Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2021.1911034
A. Horn, A. Pascal, Isidora Lončarević, Raíssa Volpatto Marques, Yi Lu, Sissi Miguel, F. Bourgaud, M. Thorsteinsdóttir, N. Cronberg, J. Becker, R. Reski, H. T. Simonsen
Abstract Natural products from plants have served mankind in a wide range of applications, such as medicines, perfumes, or flavoring agents. For this reason, synthesis, regulation and function of plant-derived chemicals, as well as the evolution of metabolic diversity, has attracted researchers all around the world. In particular, vascular plants have been subject to such analyses due to prevalent characteristics such as appearance, fragrance, and ecological settings. In contrast, bryophytes, constituting the second largest group of plants in terms of species number, have been mostly overlooked in this regard, potentially due to their seemingly tiny, simple and obscure nature. However, the identification of highly interesting chemicals from bryophytes with potential for biotechnological exploitation is changing this perception. Bryophytes offer a high degree of biochemical complexity, as a consequence of their ecological and genetic diversification, which enable them to prosper in various, often very harsh habitats. The number of bioactive compounds isolated from bryophytes is growing rapidly. The rapidly increasing wealth of bryophyte genetics opens doors to functional and comparative genomics approaches, including disentangling of the biosynthesis of potentially interesting chemicals, mining for novel gene families and tracing the evolutionary history of metabolic pathways. Throughout the last decades, the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens) has moved from being a model plant together with Marchantia polymorpha in fundamental biology into an attractive host for the production of biotechnologically relevant compounds such as biopharmaceuticals. In the future, bryophytes like the moss P. patens might also be attractive candidates for the production of novel bryophyte-derived chemicals of commercial interest. This review provides a comprehensive overview of natural product research in bryophytes from different perspectives together with biotechnological advances throughout the last decade.
{"title":"Natural Products from Bryophytes: From Basic Biology to Biotechnological Applications","authors":"A. Horn, A. Pascal, Isidora Lončarević, Raíssa Volpatto Marques, Yi Lu, Sissi Miguel, F. Bourgaud, M. Thorsteinsdóttir, N. Cronberg, J. Becker, R. Reski, H. T. Simonsen","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2021.1911034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2021.1911034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Natural products from plants have served mankind in a wide range of applications, such as medicines, perfumes, or flavoring agents. For this reason, synthesis, regulation and function of plant-derived chemicals, as well as the evolution of metabolic diversity, has attracted researchers all around the world. In particular, vascular plants have been subject to such analyses due to prevalent characteristics such as appearance, fragrance, and ecological settings. In contrast, bryophytes, constituting the second largest group of plants in terms of species number, have been mostly overlooked in this regard, potentially due to their seemingly tiny, simple and obscure nature. However, the identification of highly interesting chemicals from bryophytes with potential for biotechnological exploitation is changing this perception. Bryophytes offer a high degree of biochemical complexity, as a consequence of their ecological and genetic diversification, which enable them to prosper in various, often very harsh habitats. The number of bioactive compounds isolated from bryophytes is growing rapidly. The rapidly increasing wealth of bryophyte genetics opens doors to functional and comparative genomics approaches, including disentangling of the biosynthesis of potentially interesting chemicals, mining for novel gene families and tracing the evolutionary history of metabolic pathways. Throughout the last decades, the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens) has moved from being a model plant together with Marchantia polymorpha in fundamental biology into an attractive host for the production of biotechnologically relevant compounds such as biopharmaceuticals. In the future, bryophytes like the moss P. patens might also be attractive candidates for the production of novel bryophyte-derived chemicals of commercial interest. This review provides a comprehensive overview of natural product research in bryophytes from different perspectives together with biotechnological advances throughout the last decade.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2021.1911034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41915756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2021.1923185
A. Das, M. Choudhary, Pardeep Kumar, Chikkappa Gangadhar Karjagi, Yathish Kr, Ramesh Kumar, Alla Singh, Santosh Kumar, S. Rakshit
Abstract Heterosis has been widely exploited in plants and animals, and also revolutionized agriculture by improving important agronomic traits. However, the molecular mechanism is still remaining elusive. Though different classical models, viz., dominance, overdominance and epistasis still holds true, the recent studies on epigenomics, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomics and circadian model have provided new insights. Multigene models have been proposed as the basis of complementation of allelic and gene expression variation, which is a major probable contributor to heterosis. The evolving epigenetic and genomic field put forward the role of interaction of alleles from different parental genomes in reprogramming the genes involved in stress tolerance, fitness and growth of hybrids. In the majority of the studies, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies have found many complex regulatory network changes in genetic, epigenetic, regulatory and biochemical levels and only a few patterns could be established. Thus, heterosis is the outcome of the series of interactions in the genomes. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications of the circadian clock genes and their reciprocal regulators were reported to regulate the expression of downstream genes and pathways leading to more product accumulation in hybrids. Moreover, the majority of the epigenetic studies are limited to Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays, however, such studies on different crops may further bring more insights on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in determining heterosis. Further, none of the models is capable to explain heterosis alone which reflects the limitations of the individual model. The present review critically assesses different theories from different fields and also unravels the existing rapid methods to exploit them.
