Retarded acid systems are highly sought out to allow for deep penetration of acid to improve the efficiency of acid stimulation treatments. This is important in high temperature carbonate reservoirs or in long intervals that shift injection rates away from optimum, causing near-wellbore (NWB) spending and inefficient stimulation. Acid retardation can be accomplished by viscosifying acids with polymers/gelling agents or emulsifying in diesel. However, these systems had their performance limitations and associated drawbacks. This paper presents a novel low-viscosity, single-phase, polymer-free delayed HCl acid system as an alternative for gelled and emulsified acids for stimulation of high temperature carbonate reservoirs. Novel concept of acid retardation without emulsifying the acid in diesel or gelling with linear/cross-linked polymer was introduced and evaluated. Static carbonate dissolution tests were first conducted to optimize the formulation of the new acid system to achieve the desired retardation. The retardation performance was then further evaluated using reaction kinetics measurements and coreflow testing. The diffusion coefficient of the delayed acid was measured and compared to the 15% HCl at wide temperature range (75 to 300°F). Coreflow tests were conducted on Indiana limestone cores (6 in. length and 1.5 in. diameter) with wide permeability range from 1 to 1000 md, interstitial velocity from 0.2 to 10 cm/min, and temperatures up to 300°F. The delayed acid system was also evaluated in coreflow at both 15 and 28 wt% acid strengths. Computed tomography scanning was used to characterize the wormhole dissolution pattern. At 275°F, diffusion coefficients measured from the reaction kinetics tests are 100 times lower for the delayed acid compared to HCl. Coreflow testing results showed that the delayed acid system requires significantly less acid pore volume to breakthrough compared to HCl acid at all injection rates. At low non-optimal injection rate of 0.5 ml/min and high HCl acid strength of 28 wt%, the delayed acid requires six times less acid pore volume to breakthrough compared to 28 wt% HCl and creates a dominant wormhole rather than face dissolution. In the comparison tests with the emulsified acid, the delayed acid penetrates 40% deeper in long Indiana limestone cores at 300°F. The results confirmed that the use of low viscosity delayed acid would prevent NWB spending, improve the acid penetration to access deeper reservoir area, and eventually lead to successful acid stimulation treatment even when pumping or completion limitations force low injection rate. The low viscosity, single-phase, polymer-free delayed HCl acid system showed tunable reaction rate, high dissolving power, low corrosion rates, low friction pressures, and no residue left in the formation combined with no special operational requirements. Most importantly, it provides the industry with a novel alternative fluid system to the emulsified and gelled acids.
{"title":"Novel Low Viscosity, Single Phase, Polymer-Free Delayed HCl Acid System for Stimulation of High Temperature Carbonate Reservoirs","authors":"Ahmed S. Zakaria, A. Singh, Sumit Bhadri","doi":"10.2118/208847-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/208847-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Retarded acid systems are highly sought out to allow for deep penetration of acid to improve the efficiency of acid stimulation treatments. This is important in high temperature carbonate reservoirs or in long intervals that shift injection rates away from optimum, causing near-wellbore (NWB) spending and inefficient stimulation. Acid retardation can be accomplished by viscosifying acids with polymers/gelling agents or emulsifying in diesel. However, these systems had their performance limitations and associated drawbacks. This paper presents a novel low-viscosity, single-phase, polymer-free delayed HCl acid system as an alternative for gelled and emulsified acids for stimulation of high temperature carbonate reservoirs. Novel concept of acid retardation without emulsifying the acid in diesel or gelling with linear/cross-linked polymer was introduced and evaluated.\u0000 Static carbonate dissolution tests were first conducted to optimize the formulation of the new acid system to achieve the desired retardation. The retardation performance was then further evaluated using reaction kinetics measurements and coreflow testing. The diffusion coefficient of the delayed acid was measured and compared to the 15% HCl at wide temperature range (75 to 300°F). Coreflow tests were conducted on Indiana limestone cores (6 in. length and 1.5 in. diameter) with wide permeability range from 1 to 1000 md, interstitial velocity from 0.2 to 10 cm/min, and temperatures up to 300°F. The delayed acid system was also evaluated in coreflow at both 15 and 28 wt% acid strengths. Computed tomography scanning was used to characterize the wormhole dissolution pattern.