin anatomical modifications are complemented by the expression of genes associated with epidermal cell patterning and cuticle formation. Gene-networking analysis supports the interaction between cell-wall synthesis, cuticle-formation, and GA-signaling gene clusters. Overall, data suggest that BA + GA4 + 7 treatment does not modify developmental cues, but promotes or enhances the innate developmental program. This review presents data on BA- and GA4 + 7-induced skin modifications that complement previously suggested models for cracking resistance in fruit. Knowledge gained on apple fruit skin traits may be applied to control cracking in other fruit as well.
{"title":"Control of Fruit Cracking by Shaping Skin Traits – Apple as a Model","authors":"I. Ginzberg, R. Stern","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2019.1698129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2019.1698129","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Skin cracking limits fruit quality and marketability. Suggested causes are environmental conditions, orchard management, and failure of the skin to resist surface tension due to fruit expansion. Fruit skin is made up of epidermis cells and cuticular matrix. Theoretical and experimental studies of skin mechanics, together with anatomical and molecular comparisons of cracking-susceptible vs. tolerant genotypes, suggest that increased cuticle thickness, high epidermal cell density and strong adhesion between neighboring cells are associated with cracking resistance. Calyx-end cracking disorder in apple is treated with a mixture of gibberellic acids 4 and 7 (GA4 + 7) and the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine (BA) early in fruit development. The treatment not only significantly reduces cracking incidence in the orchard, it also provides information on the cellular and molecular factors determining fruit-skin resistance to growth strain. BA + GA4 + 7 application results in an immediate increase in epidermal cell density that is maintained until fruit maturation. Moreover, the epidermal cells form clusters within the cuticular matrix, which may strengthen the cuticle by adding more cell-wall components and may enhance crack repair. Skin anatomical modifications are complemented by the expression of genes associated with epidermal cell patterning and cuticle formation. Gene-networking analysis supports the interaction between cell-wall synthesis, cuticle-formation, and GA-signaling gene clusters. Overall, data suggest that BA + GA4 + 7 treatment does not modify developmental cues, but promotes or enhances the innate developmental program. This review presents data on BA- and GA4 + 7-induced skin modifications that complement previously suggested models for cracking resistance in fruit. Knowledge gained on apple fruit skin traits may be applied to control cracking in other fruit as well.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2019.1698129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45159940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1682791
F. Scossa, Federico Roda, Takayuki Tohge, M. Georgiev, A. Fernie
Abstract Recent advances in genomics and metabolomics have made the study of specialized metabolism far more tractable than it was previously. Here we evaluate specialized metabolite pathways of Capsicum spp. (peppers), focusing mainly on carotenoids, flavonoids, and capsaicinoids as examples of classes of secondary metabolites. To place these data in the context of the evolution of metabolic pathways, we compare the extent of genomic and chemical diversity in several species of the nightshades (Solanaceae), the family to which pepper belongs. We further discuss the genetic mechanisms known to underly metabolic diversity prior to carrying out a detailed genomic study of the enzymes active in the pathways influencing fruit color and pungency. Using large-scale comparative analyses across 25 sequenced plant genomes, we identify orthologs of structural metabolic genes and discuss the data in terms of variation of gene family size and its impact on the diversity of secondary metabolites. Abbreviations BCAA: branched-chain amino acid; K-Pg: Cretaceous-Paleogene; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TE: transposable element; WGD: whole genome duplication
{"title":"The Hot and the Colorful: Understanding the Metabolism, Genetics and Evolution of Consumer Preferred Metabolic Traits in Pepper and Related Species","authors":"F. Scossa, Federico Roda, Takayuki Tohge, M. Georgiev, A. Fernie","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2019.1682791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2019.1682791","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent advances in genomics and metabolomics have made the study of specialized metabolism far more tractable than it was previously. Here we evaluate specialized metabolite pathways of Capsicum spp. (peppers), focusing mainly on carotenoids, flavonoids, and capsaicinoids as examples of classes of secondary metabolites. To place these data in the context of the evolution of metabolic pathways, we compare the extent of genomic and chemical diversity in several species of the nightshades (Solanaceae), the family to which pepper belongs. We further discuss the genetic mechanisms known to underly metabolic diversity prior to carrying out a detailed genomic study of the enzymes active in the pathways influencing fruit color and pungency. Using large-scale comparative analyses across 25 sequenced plant genomes, we identify orthologs of structural metabolic genes and discuss the data in terms of variation of gene family size and its impact on the diversity of secondary metabolites. Abbreviations BCAA: branched-chain amino acid; K-Pg: Cretaceous-Paleogene; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TE: transposable element; WGD: whole genome duplication","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2019.1682791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41359844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1653514