{"title":"Heterosis in Genomic Era: Advances in the Molecular Understanding and Techniques for Rapid Exploitation","authors":"A. Das, M. Choudhary, Pardeep Kumar, Chikkappa Gangadhar Karjagi, Yathish Kr, Ramesh Kumar, Alla Singh, Santosh Kumar, S. Rakshit","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2021.1923185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2021.1923185","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Heterosis has been widely exploited in plants and animals, and also revolutionized agriculture by improving important agronomic traits. However, the molecular mechanism is still remaining elusive. Though different classical models, viz., dominance, overdominance and epistasis still holds true, the recent studies on epigenomics, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomics and circadian model have provided new insights. Multigene models have been proposed as the basis of complementation of allelic and gene expression variation, which is a major probable contributor to heterosis. The evolving epigenetic and genomic field put forward the role of interaction of alleles from different parental genomes in reprogramming the genes involved in stress tolerance, fitness and growth of hybrids. In the majority of the studies, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies have found many complex regulatory network changes in genetic, epigenetic, regulatory and biochemical levels and only a few patterns could be established. Thus, heterosis is the outcome of the series of interactions in the genomes. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications of the circadian clock genes and their reciprocal regulators were reported to regulate the expression of downstream genes and pathways leading to more product accumulation in hybrids. Moreover, the majority of the epigenetic studies are limited to Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays, however, such studies on different crops may further bring more insights on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in determining heterosis. Further, none of the models is capable to explain heterosis alone which reflects the limitations of the individual model. The present review critically assesses different theories from different fields and also unravels the existing rapid methods to exploit them.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2021.1923185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42655804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2021.1935719
Shanfa Lu
Abstract Salvia miltiorrhiza is one of the most well known species in the genus Salvia of the Lamiaceae with great economic, academic and medicinal value. It was recorded as a traditional Chinese medicine material first in about the second century BC and later in many other ancient books. Salvia miltiorrhiza can be clinically used alone or mixed with other herbs to treat heart and cardiovascular diseases and is beneficial for management of many other diseases. In the last 30 years, S. miltiorrhiza has been studied intensively as a model system for medicinal plant biology. With the available of whole genome sequence of four S. miltiorrhiza lines and a large number of transcriptome, sRNAome and metabolome data, great progresses have been made in biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of bioactive compounds, such as tanshinones, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and prenylquinones. In this review, the recent results in the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive compounds in S. miltiorrhiza were summarized. The effects of biotic and abtiotic factors, plant hormones, transcription factors and noncoding RNAs on bioactive compound biosynthesis were overviewed. The mechanism of cross-talk and coordination among different biosynthetic pathways and the progress of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for various bioactive compounds are also reviewed and discussed.