\u0000 At 275°F, diffusion coefficients measured from the reaction kinetics tests are 100 times lower for the delayed acid compared to HCl. Coreflow testing results showed that the delayed acid system requires significantly less acid pore volume to breakthrough compared to HCl acid at all injection rates. At low non-optimal injection rate of 0.5 ml/min and high HCl acid strength of 28 wt%, the delayed acid requires six times less acid pore volume to breakthrough compared to 28 wt% HCl and creates a dominant wormhole rather than face dissolution. In the comparison tests with the emulsified acid, the delayed acid penetrates 40% deeper in long Indiana limestone cores at 300°F. The results confirmed that the use of low viscosity delayed acid would prevent NWB spending, improve the acid penetration to access deeper reservoir area, and eventually lead to successful acid stimulation treatment even when pumping or completion limitations force low injection rate.\u0000 The low viscosity, single-phase, polymer-free delayed HCl acid system showed tunable reaction rate, high dissolving power, low corrosion rates, low friction pressures, and no residue left in the formation combined with no special operational requirements. Most importantly, it provides the industry with a novel alternative fluid system to the emulsified and gelled acids.","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84596655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) assisted with CO2 injections has been widely addressed. However, limited experimental work has been done for studying the asphaltene precipitation arising during the immiscible CO2 injection processes. This investigation presents experimental phase behavior analyses of asphaltenes instability, determination of asphaltene onset pressures (AOP), characterization, and description of asphaltene precipitation and deposition particles under different reservoir conditions. An advanced fully visual Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) instrument and a Solid Detection System (SDS) are utilized to perform all the measurements in this work. Saturation pressures are measured for the gas and crude oil mixtures with different compositions under different reservoir temperatures in the PVT cell. Changes in pressure, temperature, and volume at each equilibrium state are recorded. The same mixture composition is charged into the SDS. The AOP is then determined by reducing the pressure in the SDS. The upper asphaltene onset pressure (UAOP) is found to increase with the CO2 concentration in the system from 25 to 35 mol% CO2. For 45 mol% CO2, the UAOP is found to be lower than UAOP at 25 mol% CO2. In contrast, the lower asphaltene onset pressure (LAOP) is found to increase with CO2 concentration in all cases. The reversible process of asphaltene precipitation during the de-pressurization process at constant temperature is corroborated with the experiment at 60, 90, and 120 °C for the composition of 25 mol% of CO2 and at 90 and 120 °C for the composition of 35 mol% of CO2. The rest of the cases presented asphaltene deposition, which is considered an irreversible process because the asphaltene particles cannot be re-peptized into the liquid phase by the effect of pressure. By contrast, the complete re-peptization of asphaltenes during the re-pressurization is more effective at lower gas injection fractions (25, 35 mol% CO2) and higher temperatures (90, 120 °C). The maximum quantity and size of asphaltene particles are found near the bubble point pressure for all cases. The asphaltenes particles do not have a specific shape, and their colors vary from brown to black. The amount of asphaltene precipitation increase with the gas fraction by the effect of the micro-aggregates-clusters formation being able to reach the stage of aging or irreversible asphaltene deposition. Conversely, lower asphaltene precipitation is shown with the increment of temperature for 25 mol% CO2. This experimental work attempts to analyze the asphaltene precipitation phase behavior and particles observation relationship when CO2 is injected at different gas proportions and under different reservoir temperatures. The results from this effort provide significant support to the areas of asphaltene phase behavior characterization and formation damage control.