M. Barsoum, Björn Sabelleck, Pietro D. Spanu, R. Panstruga
Abstract Rust and powdery mildew fungi are widespread obligate biotrophic phytopathogens. They colonize a broad range monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous host plant species and in the case of crop plants can cause severe yield losses. While powdery mildews (Ascomycota) grow mainly epiphytically and infect the host epidermis, rust fungi (Basidiomycota) typically enter host tissues through stomata and spread within the intercellular spaces. Both fungal taxa have unusually large genomes that are rich in repetitive elements (mostly derived from retrotransposons) and experienced a convergent loss of genes usually present in free-living fungi compared to their respective relatives. Genomes of rust and powdery mildew fungi encode many candidates for secreted effector proteins thought to aid the suppression of defense and cell death or to mediate nutrient acquisition. Although the precise biochemical activity of most effector proteins remains obscure, candidate host targets have been identified for several of them. In addition, some effectors are perceived by matching plant immune receptors and thus serve as avirulence determinants in plant-fungus interactions. This review article summarizes the current knowledge of rust and powdery mildew effector proteins and raises and discusses urgent questions regarding future research. Abbreviations: AVR: avirulence protein; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescence complementation; CSEP: candidate secreted effector protein; ETI: effector-triggered immunity; f. sp.: forma specialis; ff. spp.: formae speciales; MS: mass spectrometry; RIP: repeat-induced point mutation; R protein: resistance protein; sRNA: small RNA; TE: transposable element; Y2H: yeast-2-hybrid.
{"title":"Rumble in the Effector Jungle: Candidate Effector Proteins in Interactions of Plants with Powdery Mildew and Rust Fungi","authors":"M. Barsoum, Björn Sabelleck, Pietro D. Spanu, R. Panstruga","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2019.1653514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2019.1653514","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rust and powdery mildew fungi are widespread obligate biotrophic phytopathogens. They colonize a broad range monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous host plant species and in the case of crop plants can cause severe yield losses. While powdery mildews (Ascomycota) grow mainly epiphytically and infect the host epidermis, rust fungi (Basidiomycota) typically enter host tissues through stomata and spread within the intercellular spaces. Both fungal taxa have unusually large genomes that are rich in repetitive elements (mostly derived from retrotransposons) and experienced a convergent loss of genes usually present in free-living fungi compared to their respective relatives. Genomes of rust and powdery mildew fungi encode many candidates for secreted effector proteins thought to aid the suppression of defense and cell death or to mediate nutrient acquisition. Although the precise biochemical activity of most effector proteins remains obscure, candidate host targets have been identified for several of them. In addition, some effectors are perceived by matching plant immune receptors and thus serve as avirulence determinants in plant-fungus interactions. This review article summarizes the current knowledge of rust and powdery mildew effector proteins and raises and discusses urgent questions regarding future research. Abbreviations: AVR: avirulence protein; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescence complementation; CSEP: candidate secreted effector protein; ETI: effector-triggered immunity; f. sp.: forma specialis; ff. spp.: formae speciales; MS: mass spectrometry; RIP: repeat-induced point mutation; R protein: resistance protein; sRNA: small RNA; TE: transposable element; Y2H: yeast-2-hybrid.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2019.1653514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46552597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1665778
T. Debener
Abstract Black spot in roses caused by the hemibiotrophic ascomycete Diplocarpon rosae (Wolf) (anamorph Marssonina rosae) is the most devastating disease of field grown roses and, therefore, affects both consumers of ornamental roses and commercial production. Chemical control of the disease is restricted by regulations, and consumers increasingly demand resistant varieties. As breeding black spot resistant rose varieties is complicated by its polyploid nature and the regular emergence of new pathogenic races of the pathogen, a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics of the interaction between the fungal parasite and its host is urgently needed. This review summarizes some investigations of the parasite and its interactions from early descriptions of the pathogen to recent molecular analyses of the fungus.