{"title":"Biosynthesis and Regulatory Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a Model System for Medicinal Plant Biology","authors":"Shanfa Lu","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2021.1935719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2021.1935719","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Salvia miltiorrhiza is one of the most well known species in the genus Salvia of the Lamiaceae with great economic, academic and medicinal value. It was recorded as a traditional Chinese medicine material first in about the second century BC and later in many other ancient books. Salvia miltiorrhiza can be clinically used alone or mixed with other herbs to treat heart and cardiovascular diseases and is beneficial for management of many other diseases. In the last 30 years, S. miltiorrhiza has been studied intensively as a model system for medicinal plant biology. With the available of whole genome sequence of four S. miltiorrhiza lines and a large number of transcriptome, sRNAome and metabolome data, great progresses have been made in biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of bioactive compounds, such as tanshinones, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and prenylquinones. In this review, the recent results in the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive compounds in S. miltiorrhiza were summarized. The effects of biotic and abtiotic factors, plant hormones, transcription factors and noncoding RNAs on bioactive compound biosynthesis were overviewed. The mechanism of cross-talk and coordination among different biosynthetic pathways and the progress of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for various bioactive compounds are also reviewed and discussed.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2021.1935719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45438927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2021.1898083
Su-yan Zhang, Jie Yang, Hongquan Li, V. Chiang, Yujie Fu
Abstract Flavonoids and lignin are valuable phytochemicals derived from plant secondary metabolism and play important roles in regulating multiple plant developmental processes and signaling networks. The biosynthetic pathways leading to flavonoids and lignin are known to be originated from the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Key regulators controlling the pathway structural genes have been isolated from many species. However, cooperative regulations of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis and the resulting effects on the carbon flow in the general phenylpropanoid pathway have not systematically summarized and discussed. New discoveries have begun to reveal that the biosynthesis of flavonoids and lignin are linked through transcription regulatory networks sharing certain specific regulators, such as transcription factors, mediators and microRNAs. This review article summarizes recent progress on function and mechanism of these regulators and assesses how they co-modulate the biosynthesis of flavonoids and lignin. A simplified discussion for the different co-regulation networks involved with flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis is proposed.
{"title":"Cooperative Regulation of Flavonoid and Lignin Biosynthesis in Plants","authors":"Su-yan Zhang, Jie Yang, Hongquan Li, V. Chiang, Yujie Fu","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2021.1898083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2021.1898083","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flavonoids and lignin are valuable phytochemicals derived from plant secondary metabolism and play important roles in regulating multiple plant developmental processes and signaling networks. The biosynthetic pathways leading to flavonoids and lignin are known to be originated from the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Key regulators controlling the pathway structural genes have been isolated from many species. However, cooperative regulations of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis and the resulting effects on the carbon flow in the general phenylpropanoid pathway have not systematically summarized and discussed. New discoveries have begun to reveal that the biosynthesis of flavonoids and lignin are linked through transcription regulatory networks sharing certain specific regulators, such as transcription factors, mediators and microRNAs. This review article summarizes recent progress on function and mechanism of these regulators and assesses how they co-modulate the biosynthesis of flavonoids and lignin. A simplified discussion for the different co-regulation networks involved with flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis is proposed.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2021.1898083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47035085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Under natural conditions plants are not individual entities; they are associated with diverse microbiota to form the plant holobiont. The concept of plant holobiont is being actively explored to address the issues related to plant’s health. Endophytes are a class of plant-associated microbes, which reside within the internal tissues of plants. They have been ubiquitously reported in all plants investigated so far. The plant-endophyte interactions may exhibit different modes of symbiotic association, ranging from beneficial (mutualism), neutral (commensal), to even pathogenic. Although we have a fair idea of the factors affecting plant-microbe interactions, the intricacies involved in fine-tuning their association are just beginning to unfold. Some of the pertinent questions surrounding the plant-endophyte symbiosis include: how are endophytes different from other beneficial microbes like rhizobia, mycorrhizae, and rhizobacteria? What mechanisms ensure that endophytes gain an unsurpassed entry and colonization into plants without eliciting a strong defense reaction? Why do different strains of the same microbial species enter into diverse modes of symbiotic association with plants? What factors cause the switch in the lifestyle of endophytes? In the present review, these questions have been addressed in the light of recent data and finally, concluded with gaps in endophyte research, which could be deliberated in future endeavors.
