Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022最新文献

{"title":"Rocking with Insights of Rock & Fluids and Implementing MICRO Reservoir Management for Enhanced Efficiency & Excellence in Sabiriyah Mauddud, North Kuwait","authors":"H. Chetri, Mariam Al-Shuaib, Seham Al-Shammari, M. Jamal","doi":"10.2118/200055-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200055-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It is a global challenge to comprehensively understand the rock & fluids and the impact of interactions between them to fine tune development plans & strategy. Interpretative & qualitative factors often could lead to sub optimal plans & actions impacting the recovery efficiency. This uncertainty to be minimized, MICRO reservoir management is practiced to reap the benefits in terms of enhanced oil production & water flood efficiency.\u0000 Sabiriyah Mauddud is a carbonate reservoir in North Kuwait with a massive development & production enhancement plan with water flood and eventually with EOR. Surprises in terms of rock & fluid (R-F) understanding influenced changes in the development plan in the past, some of such changes triggered major departures from the originally conceived plans. All major turnaround impacted by R-F insights have been reviewed, along with the mitigation plans adopted by the team. MICRO (Monitoring Integrating Communicating Re-vitalizing Orchestrating) is a new buzz concept, initiated by authors in the industry, to improve the overall excellence & efficiency. The concept has been implemented with associated workflow processes to optimize the water flood development. A typical diagnostics of the segment under water flood is done to illustrate the value of R-F understanding & reservoir management of the giant carbonate reservoir in North Kuwait.\u0000 A comprehensive data acquisition, integration & interpretation plan helps in reducing the uncertainties while the reservoir is under active production & injection. Carefully planned appraisal programs have added insights to understand the relatively less-understood flanks. R-F and interactions understanding is augmented by laboratory studies & focused surveillance data. Additionally, MICRO proved to be the backbone for complete gamut of activities so as to reduce the uncertainties & gaps. The segment reviews led to many vital decisions on thief zones, fractures, re-circulation on injected water, connectivity between producers & injectors, actions on producers / injectors for conformance improvement and opportunities for oil gain with reduced water cut. Work flow processes have been standardized and validated with successful trials.\u0000 R-F - Interaction linkage to water flood & production efficiency using MICRO approach is a proven way to manage a giant & complex carbonate reservoir in North Kuwait, the results of which are interesting & worth sharing with the global professionals.","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74925960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downhole Monitoring Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Fundamentals and Two Decades Deployment in Oil and Gas Industries","authors":"M. Soroush, M. Mohammadtabar, Morteza Roostaei, S. A. Hosseini, Vahidoddin Fattahpour, Mahdi Mahmoudi, Daniel Keough, Matthew Tywoniuk, Nader Mosavat, Li Cheng, K. Moez","doi":"10.2118/200088-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200088-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) through fiber optic has been deployed in downhole monitoring for over two decades. Several technological advancements led to a wide acceptance of this technology as a reliable surveillance technique. This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of all the applications of DAS.\u0000 The paper starts with the fundamentals of fiber optic deployment. Then, an overview of all the applications of DAS including seismic application (vertical seismic profiling), microseismic (hydraulic fracturing characterization), well and pipe integrity (such as leak detection and cement quality), and well and pipe flow monitoring is provided. Flow monitoring contains injection and production flow estimation, phase determination, gas and water breakthrough identification, gas lift surveillance, pump and flow control device performance evaluation, sand production detection, and flow regime recognition.\u0000 This paper reviews the basics of DAS, fiber types, installation methods, types of recorded data, data processing, historical development, current applications and limitations. The paper provides a concise review using several field cases from over two hundred published papers of Society of Petroleum Engineering (SPE) and journal databases. The applications of DAS in downhole monitoring can be generally divided into the qualitative and quantitative applications. The study discusses deployment methods, case by case worldwide field performance and interpretation/modeling. It also summarizes main lessons, key results, and challenges including data quality, signal to noise ratio effect, and operational conditions such as the installation of the fiber and the complexity of quantitative production prediction and flow profiling. In addition, a comparison between deployment of DAS and other methods is reviewed.