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Asphaltene Precipitation and Deposition During Immiscible CO2 - EOR Process","authors":"Julia E. Espinoza Mejia, Xiaoli Li, R. Zheng","doi":"10.2118/208802-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/208802-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) assisted with CO2 injections has been widely addressed. However, limited experimental work has been done for studying the asphaltene precipitation arising during the immiscible CO2 injection processes. This investigation presents experimental phase behavior analyses of asphaltenes instability, determination of asphaltene onset pressures (AOP), characterization, and description of asphaltene precipitation and deposition particles under different reservoir conditions. An advanced fully visual Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) instrument and a Solid Detection System (SDS) are utilized to perform all the measurements in this work. Saturation pressures are measured for the gas and crude oil mixtures with different compositions under different reservoir temperatures in the PVT cell. Changes in pressure, temperature, and volume at each equilibrium state are recorded. The same mixture composition is charged into the SDS. The AOP is then determined by reducing the pressure in the SDS. The upper asphaltene onset pressure (UAOP) is found to increase with the CO2 concentration in the system from 25 to 35 mol% CO2. For 45 mol% CO2, the UAOP is found to be lower than UAOP at 25 mol% CO2. In contrast, the lower asphaltene onset pressure (LAOP) is found to increase with CO2 concentration in all cases. The reversible process of asphaltene precipitation during the de-pressurization process at constant temperature is corroborated with the experiment at 60, 90, and 120 °C for the composition of 25 mol% of CO2 and at 90 and 120 °C for the composition of 35 mol% of CO2. The rest of the cases presented asphaltene deposition, which is considered an irreversible process because the asphaltene particles cannot be re-peptized into the liquid phase by the effect of pressure. By contrast, the complete re-peptization of asphaltenes during the re-pressurization is more effective at lower gas injection fractions (25, 35 mol% CO2) and higher temperatures (90, 120 °C). The maximum quantity and size of asphaltene particles are found near the bubble point pressure for all cases. The asphaltenes particles do not have a specific shape, and their colors vary from brown to black. The amount of asphaltene precipitation increase with the gas fraction by the effect of the micro-aggregates-clusters formation being able to reach the stage of aging or irreversible asphaltene deposition. Conversely, lower asphaltene precipitation is shown with the increment of temperature for 25 mol% CO2. This experimental work attempts to analyze the asphaltene precipitation phase behavior and particles observation relationship when CO2 is injected at different gas proportions and under different reservoir temperatures. The results from this effort provide significant support to the areas of asphaltene phase behavior characterization and formation damage control.","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90521143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Nazari Moghaddam, M. Van Doorn, Auribel Dos Santos, F. Lopez, M. Ulloa, Bogdan Bocaneala, Michael Pitts
Economical production from unconventional reservoirs including tight dolomite require some forms of stimulation techniques to increase the effective contact areas between wellbore and formation. However, productivity improvement of these formations with conventional techniques (e.g. acid stimulation) is very limited and mostly unfeasible. In this paper, an efficient chemical treatment is proposed to stimulate tight dolomite formation through wormholing mechanism and scale-based damage removal. The formation damage in tight reservoirs are much more severe due to the smaller pore/throat size. Among them, the scale-based permeability impairment or phase trapping can cause significant production lost. In this study, the proposed treatment fluid is used to remove the scale-based formation damage, mostly caused by drilling mud. To this aim, the damage removal efficiencies of dolomite cores, artificially damaged by scale precipitation, were investigated after HPHT coreflood treatment. In addition, the performance of the treatment fluid was evaluated as a mean to bypass the damaged zones around hydraulic fractures (caused by liquid phase trapping or significant net stress). To evaluate this, a series of coreflooding experiments were also performed on untreated tight dolomite cores and the feasibility of the wormholing mechanism was studied. The permeabilities of tight dolomite rocks were measured before and after the treatment. To visualize the wormhole propagation inside the cores, computed CT scanning were performed. The rock-fluid interaction was also investigated by analyzing the effluent samples by ICP. The main mechanism of this treatment technique is pore body/pore throat enlargement by slow rock dissolution. From the pore scale analysis, it is found that even at lower concentrations, the active ingredient reacts with rock minerals. A damaged dolomite core was also treated, and the results showed that the removal of Barite-based scale can be achieved even in the presence of native calcite or dolomite minerals. Also, it is found that wormholing can be only achieved at certain concentrations (>10 w%). It also depends on the injection rate and other field conditions such as temperature. Even at low concentration, the rock permeability of the damaged dolomite core can be increased by a factor of 35 (Kf/Ki=35). Finally, dolomite reservoir cores (25-30 μD) were treated at low injection rates (0.08-0.1 ml/min) imposed from the well injectivity condition. It was shown that despite an order of magnitude lower injection rate (compared to those in conventional acidizing) still an optimum injection rate is needed to extend the wormhole across the core. It is also verified that the active ingredient can be used in alcohol-based solutions for special applications such as tight gas and gas condensate reservoirs. The corrosion rate is far below the accepted corrosion level of 0.05 lb/ft2 and it is fully compatible with other additives and high salinity brines