{"title":"The Beast and the Beauty: What Do we know about Black Spot in Roses?","authors":"T. Debener","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2019.1665778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2019.1665778","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Black spot in roses caused by the hemibiotrophic ascomycete Diplocarpon rosae (Wolf) (anamorph Marssonina rosae) is the most devastating disease of field grown roses and, therefore, affects both consumers of ornamental roses and commercial production. Chemical control of the disease is restricted by regulations, and consumers increasingly demand resistant varieties. As breeding black spot resistant rose varieties is complicated by its polyploid nature and the regular emergence of new pathogenic races of the pathogen, a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics of the interaction between the fungal parasite and its host is urgently needed. This review summarizes some investigations of the parasite and its interactions from early descriptions of the pathogen to recent molecular analyses of the fungus.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2019.1665778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41648310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1658856
Y. Wang, H. Ye, L. Liu, Jiahui Wu, W. Ru, Genlou Sun
Abstract Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., was first domesticated at about 8000 BCE. Throughout the domestication process, selection in the wild species resulted in the loss of seed shattering, minimization of seed dormancy, and an increase in both seed size and number. Three critical domestication traits were a non-brittle rachis, a six-rowed spike, and a naked caryopsis. After primary domestication, some adaptive traits subsequently developed, such as shortened seed dormancy and early flowering time, which are probably associated with genetic mutations affecting protein structure and function. Multiple genetic pathways formed a complex regulatory network due to interactions between the pathways. Recent studies on barley domestication genes have provided a framework for understanding how these traits evolved and have revealed that drastic changes in gene function occurred during domestication. In this paper, we review the current molecular insights into H. vulgare domestication and discuss the domestication genes that underlie morphological trait changes in the evolutionary history of barley.
{"title":"Molecular Insights on the Domestication of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)","authors":"Y. Wang, H. Ye, L. Liu, Jiahui Wu, W. Ru, Genlou Sun","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2019.1658856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2019.1658856","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., was first domesticated at about 8000 BCE. Throughout the domestication process, selection in the wild species resulted in the loss of seed shattering, minimization of seed dormancy, and an increase in both seed size and number. Three critical domestication traits were a non-brittle rachis, a six-rowed spike, and a naked caryopsis. After primary domestication, some adaptive traits subsequently developed, such as shortened seed dormancy and early flowering time, which are probably associated with genetic mutations affecting protein structure and function. Multiple genetic pathways formed a complex regulatory network due to interactions between the pathways. Recent studies on barley domestication genes have provided a framework for understanding how these traits evolved and have revealed that drastic changes in gene function occurred during domestication. In this paper, we review the current molecular insights into H. vulgare domestication and discuss the domestication genes that underlie morphological trait changes in the evolutionary history of barley.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2019.1658856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48946235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1673968
M. Soto, Breeanna R. Urbanowicz, M. Hahn
Abstract Plants frequently incorporate the monosaccharide l-fucose (Fuc; 6-deoxy-l-galactose) into glycans and glycopolymers located in diverse cellular locations. The incorporation of Fuc onto these varied glycans is carried out by fucosyltransferases (FUTs), that make up a protein superfamily with equally varied and diverse functions. The structures wherein Fuc is found have numerous proposed and validated functions, ranging from plant growth and development, cell expansion, adhesion, and signaling, to energy metabolism, among others. FUTs from several different plant species have been identified and described; however, very few of them have been extensively characterized biochemically and biologically. In this review, we summarize plant FUTs that have been biochemically characterized and biologically investigated for associated phenotypes, offering greater insight and understanding into the physiological importance of Fuc in plants and in plant cell wall structures, glycans, and proteins.
