Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2109866
Saravanappriyan Kamali, Amarjeet Singh
Abstract Jasmonates (JAs) are known for their roles in plant defense and growth regulation. In recent years their roles in nutrient uptake and homeostasis have been explored. Regulation of nutrients uptake is crucial to maintain their optimum level in normal and deficient conditions. Under the deficiency of different nutrients, plants show unique responses like altered root growth, remodeling of root system architecture (RSA), induction of nutrient uptake-related genes, activation of nutrient transporters, and nutrient reallocation. JAs have been shown to regulate these responses in the variable availability of macro-and micronutrients. Emerging evidences revealed that in response to deficiency of macronutrients, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K+), JA biosynthesis pathway is activated. JA signaling pathway has been implicated in regulating nutrient deficiency-related transcription factors, transporters, and various facets of RSA for optimum plant development. In addition, JA pathway cross-talks with other phytohormones like auxin and ethylene for improving plant growth and adaptive response under nutrient deficiencies. In this review, emerging evidences and the latest developments on involvements of JAs in macro- and micronutrient uptakes, homeostasis, deficiency response, and plant development are discussed.
{"title":"Jasmonates as Emerging Regulators of Plants Response to Variable Nutrient Environment","authors":"Saravanappriyan Kamali, Amarjeet Singh","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2022.2109866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2022.2109866","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Jasmonates (JAs) are known for their roles in plant defense and growth regulation. In recent years their roles in nutrient uptake and homeostasis have been explored. Regulation of nutrients uptake is crucial to maintain their optimum level in normal and deficient conditions. Under the deficiency of different nutrients, plants show unique responses like altered root growth, remodeling of root system architecture (RSA), induction of nutrient uptake-related genes, activation of nutrient transporters, and nutrient reallocation. JAs have been shown to regulate these responses in the variable availability of macro-and micronutrients. Emerging evidences revealed that in response to deficiency of macronutrients, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K+), JA biosynthesis pathway is activated. JA signaling pathway has been implicated in regulating nutrient deficiency-related transcription factors, transporters, and various facets of RSA for optimum plant development. In addition, JA pathway cross-talks with other phytohormones like auxin and ethylene for improving plant growth and adaptive response under nutrient deficiencies. In this review, emerging evidences and the latest developments on involvements of JAs in macro- and micronutrient uptakes, homeostasis, deficiency response, and plant development are discussed.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42517402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2111756
Shijuan Yan, Qing Liu, Wenyan Li, Jianbing Yan, A. Fernie
Abstract Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), the α-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose, are nearly ubiquitous in Plantae, and they have been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in regulating plant responses to various abiotic stresses. RFOs accumulate to high levels in plant kernels/fruits or vegetative parts and are commonly associated with storability and desiccation or cold tolerance. Recent studies have also revealed the regulatory roles of RFOs in seed germination, plant development, and biotic stress resistance. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolism, transport, and evolution of RFOs as well as their physiological importance in plants. Recent research highlights the general importance of RFOs in plant development and stress response.
摘要:棉子糖家族寡糖(Raffinose family oligosaccharides, RFOs)是蔗糖的α-半乳糖衍生物，在植物中普遍存在，并在调节植物对各种非生物胁迫的反应中发挥关键作用。rfo在植物籽粒/果实或营养部位积累到很高水平，通常与可储存性、干燥性或耐寒性有关。最近的研究也揭示了rfo在种子萌发、植物发育和生物抗逆性中的调节作用。本文综述了植物中rfo的代谢、转运和进化及其在生理上的重要性。最近的研究强调了rfo在植物发育和胁迫反应中的普遍重要性。
{"title":"Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides: Crucial Regulators of Plant Development and Stress Responses","authors":"Shijuan Yan, Qing Liu, Wenyan Li, Jianbing Yan, A. Fernie","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2022.2111756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2022.2111756","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), the α-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose, are nearly ubiquitous in Plantae, and they have been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in regulating plant responses to various abiotic stresses. RFOs accumulate to high levels in plant kernels/fruits or vegetative parts and are commonly associated with storability and desiccation or cold tolerance. Recent studies have also revealed the regulatory roles of RFOs in seed germination, plant development, and biotic stress resistance. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolism, transport, and evolution of RFOs as well as their physiological importance in plants. Recent research highlights the general importance of RFOs in plant development and stress response.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59480345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2093085
Muhammad Husnain Ahmad, M. J. Rao, Jianbing Hu, Qiang Xu, Chenchen Liu, Zonghong Cao, R. Larkin, Xiuxin Deng, M. Bosch, Lijun Chai
Abstract Self-incompatibility (SI) is a prezygotic mechanism that prevents self-pollination in flowering plants by distinguishing between nonself- and self-pollen. It controls sexual reproduction by promoting outcrossing and avoiding inbreeding. For thousands of years, this trait has been effectively exploited by breeders and growers as a tool to manipulate domesticated crops. However, efforts to spell out the molecular features of SI have begun only during the past thirty years. For breeders that need to produce homozygous lines, SI is undesirable. Moreover, in fruit crops, SI hinders the production of true to type plants and high-quality fruits with uniform traits because SI favors outcrossing. Numerous techniques have been developed to break down SI. Here, we review the current understanding of different molecular SI systems and pinpoint different physiological and molecular techniques used to break down SI. We also discuss evolutionary events that led to the transition from SI to self-compatibility (SC).