{"title":"An Efficient Chemical Treatment to Tackle Low Productivity of Challenging Tight Dolomite: Wormholing and Remediation of Scale-Based Damage","authors":"R. Nazari Moghaddam, M. Van Doorn, Auribel Dos Santos, F. Lopez, M. Ulloa, Bogdan Bocaneala, Michael Pitts","doi":"10.2118/208822-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/208822-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Economical production from unconventional reservoirs including tight dolomite require some forms of stimulation techniques to increase the effective contact areas between wellbore and formation. However, productivity improvement of these formations with conventional techniques (e.g. acid stimulation) is very limited and mostly unfeasible. In this paper, an efficient chemical treatment is proposed to stimulate tight dolomite formation through wormholing mechanism and scale-based damage removal.\u0000 The formation damage in tight reservoirs are much more severe due to the smaller pore/throat size. Among them, the scale-based permeability impairment or phase trapping can cause significant production lost. In this study, the proposed treatment fluid is used to remove the scale-based formation damage, mostly caused by drilling mud. To this aim, the damage removal efficiencies of dolomite cores, artificially damaged by scale precipitation, were investigated after HPHT coreflood treatment. In addition, the performance of the treatment fluid was evaluated as a mean to bypass the damaged zones around hydraulic fractures (caused by liquid phase trapping or significant net stress). To evaluate this, a series of coreflooding experiments were also performed on untreated tight dolomite cores and the feasibility of the wormholing mechanism was studied. The permeabilities of tight dolomite rocks were measured before and after the treatment. To visualize the wormhole propagation inside the cores, computed CT scanning were performed. The rock-fluid interaction was also investigated by analyzing the effluent samples by ICP.\u0000 The main mechanism of this treatment technique is pore body/pore throat enlargement by slow rock dissolution. From the pore scale analysis, it is found that even at lower concentrations, the active ingredient reacts with rock minerals. A damaged dolomite core was also treated, and the results showed that the removal of Barite-based scale can be achieved even in the presence of native calcite or dolomite minerals. Also, it is found that wormholing can be only achieved at certain concentrations (>10 w%). It also depends on the injection rate and other field conditions such as temperature. Even at low concentration, the rock permeability of the damaged dolomite core can be increased by a factor of 35 (Kf/Ki=35). Finally, dolomite reservoir cores (25-30 μD) were treated at low injection rates (0.08-0.1 ml/min) imposed from the well injectivity condition. It was shown that despite an order of magnitude lower injection rate (compared to those in conventional acidizing) still an optimum injection rate is needed to extend the wormhole across the core. It is also verified that the active ingredient can be used in alcohol-based solutions for special applications such as tight gas and gas condensate reservoirs. The corrosion rate is far below the accepted corrosion level of 0.05 lb/ft2 and it is fully compatible with other additives and high salinity brines","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89575385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.30687/tol/2499-5975/2022/01/000
Faïza Guène’s sixth novel La discrétion focuses on a Maghreb Muslim woman who, having migrated to France, is trying to reconstruct her personal and family history. It is a memoir whose aim is to make the experiences of first-generation migrants an integral part of cultural memory. This search for identity concerns the children of those migrants who try to relate to a fragmented, often suppressed family history they did not experience themselves, but whose burden they nonetheless inherited. The aim of this article will be to prove that what allows both the protagonist of the story and who tells it to free themselves from this overwhelming past is in fact the narrative itself, a process of identity construction with which each author is confronted.