{"title":"Plant Fucosyltransferases and the Emerging Biological Importance of Fucosylated Plant Structures","authors":"M. Soto, Breeanna R. Urbanowicz, M. Hahn","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2019.1673968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2019.1673968","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Plants frequently incorporate the monosaccharide l-fucose (Fuc; 6-deoxy-l-galactose) into glycans and glycopolymers located in diverse cellular locations. The incorporation of Fuc onto these varied glycans is carried out by fucosyltransferases (FUTs), that make up a protein superfamily with equally varied and diverse functions. The structures wherein Fuc is found have numerous proposed and validated functions, ranging from plant growth and development, cell expansion, adhesion, and signaling, to energy metabolism, among others. FUTs from several different plant species have been identified and described; however, very few of them have been extensively characterized biochemically and biologically. In this review, we summarize plant FUTs that have been biochemically characterized and biologically investigated for associated phenotypes, offering greater insight and understanding into the physiological importance of Fuc in plants and in plant cell wall structures, glycans, and proteins.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2019.1673968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43001219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1665769
H. Ghanizadeh, C. Buddenhagen, K. Harrington, T. James
Abstract The number of herbicide-resistant weeds is increasing globally. A successful management practice requires an understanding of how resistance traits are inherited. Weed scientists worldwide have investigated the mode of inheritance for herbicide resistance in weeds. Depending on the resistance gene/mechanism, varied patterns of inheritance have been documented in weed species. In most of the target-enzyme mechanism cases, the mode of inheritance involves a single nuclear gene. However, maternal (cytoplasmic) inheritance has also been documented for triazine-resistant weeds with the target-enzyme mutation mechanism of resistance. Resistance from target-enzyme overexpression is not always associated with the single-gene model of inheritance. Depending on the type of resistance, allelic dominance varies between complete dominance, semi-dominance and recessive for both target-enzyme mutation and target-enzyme overexpression mechanisms. The nontarget site mechanism of resistance is however, more complex. The pattern of inheritance in weeds with nontarget site resistance is quite variable and should be investigated case by case. The pattern of inheritance has a crucial role in the dynamics of herbicide-resistance within a weed population, and knowledge about the inheritance of herbicide resistance traits could help develop predictive models and novel strategies to prevent the spread of resistance allele(s).
{"title":"The Genetic Inheritance of Herbicide Resistance in Weeds","authors":"H. Ghanizadeh, C. Buddenhagen, K. Harrington, T. James","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2019.1665769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2019.1665769","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The number of herbicide-resistant weeds is increasing globally. A successful management practice requires an understanding of how resistance traits are inherited. Weed scientists worldwide have investigated the mode of inheritance for herbicide resistance in weeds. Depending on the resistance gene/mechanism, varied patterns of inheritance have been documented in weed species. In most of the target-enzyme mechanism cases, the mode of inheritance involves a single nuclear gene. However, maternal (cytoplasmic) inheritance has also been documented for triazine-resistant weeds with the target-enzyme mutation mechanism of resistance. Resistance from target-enzyme overexpression is not always associated with the single-gene model of inheritance. Depending on the type of resistance, allelic dominance varies between complete dominance, semi-dominance and recessive for both target-enzyme mutation and target-enzyme overexpression mechanisms. The nontarget site mechanism of resistance is however, more complex. The pattern of inheritance in weeds with nontarget site resistance is quite variable and should be investigated case by case. The pattern of inheritance has a crucial role in the dynamics of herbicide-resistance within a weed population, and knowledge about the inheritance of herbicide resistance traits could help develop predictive models and novel strategies to prevent the spread of resistance allele(s).","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2019.1665769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45903075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517