\u0000 This study is the foundation for an ongoing study on wellbore and reservoir surveillance through real time distributed fiber optic sensing (DAS) records along the wellbore. It summarizes the historical development and current limitations to identify the existing gaps and reviews the lessons learned during the two decades of the application of DAS in downhole monitoring.","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80208495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing the Challenges of Hydraulic Fracturing Vertical Wells in Differential Depleted Tight Gas Accumulations in Oman","authors":"Khalfan Mubarak Al Bahri, J. Chaves, A. A. Al Hinai, Ahmed Hamed Abdullah Al Sulaimani, A. Nunez","doi":"10.2118/200199-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200199-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hydraulic fracturing has been a key technology enabler for the development of tight gas formations in Oman. This tight gas accumulation has been developed with the supported of vertical wells, fractured at different depth covering up to 10 different hydrocarbons units. The intrinsic geomechanical, petrophysical and lithological heterogeneities of this tight units impact not only the fracture conductivity distribution but the drainage efficiency of the fractured zones, this is observed as mobility variations across this unit impact their contributions once all become commingle, with the areas of higher mobility dominating the total gas well production. It was anticipated that depletion of the higher mobility units will impact and change the contribution dynamics of the commingle production. However, this is only one dimension of the challenges to be considered as part of the hydraulic fracture strategy during the field development.\u0000 This paper will be focus key operational challenges and the fundamental formation characterization requirements to assess in-situ stress dynamic variations during the life of the field; incorporating formation pressure points as integral part of the drilling program and in-situ stress measurements supported by wellbore stability evaluation and mini-fracture operations. It will be presented how variations on pressure and stress profiles, as the field developed, will impact the perforation and fracture strategies as well as pressure operating envelop to assure well integrity.\u0000 It will be described the logging requirements as well as the lab characterization needed to determine key elastic properties to assess the hydraulic requirements for fracturing individual units or combination of them. It will be discussed how increase of pressure confinement potentially affects the in-situ elastic properties as depletion is experienced on specific gas units, inducing alterations on stress profiles that impact fracture propagation and final conductivity distribution. The use of radioactive tracers in combination with production logging were implemented to assess containment and fracture prediction, providing this an essential tool to determine fracture propagation behavior, deployment strategy and final conductivity distribution. Key operations covering plug milling, post fracture clean out and well lifting will be also discussed.\u0000 Finally, it will presented key observation that can be implemented as part of methodologies used for fracture deployment on differential depletion formation, this leading to optimum field development while maximize investment.","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81826898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Materials and Modeling Extend Channel Fracturing Revolution","authors":"Z. Rahim, A. Waheed, A. Al-Kanaan, A. Yudin, R. Kayumov, K. Mauth, L. Belyakova, Fedor Litvinets, Andrey O. Fedorov, Max Nikolaev","doi":"10.2118/200060-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200060-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hydraulic fracturing effectiveness depends on the cost and properties of the selected propping agent. The methods and fluids that create fracture width and transport the proppant along the fracture width also have a significant impact. Recent advancements related to channel fracturing design, execution, and evaluation addressing all these components have enabled proper modeling and further treatment optimization. This work provides a detailed overview of several years of laboratory experiments, research, modeling, and global field testing of enhanced channel fracturing methods.\u0000 Channel fracturing is well known for breaking the link between fracture conductivity and proppant permeability by replacing a continuous proppant pack with open channels inside the fracture using intermittent proppant feeding. To prevent proppant settling during fracture closure, degradable fibers have been effectively utilized within the fracturing fluid for over 10 years. This technique achieves maximum fracture conductivity while minimizing proppant cost. Decoupling proppant performance and fracture conductivity enables replacing ceramics by natural sand, thereby significantly improving field development economics in many areas of the world. Furthermore, extensive laboratory research has qualified new fibers for application of channel fracturing across a wider reservoir temperature range.\u0000 Research and laboratory experiments were conducted to construct a workflow to model and optimize sand transport and the resulting channel geometry. Fiber and proppant transport modeling results compare extremely well with experimental results and provide excellent resolution and accuracy. This work also demonstrates that intermittent pulses of proppant with fiber effectively creates reliable channels in the fracture. Also, improved software and equipment enhancements allowed accurate fiber and proppant synchronization, making the placement of fiber-free channels possible.\u0000 Recently developed advanced modeling tools have improved understanding of channel formation in the fracture, thereby enabling treatment design optimization. The enhanced models further enable evaluation of different materials selection, for instance, replacing ceramic proppant with natural sand in the channeled area of the fracture. A comprehensive case study of channel fracturing implementation in Saudi Arabia proved the method to be effective for improving proppant placement and fracture geometry to yield improved incremental production. Another field case in the region demonstrated the ability to replace ceramic proppant with natural sand without sacrificing any channel conductivity.