{"title":"Émancipation identitaire : une analyse de La discrétion de Faïza Guène","authors":"","doi":"10.30687/tol/2499-5975/2022/01/000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/tol/2499-5975/2022/01/000","url":null,"abstract":"Faïza Guène’s sixth novel La discrétion focuses on a Maghreb Muslim woman who, having migrated to France, is trying to reconstruct her personal and family history. It is a memoir whose aim is to make the experiences of first-generation migrants an integral part of cultural memory. This search for identity concerns the children of those migrants who try to relate to a fragmented, often suppressed family history they did not experience themselves, but whose burden they nonetheless inherited. The aim of this article will be to prove that what allows both the protagonist of the story and who tells it to free themselves from this overwhelming past is in fact the narrative itself, a process of identity construction with which each author is confronted.","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73057796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.5
Graphical indices are applied to measure to chemical characteristics of chemical compounds. In this paper, we introduce the -Nirmala index of a graph. Furthermore we compute this index for benzenoid systems and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We also establish some other well known graphical indices directly as special case of this index for some special values of a and b, in particular Nirmala index and mean Sombor index.
{"title":"THE (a, b)-NIRMALA INDEX.","authors":"","doi":"10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.5","url":null,"abstract":"Graphical indices are applied to measure to chemical characteristics of chemical compounds. In this paper, we introduce the -Nirmala index of a graph. Furthermore we compute this index for benzenoid systems and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We also establish some other well known graphical indices directly as special case of this index for some special values of a and b, in particular Nirmala index and mean Sombor index.","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90678505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.1
As we know that electricity losses during transmission and distribution are extremely high due to which many problems are faced such as varying voltage levels, change in the load current etc. This has been experienced due to the varying electrical consumption and power theft. Also these give rise to fault in power transmission line network and so it is necessary to implement fault detection system in transmission line network. The fault detection system is implemented for three phase electrical distribution system. A practical prototype system can be implemented for fault detection in power system and also the system is successfully designed using 8-bit Microcontrollers which allows the detection of faults. Continuous monitoring of the three phase parameters such as voltage, current and energy consumed is done using data logging system on the PC screen through hyper terminal. There is a Master Slave communication using RS 485 protocol. Communication between Master and Microcontroller is done via RS 232. Comparison of energy units between Master and Slave is done. If difference between the Master and Slave energy units is found, wireless technology GSM (global system for mobile communication) is used to send SMS to a responsible person. Introduction of the mobile communication technology GSM and Microcontroller-based RTU (remote terminal unit) i.e. Master-Slave communication is provided in the paper. This RTU functions as fault detection when abnormality or emergency happens. Also wireless mobile communication technology i.e. GSM is used simultaneously to send message to a responsible person.
{"title":"A REVIEW ON LINE TO LINE FAULT ANALYSIS DETECTION","authors":"","doi":"10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.1","url":null,"abstract":"As we know that electricity losses during transmission and distribution are extremely high due to which many problems are faced such as varying voltage levels, change in the load current etc. This has been experienced due to the varying electrical consumption and power theft. Also these give rise to fault in power transmission line network and so it is necessary to implement fault detection system in transmission line network. The fault detection system is implemented for three phase electrical distribution system. A practical prototype system can be implemented for fault detection in power system and also the system is successfully designed using 8-bit Microcontrollers which allows the detection of faults. Continuous monitoring of the three phase parameters such as voltage, current and energy consumed is done using data logging system on the PC screen through hyper terminal. There is a Master Slave communication using RS 485 protocol. Communication between Master and Microcontroller is done via RS 232. Comparison of energy units between Master and Slave is done. If difference between the Master and Slave energy units is found, wireless technology GSM (global system for mobile communication) is used to send SMS to a responsible person. Introduction of the mobile communication technology GSM and Microcontroller-based RTU (remote terminal unit) i.e. Master-Slave communication is provided in the paper. This RTU functions as fault detection when abnormality or emergency happens. Also wireless mobile communication technology i.e. GSM is used simultaneously to send message to a responsible person.","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85172008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.4
In an electrical power system, the Line power to control high voltage to low voltage users. For operation of Line, its operational condition satellite communication use accurate monitored and maintained. Line power losses, the system working on time to time of the equipment on the Cumulative system. Since it is so expensive to repair or exchange a single Line, Implemented Line fault monitor and track location system in transmission line1,line2,line3.The Line fault tracking a monitor display has been implementation for phase in line power unit system. A Tracking system has been design for Line fault monitor to Track location and detections in power electronics system and also we are using Microcontroller ATMEGA328 which indicate the Line monitor to detection of faults. Parameters like as voltage, current circuit and power energy use are done using protocol Communication USART Master Microcontroller is done. Units is found, wireless technology GSM & GPS Technology are used to send SMS to a monitor control unit section . This satellite functions depend on GPS module as Line fault monitor detection when abnormality or emergency happens and wireless mobile communication technology. GSM modem is used exact mobile number to send message with coordinate track location using GPS to responsible person.