R. Lücking
Abstract Classification is the most important approach to cataloging biological diversity. It serves as a principal means of communication between scientific disciplines, as well as between scientists on one hand and lawmakers and the public on the other. Up to the present, classification of plants, fungi, and animals follows the fundamental principles laid out more than 250 years ago by Linnaeus, with less changes in the formalistic approach although with somewhat diverging rules for plants and fungi on one hand and animals on the other. Linnean classifications obey two fundamental rules, the binomial as basic format for species names, including a genus-level name and a specific epithet, and rank-based higher classifications, with the main ranks encompassing genus, family, order, class, phylum (division), and kingdom. Given that molecular phylogenies have reshaped our understanding of natural relationships between organisms, and following the cladistic principle of monophyly which defines groups but not ranks, it has been repeatedly argued that rank assignments are artificial and subjective, with the suggestion to either abandon rank-based classifications altogether or apply more objective criteria to determine ranks. The most fundamental of such approaches has been the correlation of rank with geological (evolutionary) age, first established by Hennig in the middle of the past century and around the turn of the millenium formalized as “temporal banding,” based on the advent of the molecular clock. While initially the temporal banding approach received less attention, in the past ten years several major studies mostly in vertebrates (birds, mammals) and fungi (chiefly lichenized lineages) have proposed novel classifications based on a strict temporal banding approach, partly with highly disruptive results. In this paper, the temporal banding approach is critically revised, pointing out strengths and flaws, and “best practice” recommendations are given how to employ this technique properly and with care to improve existing classifications while avoiding unnecessary disruptions. A main conclusion is that taxa recognized at the same rank do not have to be comparable in age, diversity, or disparity, or any other single criterion, but their ranking should follow integrative principles that best reflect their individual evolutionary history. In a critical appraisal of changes to the classification of Lecanoromycetes (lichenized Fungi) proposed based on temporal banding, the following amendments are accepted: Ostropales split into Graphidales, Gyalectales, Ostropales s.str., and Thelenellales; Arctomiales, Hymeneliales, and Trapeliales subsumed under Baeomycetales; Letrouitiaceae subsumed under Brigantiaeaceae; Lobariaceae and Nephromataceae subsumed under Peltigeraceae; Miltideaceae subsumed under Agyriaceae, and Protoparmeloideae and Austromelanelixia as new subfamily and genus within Parmeliaceae. The following changes are not accepted: Rhizocarpale
摘要分类是对生物多样性进行编目的最重要方法。它是科学学科之间以及科学家与立法者和公众之间沟通的主要手段。到目前为止，植物、真菌和动物的分类遵循250多项基本原则 几年前，林奈对形式主义方法的改变较少，尽管对植物和真菌以及动物的规则有所不同。林奈分类遵循两个基本规则，二项式是物种名称的基本格式，包括属级名称和特定的称谓，以及基于等级的更高分类，主要等级包括属、科、目、纲、门（科）和界。鉴于分子系统发育重塑了我们对生物体之间自然关系的理解，并且遵循单系分支原则（定义群体而非等级），人们一再认为等级分配是人为的和主观的，建议要么完全放弃基于等级的分类，要么应用更客观的标准来确定等级。这些方法中最基本的是等级与地质（进化）年龄的相关性，这是Hennig在上个世纪中期和千禧年前后首次建立的，基于分子钟的出现，被正式化为“时间带”。虽然最初时间带方法受到的关注较少，但在过去十年中，几项主要针对脊椎动物（鸟类、哺乳动物）和真菌（主要是地衣谱系）的主要研究提出了基于严格时间带方法的新分类，部分结果极具破坏性。在本文中，对时间条带方法进行了严格修订，指出了其优势和缺陷，并提出了如何正确使用这项技术的“最佳实践”建议，以改进现有的分类，同时避免不必要的干扰。一个主要结论是，在同一级别上被认可的分类群不必在年龄、多样性或差异或任何其他单一标准上具有可比性，但它们的排名应该遵循最能反映其个体进化史的综合原则。在对基于时间条带提出的地衣化真菌分类变化的批判性评估中，接受了以下修改：Ostropales分为Graphidales、Gyalectales、Ostropales.str.和Thelenellales；弓形虫目、海绵藻目和斜方虫目归入放线菌目；灯心草科，归入百香草科；龙须菜科和肾花科归入水芹科；Miltideaceae隶属于Agyriaceae，Protoparmeloideae和Austromelanelia是Parmeliaceae中新的亚科和属。以下变化不被接受：根果类分为根果类和孢子类（无信息获取）；Sarrameanales分为Sarrameanales.str.和Schaereriales（无信息增益）；碳螺科归入Lecanoaceae之下（拓扑冲突）；Graphidaceae分为Diploscitaceae、Fissurinaceae、Graphidaeae s.str.、Thelotremataceae（无信息获取，拓扑冲突）；Ochrolechiaceae可分为Ochrolethiaceae s.str.、Varicellariaceae和Variolariaceae（没有获得信息，命名不正确）；茯苓科被毛霉菌科取代（命名不正确）；Ramalinaceae分裂为Biatoraceae和Ramalinacae s.str.（无信息获取，拓扑冲突）；立体茎科，归入枝孢科（命名不正确）；Thrombiaceae包含在Protothelenellaceae之下（拓扑冲突）；以及所有提出的Parmeliaceae属级同义词。新的真菌分类群：新的Odontotrematales Lücking ordo nov.目是根据拓扑基础为Odontotremateaceae s.str.科建立的。
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