\u0000 The study breaks new ground in the stimulation of extreme low temperature and high temperature formations by extending the channel fracturing technique, enabled by the introduction of a new solids transport concept and the development of new fiber compositions. When combined with accurate modeling, improved economic results were ","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88106355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do We Really Perforate Per the Design? Key Elements of Safer and High-Productivity Well Perforating","authors":"Hanaey Ibrahim, Ozgur Karacali, Y. Shumakov, Sulaiman Al Hinaai, Wafa Shizawi","doi":"10.2118/200127-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200127-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Numerous perforation jobs are performed daily around the globe on a routine basis to establish wellbore to reservoir communication. However, in some cases, these perforating operations can result in poor well productivity or severe health, safety, security, and environment (HSSE) incidents. In this paper, the key elements of proper perforating operations, from data gathering to design and safest possible execution, are summarized to create practical guidelines for operators.\u0000 Oil and gas wells are drilled, cased, cemented, and perforated as a result of diligently planned multidisciplinary engineering work. The engineers have traditionally designed perforations to have cleaner, larger, and deeper tunnels into reservoir rock to enhance the communication quality between the wellbore and reservoir. Research has proved that wellbore dynamics have significant control on the success of perforating activities during this fast-paced and short-lived event. Therefore, recently the trend has evolved from static underbalanced perforating to dynamic underbalanced perforating via advanced downhole gun system designs and downhole tools.\u0000 Conventionally, operators have focused on debris and damaged rock removal from the perforation tunnels by applying static underbalanced perforating. However, static underbalance alone does not guarantee the optimal perforation tunnel structure. Research has shown that dynamic underbalance can significantly enhance tunnel cleanup and well productivity. Today, numerical perforating dynamics software is available to simulate wellbore dynamics for a given perforating design with various downhole tools. Perforating gun detonation pressures and the resulting shock waves can damage downhole tools and hinder wellbore integrity if not mitigated properly.\u0000 In Oman, carefully designed and executed perforating operations have improved well productivity and operational safety for many years. Each perforating job is assiduously planned and executed. Specially designed software packages are used to simulate the wellbore conditions and downhole equipment response to identify and mitigate potential problems and to improve the efficiency of perforating tunnels cleanup prior to each perforating job. The application of this methodology has resulted in performing numerous highly successful perforating jobs in Oman. The results of these perforating jobs are presented here as case studies. The static and dynamic wellbore conditions as simulated and observed during the operations with a fast downhole gauge are compared and discussed in detail.\u0000 Lessons learned and guidelines are presented in an easy-to-follow way to help operators achieve successful results. The methodologies and best practices outlined in this paper enable improved perforation designs by using available software in challenging environments where conventional approaches can be inadequate. The methodology is described systematically in detail so that the procedure and learnings from O","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86445215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waterflooding Optimisation Using a Multi-Action Technology in the Mature West Siberian Oil Field","authors":"S. Matveev, A. Gazizov, E. Shastina, S. Ishkinov, M. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.2118/200056-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200056-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In mature fields developed by water flooding, oil companies keep trying to fight premature water encroachment in producing wells caused by heterogeneous reservoir permeability and non-uniform displacement front advance. Changes in pressure gradients and flow rates and increased effects of adsorptive, osmotic and capillary forces result in significantly reduced oil permeability and low production from low-permeability intervals.\u0000 The chemical technology has been developed for the combined effect of selective water shut-off and change of rock properties from water wet to oil wet or visa versa to form a new phase on the rock surface, which produces significant excess energy used to recover residual oil.\u0000 The effectiveness of this technology has been tested in a reservoir modelling laboratory by studying the compatibility between the agents employed and reservoir fluids and flow tests conducted on three areal heterogeneous reservoir models.\u0000 Tests have shown that the agents used in the technology retain their functionality at high temperatures of up to 120°C and a formation water salinity of 10–127 g/l with no adverse effect on oil quality. The ultra-fine reagent reducing interfacial tension at the oil-water interface under reservoir conditions to 0.005 mN/m was studied in the laboratory.