{"title":"TO STUDY OF LINE FAULT DETECTION AND TRACK FAULT LOCATION BASED ON MATLAB","authors":"","doi":"10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.4","url":null,"abstract":"In an electrical power system, the Line power to control high voltage to low voltage users. For operation of Line, its operational condition satellite communication use accurate monitored and maintained. Line power losses, the system working on time to time of the equipment on the Cumulative system. Since it is so expensive to repair or exchange a single Line, Implemented Line fault monitor and track location system in transmission line1,line2,line3.The Line fault tracking a monitor display has been implementation for phase in line power unit system. A Tracking system has been design for Line fault monitor to Track location and detections in power electronics system and also we are using Microcontroller ATMEGA328 which indicate the Line monitor to detection of faults. Parameters like as voltage, current circuit and power energy use are done using protocol Communication USART Master Microcontroller is done. Units is found, wireless technology GSM & GPS Technology are used to send SMS to a monitor control unit section . This satellite functions depend on GPS module as Line fault monitor detection when abnormality or emergency happens and wireless mobile communication technology. GSM modem is used exact mobile number to send message with coordinate track location using GPS to responsible person.","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75752463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.6
Street lighting is one of the important parts of a city’s infrastructure where the main function is to illuminate the city’s streets during dark hours of the day. Previously, the number of streets in the town and city were less. So, the street lamps were relatively simple but with the development of urbanization, the number of streets increased rapidly with high traffic density. There are several factors needed to be considered in order to design a good street lighting system such as night-time safety for community members and road users, provide public lighting at low cost and the reduction of light pollution. Initially, the street lamps were controlled manually where a control switch is set in each of the street lamps. It is called first generation of the original street light. After that, another method that was been used was optical control method. This method uses high pressure sodium lamp in their system. It can be seen that this method is widely used in the country nowadays. This method operates by setting up an optical control circuit. It lights up automatically at dusk and turns off automatically after dawn in the morning. The system utilizes the latest technology for the sources of light as LED Lamps instead of generally used street lamps such as High Pressure Sodium Lamps, etc. The LED technology is preferred as it offers several advantages over other traditional technologies. The application is designed in such a way that we place light sensors in all street light circuits, which is responsible to switch on and off automatically. Once the lights are switched on current sensors placed at every street light circuits are responsible to report problem status to the centralized system with help of GSM module attached with the circuit The system described can effectively save energy by reducing the power consumption as per requirement. Since this is a sensor based system, so it is self-controlled and automated system. The system is also flexible for any modification or further expansion such as interfacing of new sensors, connecting surveillance camera for the security purpose, etc. This project of Smart Street Light System is a cost effective, practical, eco-friendly and the safest way to save energy.