{"title":"Systems and breakdown of self-incompatibility","authors":"Muhammad Husnain Ahmad, M. J. Rao, Jianbing Hu, Qiang Xu, Chenchen Liu, Zonghong Cao, R. Larkin, Xiuxin Deng, M. Bosch, Lijun Chai","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2022.2093085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2022.2093085","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Self-incompatibility (SI) is a prezygotic mechanism that prevents self-pollination in flowering plants by distinguishing between nonself- and self-pollen. It controls sexual reproduction by promoting outcrossing and avoiding inbreeding. For thousands of years, this trait has been effectively exploited by breeders and growers as a tool to manipulate domesticated crops. However, efforts to spell out the molecular features of SI have begun only during the past thirty years. For breeders that need to produce homozygous lines, SI is undesirable. Moreover, in fruit crops, SI hinders the production of true to type plants and high-quality fruits with uniform traits because SI favors outcrossing. Numerous techniques have been developed to break down SI. Here, we review the current understanding of different molecular SI systems and pinpoint different physiological and molecular techniques used to break down SI. We also discuss evolutionary events that led to the transition from SI to self-compatibility (SC).","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46861984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2084227
Umair Ahmed, Qianyi Xie, Xueping Shi, Bo Zheng
Abstract Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is extensively applied technique to investigate the transcript abundance of target genes in various organisms. Selection of appropriate reference genes (RGs) for qRT-PCR normalization is a crucial prerequisite for accurately quantifying gene expression level. RGs should exhibit minimal variation in gene expression. However, the actual expression stability of RGs fluctuates greatly in different species or under different experimental conditions. Due to rapid advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, it is no longer difficult to get massive transcriptome data, which has greatly promoted the development of RGs. In this review, we elaborate on the strategies for developing RGs using Northern blotting, expressed sequence tags (ESTs), qRT-PCR, and high-throughput technologies such as microarray and RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). The process for developing RGs based on RNA-Seq is further addressed, including processing and normalization of RNA-Seq data, evaluation of gene expression stability, and screening and validation of RGs. The most frequently used RGs in horticultural plants are summarized, and the strategies for developing these RGs are introduced in detail. The information provided here will help to design effective strategies for the development of RGs in horticultural plants, with a focus on using big data generated by RNA-Seq.
{"title":"Development of Reference Genes for Horticultural Plants","authors":"Umair Ahmed, Qianyi Xie, Xueping Shi, Bo Zheng","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2022.2084227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2022.2084227","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is extensively applied technique to investigate the transcript abundance of target genes in various organisms. Selection of appropriate reference genes (RGs) for qRT-PCR normalization is a crucial prerequisite for accurately quantifying gene expression level. RGs should exhibit minimal variation in gene expression. However, the actual expression stability of RGs fluctuates greatly in different species or under different experimental conditions. Due to rapid advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, it is no longer difficult to get massive transcriptome data, which has greatly promoted the development of RGs. In this review, we elaborate on the strategies for developing RGs using Northern blotting, expressed sequence tags (ESTs), qRT-PCR, and high-throughput technologies such as microarray and RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). The process for developing RGs based on RNA-Seq is further addressed, including processing and normalization of RNA-Seq data, evaluation of gene expression stability, and screening and validation of RGs. The most frequently used RGs in horticultural plants are summarized, and the strategies for developing these RGs are introduced in detail. The information provided here will help to design effective strategies for the development of RGs in horticultural plants, with a focus on using big data generated by RNA-Seq.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59480330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2082160
Yun Xie, Wei Deng, H. Tian, Xue-yi Zhu
Abstract In angiosperms, after the egg fuses with the sperm, many structural, physiological, and molecular biological changes occur in the fertilized egg. All of these changes facilitate the conversion of the haploid egg into the diploid zygote, a process known as the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). In the egg, fertilized egg, and zygote, changes occur at each stage under the control of exact spatio-temporal regulation mechanisms. This review focuses on the molecular biological changes that occur during zygote activation in higher plants including the following: maturation and activation of intrinsic parental transcription; zygote genome activation (ZGA), changes in the expression levels of genes from the zygotic genome; the effect of parental genomic dosage; and cellular determination of zygotic asymmetrical division. It is these exact spatio-temporal regulation mechanisms that allow the egg to convert into the zygote, undergo asymmetrical cell division, and initiate embryogenesis. The results of recent studies have shown that the regulation of zygotic division is a complex process occurring in the cell (egg, fertilized egg, and zygote). The results so far have revealed just the tip of the iceberg of zygote activation. More research is required to explore the regulation of zygote activation.