\u0000 Geological and production data show that the main problem of the pilot areas is early encroachment of production wells by injected water because of its breakthrough and subsequent unwanted flow through the most permeable and depleted layers. Tracer studies, conducted in injection wells using tracers that moved through flushed channels towards wells with high production rates and high-water cuts, identified zones of ineffective injection.\u0000 Treatments using multi-action technology in four pilot areas of the field produced the following effects: Redistribution of injected water flows by increasing the residual resistance factor in high-permeability zones and redirection of flows into previously inactive reservoir zones.Incremental oil production from four areas over 10 months was 2745 tonnes with a lasting effect.\u0000 The novelty of the multi-action technology consists in targeted treatment of oil reservoirs and displacement of residual oil through selective isolation of water-encroached zones. The energy produced at the phase interface is used to separate film-bound oil, move globular oil through pore throats and increase oil flow rate and oil permeability in the reservoir irrespective of its geological and mineralogical characteristics or formation fluid properties.","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81900121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Kaolinite Fine Particles in Sandstone Reservoir on Omani Medium Oil Recovery by Low-Salinity Water Flooding","authors":"Ibrahim Al Hadabi, K. Sasaki, Y. Sugai, Nobuhiko Kano","doi":"10.2118/200253-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200253-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The effect of kaolinite fine particles migration and wettability alteration during low salinity water-flooding (LSW-flooding) has been investigated for Omani sandstone reservoirs. Water flooding by re-injecting the reservoir brine is currently operated in the subjected Omani oil fields, and LSW is one of the operations to improve the oil production. However, relatively large amount of precipitated oil sludge was observed in the production and surface facilities along with the produced crude oil. In present experimental study, Omani intermediate oil (API gravity of 30°) and oil sludge were sampled from a skimming tank in the production facility. The physical and chemical characteristics of the clay particles were analyzed by a laser particle size distribution analyzer, SEM, XRD, and SQX after separated from oil. Furthermore, water-flooding tests by brine and LSW were carried out using Berea sandstone cores saturated by three different conditions of the Omani oil and kaolinite fine particles to simulate clay particles in the reservoir conditions. The kaolinite-particles slurry of 0.4μm in average size were used for the tests. The first core was saturated with oil only, the second one was filled up with kaolinite fine particles slurry then saturated with the oil, and the third one was saturated with the mixture of kaolinite-particles slurry and the oil. The results of LSW flooding after brine flooding showed that 30 % increase of oil recovery was obtained in the cases including kaolinite fine particles compared to that of oil only. In addition, the wettability of the cores contained kaolinite fine particles showed stronger water-wettability than the core without kaolinite. Zeta potential was measured to investigate the surface charge of kaolinite-particles in brine and water. The kaolinite fine particles were negatively charged as -15 mV in the brine, while it was -50 mV in the LSW used for the LSW flooding test. This difference has explained that the increase of oil recovery ratio in the water-flooding test was induced by kaolinite fine particles in the cores. The ions were traced in the effluents in LSW flooding, and it was found that the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ reduced sharply from their initial concentration of 722 and 788 ppm to 34 and 26 ppm respectively with pH increasing from 6.8 to below 9.0.Those results indicate clearly that the kaolinite fine particles have a function to reduce the Sor and shift the wettability to water-wet that attributed to the interactions between oil, water and kaolinite-particles in the process of LSW flooding.","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78002180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is the Optimum Wettability for Oil Recovery Through Waterflooding?","authors":"Wajdi Alnoush, A. Shaat, Nayef Alyafei","doi":"10.2118/200232-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200232-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This work provides a review of Improved/Enhanced oil recovery research to answer the critical question about the optimum wettability for oil recovery through conventional and low salinity waterflooding (LSW). As the answer is not straightforward, this work investigates conflicting views in a manner that justifies conclusions and provides comparisons between different rock types and conditions. Analysis relating all parameters affecting oil recovery is linked to wettability to identify the optimum state for different waterflooding schemes.