{"title":"An Ecological Insight into the Multifaceted World of Plant-Endophyte Association","authors":"Sushma Mishra, Annapurna Bhattacharjee, Shilpi Sharma","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2021.1901044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2021.1901044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Under natural conditions plants are not individual entities; they are associated with diverse microbiota to form the plant holobiont. The concept of plant holobiont is being actively explored to address the issues related to plant’s health. Endophytes are a class of plant-associated microbes, which reside within the internal tissues of plants. They have been ubiquitously reported in all plants investigated so far. The plant-endophyte interactions may exhibit different modes of symbiotic association, ranging from beneficial (mutualism), neutral (commensal), to even pathogenic. Although we have a fair idea of the factors affecting plant-microbe interactions, the intricacies involved in fine-tuning their association are just beginning to unfold. Some of the pertinent questions surrounding the plant-endophyte symbiosis include: how are endophytes different from other beneficial microbes like rhizobia, mycorrhizae, and rhizobacteria? What mechanisms ensure that endophytes gain an unsurpassed entry and colonization into plants without eliciting a strong defense reaction? Why do different strains of the same microbial species enter into diverse modes of symbiotic association with plants? What factors cause the switch in the lifestyle of endophytes? In the present review, these questions have been addressed in the light of recent data and finally, concluded with gaps in endophyte research, which could be deliberated in future endeavors.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2021.1901044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42720409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2021.1915228
Michael F Schwartz, R. Peters, Aitch Hunt, Abdul-Khaliq Abdul-Matin, Lisa Van den Broeck, Rosangela Sozzani
Abstract In contrast to animals, which complete organogenesis early in their development, plants continuously produce organs, and structures throughout their entire lifecycle. Plants achieve the continuous growth of organs through the initiation and maintenance of meristems that populate the plant body. Plants contain two apical meristems, one at the shoot and one root, to produce the lateral organs of the shoot and the cell files of the root, respectively. Additional meristems within the plant produce branches while others produce the cell types within the vasculature system. Throughout development, plants must balance producing organs and maintaining their meristems, which requires tightly controlled regulations. This review focuses on the various plant meristems, how cells within these meristems maintain their identity, and particularly the molecular players that regulate stem cell maintenance. In addition, we summarize cell types which share molecular features with meristems, but do not follow the same rules regarding maintenance, including pericycle and rachis founder cells. Together, these populations of cells contribute to the entire organogenesis of plants.
{"title":"Divide and Conquer: The Initiation and Proliferation of Meristems","authors":"Michael F Schwartz, R. Peters, Aitch Hunt, Abdul-Khaliq Abdul-Matin, Lisa Van den Broeck, Rosangela Sozzani","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2021.1915228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2021.1915228","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In contrast to animals, which complete organogenesis early in their development, plants continuously produce organs, and structures throughout their entire lifecycle. Plants achieve the continuous growth of organs through the initiation and maintenance of meristems that populate the plant body. Plants contain two apical meristems, one at the shoot and one root, to produce the lateral organs of the shoot and the cell files of the root, respectively. Additional meristems within the plant produce branches while others produce the cell types within the vasculature system. Throughout development, plants must balance producing organs and maintaining their meristems, which requires tightly controlled regulations. This review focuses on the various plant meristems, how cells within these meristems maintain their identity, and particularly the molecular players that regulate stem cell maintenance. In addition, we summarize cell types which share molecular features with meristems, but do not follow the same rules regarding maintenance, including pericycle and rachis founder cells. Together, these populations of cells contribute to the entire organogenesis of plants.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2021.1915228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41675053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2021.1920731
R. Gill, F. Scossa, G. King, Agnieszka A. Golicz, Chaobo Tong, R. Snowdon, A. Fernie, Shengyi Liu
Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) represent a major and variable portion of plant genomes, and recent progress in genetics and genomics has highlighted the importance of different TE species as a useful genetic tool in crop breeding. TEs can cause changes in the pattern of gene expression, and regulate gene function by various means such as cis- up- or down-regulation of nearby genes through insertion at promoter, intron, exon and down-stream regions, and trans-production of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) via two RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathways. siRNAs generated through different RdDM pathways differ in length and have variable effects on TEs. For instance, noncoding siRNAs of 20–60 nt produced by RNA polymerase IV (dicer-independent) and 21/22 nt by Pol II (dicer-dependent) have only minor effects on TEs compared with 24 nt siRNAs produced by Pol IV (dicer-dependent pathways). Following whole-genome duplication (WGD) events after polyploidization in allopolyploids, TEs from either parent are able to induce siRNAs to regulate the complex polyploid genome. Those designated as ‘controllers’ usually reside in the dominant parent and affect the TEs of the recessive parent. Subgenome cross-talk thus appears to contribute to epigenetic regulation as well as reshuffling or restructuring of subgenomes and creation of novel patterns of genes expression/and variation in local or global copy number. In this review, we focus on recent progress in unraveling the role of TEs in gene expression regulation via TE-derived siRNAs in the context of polyploid plant evolution and environmental stress, and explore how ancient WGD and recent polyploidy affected the evolution of TE-induced epigenetic mechanisms.