{"title":"Zygote Activation: The Start of the New Generation in Angiosperms","authors":"Yun Xie, Wei Deng, H. Tian, Xue-yi Zhu","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2022.2082160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2022.2082160","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In angiosperms, after the egg fuses with the sperm, many structural, physiological, and molecular biological changes occur in the fertilized egg. All of these changes facilitate the conversion of the haploid egg into the diploid zygote, a process known as the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). In the egg, fertilized egg, and zygote, changes occur at each stage under the control of exact spatio-temporal regulation mechanisms. This review focuses on the molecular biological changes that occur during zygote activation in higher plants including the following: maturation and activation of intrinsic parental transcription; zygote genome activation (ZGA), changes in the expression levels of genes from the zygotic genome; the effect of parental genomic dosage; and cellular determination of zygotic asymmetrical division. It is these exact spatio-temporal regulation mechanisms that allow the egg to convert into the zygote, undergo asymmetrical cell division, and initiate embryogenesis. The results of recent studies have shown that the regulation of zygotic division is a complex process occurring in the cell (egg, fertilized egg, and zygote). The results so far have revealed just the tip of the iceberg of zygote activation. More research is required to explore the regulation of zygote activation.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46802054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2065136
M. Ashraf, R. Munns
Abstract The existence of salinity stress can be traced well before the domestication of crops, but the documentation and mitigation of this menace started only 100 years ago. Due to the unavailability of appropriate equipment and lack of sophisticated techniques, the salinity appraisal of soils and crop injury at early times was done visually. Initially, the major focus of scientists was on reclamation and management of salt-affected soils to render them fit for agriculture. Later, they strived to assess the degree of salt tolerance of different plant species using growth and morphological traits as well as some fundamental physiological criteria, most importantly ion uptake, and accumulation. In the early 20th century, the idea of developing salt tolerant crops, as an alternative to soil reclamation was realized, and the terms “biological fix” or in general “biological approach” were coined. This triggered plant breeders to initiate breeding programs aimed at developing salt tolerant crop cultivars. Although conventional selection and breeding has several limitations, mainly its slowness, it has yielded many salt tolerant lines and cultivars of different crops. To speed up the crop breeding programs, a genetic engineering approach referred to as “transgenic approach” was introduced during the late 20th century. Plant biotechnologists have produced large numbers of transgenic lines of different crops however their use in developing salt tolerant cultivars is not remarkable. Furthermore, genetically modified (GM) crops are prohibited in many countries because of putative health risks and biosafety concerns. More recently, for precise editing of genomes of organisms, new molecular tools have been developed. For example, CRISPR-Cas9 is being used to precisely edit genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance, including salt tolerance. Its success in terms of developing cultivars tolerant to multiple stresses including salt stress is expected.