\u0000 Relying solely on core-based analysis, or any other method, is argued to be not conclusive without considering the conditions of core handling and testing, pore-network structure, contact angle tests, and field-scale considerations. Therefore, comprehensive conclusions should come from cross-factor analysis rather than isolating certain factors, when studying optimum wettability for oil recovery. This work provides a reference for researchers to approach this dichotomy through an overview of previous works in this area.","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74471991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online Monitoring for Measuring the Viscosity of the Injected Fluids Containing Polymer in Chemical Eor","authors":"S. Jouenne, G. Heurteux, B. Levaché","doi":"10.2118/200209-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200209-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Viscosification of water with polymers is a mature technique used in different enhanced oil recovery processes (AP, ASP, SP and P flooding). The viscosity of the injected fluids is generally measured in the lab on solutions sampled manually at different locations of the polymer injection process. In order to increase the reliability of these measurements and to alleviate the quality control, there is a strong need for measuring online the viscosity.\u0000 On a field, polymer solutions can be highly degraded if they are sheared during the sampling or contaminated by the oxygen when exposed to the atmosphere during the viscosity measurement. Different procedures have been proposed in the industry to prevent or minimize degradation. However, routine measurements through manual sampling mobilize operators, take time and are often questionable. In this paper, we present three types of online viscometers developed for avoiding degradation during the sampling and the viscosity measurement. A fourth one enables to do reliable viscosity measurements in the lab.\u0000 A low pressure tank viscometer enables to measure continuously the viscosity of the polymer mother solution. This viscometer is particularly adapted to highly concentrated and viscous solutions since it is not sensitive to the presence of particles, gel debris and oil. Two high pressure viscometers can be connected at any point of the high pressure injection line (well head for example) to monitor continuously the viscosity of the injected polymer solution. Their low foot print make them easily transportable. Sensitivity and precision of these equipment were assessed through online measurements at the lab and pilot scale. They were found to perfectly match the viscosity measurements performed with lab rheometers even on pure water. A fourth lab viscometer was developed in order to improve the reliability and the robustness of classical viscometers used in operations. Measurement in anaerobic condition prevent any risk of oxidative degradation. All the viscometers are automated with a minimum need of human intervention.\u0000 All the developed rheometers are at the prototype stage. Particular attention was paid to the robustness of each element and its adequacy with field constraints. Field tests are now needed to finalize their development and assess their durability on the long term. The use of robust online viscosity measurements during EOR operations would allow effective continuous remote monitoring, greatly improving pilot interpretability and operability during pilot and commercial stages.","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75302765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical Investigation of Water Composition Effect on Formation Damage and Related Oil Recovery in Carbonates","authors":"I. Khurshid, E. Al-Shalabi, W. Alameri","doi":"10.2118/200249-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/200249-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Several benefits of low salinity/engineered water injection (LSWI/EWI) have been reported in the literature including its ability to increase oil recovery at low cost and with least environmental impact. However, the related reservoir-engineering problems to these techniques such as formation damage and fluid mobility control are still uncertain and have not been thoroughly investigated. This study investigates the effect of water composition on formation damage and the related oil recovery from a geochemical prospective.\u0000 The study presents coupling of the IPhreeqc geochemical engine with Matlab to simultaneously solve the oil-water multiphase flow and the related geochemical reactions. Using this coupling technique, the geochemical capabilities of Phreeqc were successfully incorporated in a multiphase flow simulator. The latter enabled modeling of reactive transport and formation damage in subsurface multiphase reservoir. The results showed that the temperature, sulfate concentration, and dilution of injection water have a pronounced effect on formation dissolution and precipitation during LSWI/EWI. Also, anhydrite scale is the main controlling solid specie for formation damage. In addition, high temperature water injection should be avoided in carbonate reservoirs due to the likelihood of anhydrite precipitation and formation damage. This precipitation occurs because of the low-solubility of anhydrite at high temperature. Moreover, water dilution could decrease the scale formation while sulfate spiking might increase scale precipitation. Hence, sulfate concentration should be optimized as a wettability alteration agent to enhance oil recovery while avoid formation damage. Furthermore, as a sequence of anhydrite precipitation by sulfate spiking, oil production is expected to decrease by around 23% in the selected case study. The dissolution and precipitation mechanisms during LSWI are very case-dependent and subject of pore distribution, crude oil/brine/rock compositions, and thermodynamic conditions. Hence, the findings of this study cannot be generalized.","PeriodicalId":10912,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2022","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81978062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}