{"title":"On the Role of Transposable Elements in the Regulation of Gene Expression and Subgenomic Interactions in Crop Genomes","authors":"R. Gill, F. Scossa, G. King, Agnieszka A. Golicz, Chaobo Tong, R. Snowdon, A. Fernie, Shengyi Liu","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2021.1920731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2021.1920731","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) represent a major and variable portion of plant genomes, and recent progress in genetics and genomics has highlighted the importance of different TE species as a useful genetic tool in crop breeding. TEs can cause changes in the pattern of gene expression, and regulate gene function by various means such as cis- up- or down-regulation of nearby genes through insertion at promoter, intron, exon and down-stream regions, and trans-production of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) via two RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathways. siRNAs generated through different RdDM pathways differ in length and have variable effects on TEs. For instance, noncoding siRNAs of 20–60 nt produced by RNA polymerase IV (dicer-independent) and 21/22 nt by Pol II (dicer-dependent) have only minor effects on TEs compared with 24 nt siRNAs produced by Pol IV (dicer-dependent pathways). Following whole-genome duplication (WGD) events after polyploidization in allopolyploids, TEs from either parent are able to induce siRNAs to regulate the complex polyploid genome. Those designated as ‘controllers’ usually reside in the dominant parent and affect the TEs of the recessive parent. Subgenome cross-talk thus appears to contribute to epigenetic regulation as well as reshuffling or restructuring of subgenomes and creation of novel patterns of genes expression/and variation in local or global copy number. In this review, we focus on recent progress in unraveling the role of TEs in gene expression regulation via TE-derived siRNAs in the context of polyploid plant evolution and environmental stress, and explore how ancient WGD and recent polyploidy affected the evolution of TE-induced epigenetic mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2021.1920731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44574571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2020.1865637
Yuqing Zhao, Zhong-wei Zhang, Yanger Chen, C. Ding, S. Yuan, R. Reiter, M. Yuan
Abstract Delaying early leaf senescence is important for improving photosynthetic efficiency and crop productivity. Melatonin, a multitasking bio-stimulator, participates widely in plant development and stress responses. In recent years, the cumulative researches show that melatonin has the ability to delay senescence in plants. This review covers the most recent advances on the mechanisms of melatonin-mediated leaf senescence. Melatonin biosynthesis in senescing leaves employs an alternative pathway and is significantly regulated by light. Melatonin increases the thickness of leaf cuticle, wax accumulation and the ratio of palisade/spongy of senescing leaves to maintain intact leaf structure. Melatonin eliminates free radicals through a scavenging cascade reaction and induces antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes; and provides better protection against lipid peroxidation via arranging parallel to the bilayers at high concentration. Meanwhile, melatonin’s ability to ensure high photosynthetic efficiency is predominantly attributed to the reduction of chlorophylls and chloroplast proteins degradation, and the acceleration of chlorophyll de novo synthesis. The dual role of melatonin-regulated autophagy is beneficial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. NACs, WRKYs and DREBs play essential roles in melatonin-controlled transcriptional reprogramming of senescing leaves. Additionally, melatonin improves the activity of cytokinin and auxin; and inhibits the action of abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid to impact indirectly leaf senescence. Epigenetic modification may be part of mechanisms of melatonin-mediated alterations in gene expression. Moreover, selection of germplasms rich in melatonin and application of genetic modification in agriculture are extensively discussed. Further studies are needed to detail the mechanisms of melatonin-mediated signaling transduction in leaf senescence.