{"title":"Evolution of Approaches to Increase the Salt Tolerance of Crops","authors":"M. Ashraf, R. Munns","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2022.2065136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2022.2065136","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The existence of salinity stress can be traced well before the domestication of crops, but the documentation and mitigation of this menace started only 100 years ago. Due to the unavailability of appropriate equipment and lack of sophisticated techniques, the salinity appraisal of soils and crop injury at early times was done visually. Initially, the major focus of scientists was on reclamation and management of salt-affected soils to render them fit for agriculture. Later, they strived to assess the degree of salt tolerance of different plant species using growth and morphological traits as well as some fundamental physiological criteria, most importantly ion uptake, and accumulation. In the early 20th century, the idea of developing salt tolerant crops, as an alternative to soil reclamation was realized, and the terms “biological fix” or in general “biological approach” were coined. This triggered plant breeders to initiate breeding programs aimed at developing salt tolerant crop cultivars. Although conventional selection and breeding has several limitations, mainly its slowness, it has yielded many salt tolerant lines and cultivars of different crops. To speed up the crop breeding programs, a genetic engineering approach referred to as “transgenic approach” was introduced during the late 20th century. Plant biotechnologists have produced large numbers of transgenic lines of different crops however their use in developing salt tolerant cultivars is not remarkable. Furthermore, genetically modified (GM) crops are prohibited in many countries because of putative health risks and biosafety concerns. More recently, for precise editing of genomes of organisms, new molecular tools have been developed. For example, CRISPR-Cas9 is being used to precisely edit genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance, including salt tolerance. Its success in terms of developing cultivars tolerant to multiple stresses including salt stress is expected.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41924463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2066805
D. Mao, Han Tang, Nan Xiao, Li Wang
Abstract Reproduction is an essential process for all organisms. Although our understanding of the reproductive mechanism in angiosperms has rapidly advanced in recent years, it still lags behind that of gymnosperms. As an ancient gymnosperm, Ginkgo biloba has a remarkable evolutionary history and occupies an important phylogenetic position, representing one of the most ancient and primitive modes of reproduction among seed plants. G. biloba is an archegoniate, where an egg cell develops inside an archegonium; it has a particular pollen chamber and archegonial chamber along with flagellated gametes (spermatozoids). Among these processes, secretions play an important role. In this study, we review the progress on understanding the mechanisms underlying the production and function of pollination drops (PDs), and fertilization fluid in G. biloba. We also highlight recent achievements that have considerably advanced our understanding of the interactions between PDs and pollen, and how PDs are endogenously and intracellularly transported. Finally, we discuss novel insights into the small RNAs of PD transport and the mechanisms of precisely guiding pollen tube growth in G. biloba. By reviewing these results, we demonstrate the structural patterns of G. biloba pollination and fertilization, thus reproducing the uniqueness of the sexual reproduction of ancient plants.
{"title":"Uncovering the Secrets of Secretory Fluids During the Reproductive Process in Ginkgo biloba","authors":"D. Mao, Han Tang, Nan Xiao, Li Wang","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2022.2066805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2022.2066805","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Reproduction is an essential process for all organisms. Although our understanding of the reproductive mechanism in angiosperms has rapidly advanced in recent years, it still lags behind that of gymnosperms. As an ancient gymnosperm, Ginkgo biloba has a remarkable evolutionary history and occupies an important phylogenetic position, representing one of the most ancient and primitive modes of reproduction among seed plants. G. biloba is an archegoniate, where an egg cell develops inside an archegonium; it has a particular pollen chamber and archegonial chamber along with flagellated gametes (spermatozoids). Among these processes, secretions play an important role. In this study, we review the progress on understanding the mechanisms underlying the production and function of pollination drops (PDs), and fertilization fluid in G. biloba. We also highlight recent achievements that have considerably advanced our understanding of the interactions between PDs and pollen, and how PDs are endogenously and intracellularly transported. Finally, we discuss novel insights into the small RNAs of PD transport and the mechanisms of precisely guiding pollen tube growth in G. biloba. By reviewing these results, we demonstrate the structural patterns of G. biloba pollination and fertilization, thus reproducing the uniqueness of the sexual reproduction of ancient plants.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41681964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2062906
A. Mishra, S. R. Barik, E. Pandit, S. Yadav, S. Das, S. Pradhan
Abstract Among the rice insects, brown planthopper (BPH), (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is a monophagous migratory phloem-sucking insect causing severe loss in Asiatic countries. High nitrogen and willful insecticide application coupled with an increase in temperature have created havoc by this pest during the last few years in certain parts of India, Indonesia, China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Though chemical control measures are advocated to mitigate this insect, yet, the incorporation of host-plant resistance factor is the preferred approach to manage this insect attack owing to the high cost of chemical control and adverse effects on the environment. To date, more than 40 major resistance genes and 22 minor genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are identified. Cloning of 11 BPH resistance genes has been completed to date. Majority of the cloned genes produced coiled-coil nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat protein for the defense response in the host plant. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Ca2+, OsRac1, and other signaling molecules play a definite role in the defense response. Signal transduction may lead to sieve tube sealing, production of metabolites, and induction of proteinase inhibitor for defense response against BPH attack. Plants have intrinsic mechanisms for recognition of damage-associated and herbivore-associated molecular patterns and elicitors for host defense response. This review provides an update on the sources of resistance, identification of resistance genes, gene maps, (QTL) detection, cloning, insights into the molecular mechanisms of resistance, and deployment of resistance genes for durable and broad-spectrum resistance in the cultivars against BPH.