{"title":"AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM","authors":"","doi":"10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.6","url":null,"abstract":"Street lighting is one of the important parts of a city’s infrastructure where the main function is to illuminate the city’s streets during dark hours of the day. Previously, the number of streets in the town and city were less. So, the street lamps were relatively simple but with the development of urbanization, the number of streets increased rapidly with high traffic density. There are several factors needed to be considered in order to design a good street lighting system such as night-time safety for community members and road users, provide public lighting at low cost and the reduction of light pollution. Initially, the street lamps were controlled manually where a control switch is set in each of the street lamps. It is called first generation of the original street light. After that, another method that was been used was optical control method. This method uses high pressure sodium lamp in their system. It can be seen that this method is widely used in the country nowadays. This method operates by setting up an optical control circuit. It lights up automatically at dusk and turns off automatically after dawn in the morning. The system utilizes the latest technology for the sources of light as LED Lamps instead of generally used street lamps such as High Pressure Sodium Lamps, etc. The LED technology is preferred as it offers several advantages over other traditional technologies. The application is designed in such a way that we place light sensors in all street light circuits, which is responsible to switch on and off automatically. Once the lights are switched on current sensors placed at every street light circuits are responsible to report problem status to the centralized system with help of GSM module attached with the circuit The system described can effectively save energy by reducing the power consumption as per requirement. Since this is a sensor based system, so it is self-controlled and automated system. The system is also flexible for any modification or further expansion such as interfacing of new sensors, connecting surveillance camera for the security purpose, etc. This project of Smart Street Light System is a cost effective, practical, eco-friendly and the safest way to save energy.","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86633893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.3
This paper presents a contribution to the study of the process of cold production by adsorption from solar energy. This study mainly includes a modeling, simulation and sizing study of an adsorption solar refrigerator using the zeolite-water couple. For this purpose, a mathematical model of heat and mass transfers in each component of the adsorption solar refrigerator was developed. The results show that the performance of the adsorption solar refrigerator depends on several parameters. For example, with a maximum solar radiation of 990W/m2, the maximum temperatures of the absorber plate, zeolite and condenser are 396 K (123°C), 395 K (122°C) and 320 K (47°C), respectively. The evaporator temperature can drop to a minimum temperature of 276 K (3°C). Furthermore, the simulation showed that the climatic conditions also have a great influence on the operation of the solar refrigerator. Thus, the amounts of cold produced, the average solar flux densities and the COPs during March and December are 6.391 MJ and 4.642 MJ, 590 W/m2 and 514 W/m2 and 0.25 and 0.21, respectively, relative to the values of the climate parameters. Similarly, with a daily average solar flux density of 436 W/m2 and 480 W/m2 respectively for the months of August and October, the COPs are 0.11 and 0.15 respectively, with a total amount of cold produced of 2.12 and 3.1 MJ respectively.
{"title":"ENERGY ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR ADSORPTION REFRIGERATOR","authors":"","doi":"10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29121/ijesrt.v11.i2.2022.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a contribution to the study of the process of cold production by adsorption from solar energy. This study mainly includes a modeling, simulation and sizing study of an adsorption solar refrigerator using the zeolite-water couple. For this purpose, a mathematical model of heat and mass transfers in each component of the adsorption solar refrigerator was developed. The results show that the performance of the adsorption solar refrigerator depends on several parameters. For example, with a maximum solar radiation of 990W/m2, the maximum temperatures of the absorber plate, zeolite and condenser are 396 K (123°C), 395 K (122°C) and 320 K (47°C), respectively. The evaporator temperature can drop to a minimum temperature of 276 K (3°C). Furthermore, the simulation showed that the climatic conditions also have a great influence on the operation of the solar refrigerator. Thus, the amounts of cold produced, the average solar flux densities and the COPs during March and December are 6.391 MJ and 4.642 MJ, 590 W/m2 and 514 W/m2 and 0.25 and 0.21, respectively, relative to the values of the climate parameters. Similarly, with a daily average solar flux density of 436 W/m2 and 480 W/m2 respectively for the months of August and October, the COPs are 0.11 and 0.15 respectively, with a total amount of cold produced of 2.12 and 3.1 MJ respectively.","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88258064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-14DOI: 10.36899/japs.2022.1.0402
{"title":"MESOWEAR AND PALEODIETS OF MIDDLE MIOCENE MAMMALS FROM CHABBAR SYEDAN, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN","authors":"","doi":"10.36899/japs.2022.1.0402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2022.1.0402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10891,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Thu, February 24, 2022","volume":"60 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76612095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：