{"title":"Melatonin: A Potential Agent in Delaying Leaf Senescence","authors":"Yuqing Zhao, Zhong-wei Zhang, Yanger Chen, C. Ding, S. Yuan, R. Reiter, M. Yuan","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2020.1865637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2020.1865637","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Delaying early leaf senescence is important for improving photosynthetic efficiency and crop productivity. Melatonin, a multitasking bio-stimulator, participates widely in plant development and stress responses. In recent years, the cumulative researches show that melatonin has the ability to delay senescence in plants. This review covers the most recent advances on the mechanisms of melatonin-mediated leaf senescence. Melatonin biosynthesis in senescing leaves employs an alternative pathway and is significantly regulated by light. Melatonin increases the thickness of leaf cuticle, wax accumulation and the ratio of palisade/spongy of senescing leaves to maintain intact leaf structure. Melatonin eliminates free radicals through a scavenging cascade reaction and induces antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes; and provides better protection against lipid peroxidation via arranging parallel to the bilayers at high concentration. Meanwhile, melatonin’s ability to ensure high photosynthetic efficiency is predominantly attributed to the reduction of chlorophylls and chloroplast proteins degradation, and the acceleration of chlorophyll de novo synthesis. The dual role of melatonin-regulated autophagy is beneficial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. NACs, WRKYs and DREBs play essential roles in melatonin-controlled transcriptional reprogramming of senescing leaves. Additionally, melatonin improves the activity of cytokinin and auxin; and inhibits the action of abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid to impact indirectly leaf senescence. Epigenetic modification may be part of mechanisms of melatonin-mediated alterations in gene expression. Moreover, selection of germplasms rich in melatonin and application of genetic modification in agriculture are extensively discussed. Further studies are needed to detail the mechanisms of melatonin-mediated signaling transduction in leaf senescence.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07352689.2020.1865637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47236132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2021.1883826
S. Singer, J. Laurie, A. Bilichak, Santosh Kumar, Jaswinder Singh
Abstract For thousands of years, humans have been improving crops to better suit their needs. These enhancements are driven by changes in the genetic makeup of the plant. While this was initially unintentional, there has been a steady push to increase the pace and precision of crop breeding, something that has occurred alongside a growing understanding of genetics and an escalating capacity to thoroughly assess genomes at the molecular level. With the advent and rapid uptake of molecular breeding techniques, such as transgenics and genome editing over the past few decades, there has been much trepidation regarding the possibility of off-target effects derived from unanticipated mutations at loci other than those intended for alteration, and the unintended risks that this might confer. These concerns persist regardless of the fact that a growing number of studies indicate that the occurrence of off-target mutations derived from newer biotechnological breeding techniques are negligible compared to what is observed with many conventional breeding approaches, and even spontaneously from one generation to the next. Given the impending food security crisis that we are facing in the short-term, there is a critical need to implement a wide range of breeding tools as a means of meeting growing demand, withstanding climate change-related pressures, increasing nutrition, and providing environmental benefits. While food safety is clearly of the utmost importance, now is certainly not the time to prevent the use of particular breeding technologies based on unfounded doubts. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to shed light on these apprehensions by putting purported “risks” into the context of plant breeding as a whole by comparing frequencies of spontaneous mutations with those (both anticipated and unanticipated) that occur through various conventional and biotechnological breeding approaches, including transgenics and genome editing. We then consider how these changes may, or may not, translate into unanticipated risk, and discuss the current global regulatory asynchrony surrounding genome edited crops.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2020.1866829
S. Anwar, Eric Brenya, Yagiz Alagoz, C. Cazzonelli
Abstract Carotenoids are secondary metabolites synthesized in plastids that function in photosynthesis, photoprotection, growth and development of plants. Carotenoids contribute to the yellowish, orange and pinkish-red hues of leaves, flowers and fruits, as well as various aromas. They provide substrates for the biosynthesis of phytohormones and are cleavable into smaller apocarotenoids that function as retrograde signals and/or mediate intracellular communication as well as regulate gene transcription and/or protein translation. Carotenoid biosynthesis and gene regulation are tightly coordinated with tissue-specific plastid differentiation, seedling morphogenesis, fruit development, and prevailing environmental growth conditions such as light, temperature and mycorrhizal interactions. In the last decade, epigenetic processes have been linked to the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis, accumulation and degradation during plant development. Next-generation sequencing approaches have shed new light on key rate-limiting steps in carotenoid pathways targeted by epigenetic modifications that synchronize carotenoid accumulation with plastid development and morphogenesis. We discuss how histone modifications (methylation and acetylation), DNA methylation and demethylation, as well as small RNA gene silencing processes can modulate carotenoid biosynthesis, accumulation and apocarotenoid generation throughout the plants’ life cycle: from seed germination to fruit morphogenesis. This review highlights how apocarotenoid signals regulate plastid biogenesis and gene expression in sync with chromatin alterations during skotomorphogenesis and photo-morphogenesis. We provide a new perspective based upon emerging evidence that supports a likely role for carotenoids in contributing to the programming and/or maintenance of the plants' epigenetic landscape.
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