{"title":"Genetics, Mechanisms and Deployment of Brown Planthopper Resistance Genes in Rice","authors":"A. Mishra, S. R. Barik, E. Pandit, S. Yadav, S. Das, S. Pradhan","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2022.2062906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2022.2062906","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Among the rice insects, brown planthopper (BPH), (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is a monophagous migratory phloem-sucking insect causing severe loss in Asiatic countries. High nitrogen and willful insecticide application coupled with an increase in temperature have created havoc by this pest during the last few years in certain parts of India, Indonesia, China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Though chemical control measures are advocated to mitigate this insect, yet, the incorporation of host-plant resistance factor is the preferred approach to manage this insect attack owing to the high cost of chemical control and adverse effects on the environment. To date, more than 40 major resistance genes and 22 minor genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are identified. Cloning of 11 BPH resistance genes has been completed to date. Majority of the cloned genes produced coiled-coil nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat protein for the defense response in the host plant. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Ca2+, OsRac1, and other signaling molecules play a definite role in the defense response. Signal transduction may lead to sieve tube sealing, production of metabolites, and induction of proteinase inhibitor for defense response against BPH attack. Plants have intrinsic mechanisms for recognition of damage-associated and herbivore-associated molecular patterns and elicitors for host defense response. This review provides an update on the sources of resistance, identification of resistance genes, gene maps, (QTL) detection, cloning, insights into the molecular mechanisms of resistance, and deployment of resistance genes for durable and broad-spectrum resistance in the cultivars against BPH.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42195657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2041948
A. Skirycz, C. Caldana, A. Fernie
Abstract The post-genomic era is characterized by a range of high throughput profiling methods capable of broadly characterizing gene expression levels, protein, and metabolite abundances. Application of these methods, enzyme profiling, and more recently, protein-metabolite interactions and flux analysis have alongside modeling approaches allowed us to refine our understanding of the regulation of metabolism even in the case of the canonical pathways of primary plant metabolism. Here we review recent insights obtained by using such methods in the context of our previous knowledge. In doing so, we hope to highlight the effectiveness of these methods and postulate that their application to less well-studied metabolic pathways will likely allow the elucidation of the hitherto unknown mechanism of metabolic regulation.
{"title":"Regulation of Plant Primary Metabolism – How Results From Novel Technologies Are Extending Our Understanding From Classical Targeted Approaches","authors":"A. Skirycz, C. Caldana, A. Fernie","doi":"10.1080/07352689.2022.2041948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2022.2041948","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The post-genomic era is characterized by a range of high throughput profiling methods capable of broadly characterizing gene expression levels, protein, and metabolite abundances. Application of these methods, enzyme profiling, and more recently, protein-metabolite interactions and flux analysis have alongside modeling approaches allowed us to refine our understanding of the regulation of metabolism even in the case of the canonical pathways of primary plant metabolism. Here we review recent insights obtained by using such methods in the context of our previous knowledge. In doing so, we hope to highlight the effectiveness of these methods and postulate that their application to less well-studied metabolic pathways will likely allow the elucidation of the hitherto unknown mechanism of metabolic regulation.","PeriodicalId":10854,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48355635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2022.2057749
P. Kowalczewski, A. Olejnik, S. Świtek, A. Bzducha-Wróbel, P. Kubiak, M. Kujawska, G. Lewandowicz
Abstract Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), consumed daily by millions of people around the world, are one of the most important food crops. Potato juice (PJ) is a by-product of the starch production process and contains all the constituents of potato tubers except starch and fiber. A large volume of PJ is produced annually during the starch campaign. Currently, it can, at best, serve as a source of protein for animal nutrition. The proteins are isolated using an acidification and thermal treatment, and the remaining liquid fraction is generally considered a problematic waste. Literature reports indicate that PJ is a valuable raw material not only because of its high nutritional value but, above all, due to the biological activity that can facilitate the treatment of certain gastrointestinal tract diseases. Medicinal use of PJ in folk medicine dates back to the beginning of the 19th century when it was used to alleviate the symptoms of gastrointestinal tract dysfunctions. Currently, the compounds responsible for this activity have been identified, and their mechanism of action is known. Additionally, many more compounds were found in potato which are responsible for invoking various health-benefiting effects. This manuscript provides an overview of the data published on the production of potatoes and the accompanying PJ. First, the chemical characteristics of the protein and nonprotein fractions are described together with the conventional methods for the handling of this by-product. Second, novel technologies of PJ processing are presented with emphasis on the separation of protein and its hydrolysis, and various potential applications in food technology and biotechnology. Finally third, the medical potential of PJ is reviewed. This includes antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive activities of various constituents of the juice. The wide range of potential applications and a vast spectrum of beneficial properties make PJ a substance well worth the attention of researchers and industry.
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