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ESP and Completion Deployment using Dual Derrick Drill Ship Rigs 使用双井架钻机的ESP和完井部署
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/206309-ms
D. Lemos, J. Marins, R. D. Lima
This paper presents an innovative concept to run Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP) and upper completion utilizing dual derrick drillship rigs in deep water wells. The availability of a second deck to assemble, test and rack long assemblies brings the possibility to conduct a safer, efficient and reliable operation. The experience in Brazil running complex completions and high horsepower ESPs shows how important is to implement initiatives to reduce rig time. The main objective of the new process is to have every completion tool readily available in the drilling deck, requiring minimum time to connect it to the completion string. In the standard process, the tool sits in the pipe deck until completion string reaches its set position and only then the equipment is brought into the rig floor to be serviced and made up to the completion string. The methodology to assemble ESP and completion tools offline in the auxiliary derrick was developed in partnership with the operator, the service company, and the drilling rig contractor. The offline preparation concept was considered as part of the completion design phase analyzing every step of the upper completion run, looking for efficiency improvement and reduced total rig time. The modern automated pipe handling system was used to manipulate the long and heavy assemblies from the auxiliary deck to the racking system and from the racking system to the main deck without any safety concern, and with minimal human intervention. Eight deep-water operations were completed in Brazil using the new concept and the results brought important rig time reduction in the upper completion running time. The tools that were part of the completion included DHSV, permanent downhole gauges, chemical injection valves, 1600 HP ESP system and tubing test valves. The new process allows the team to service equipment without the usual operation rush reducing installation related failure therefore increasing equipment reliability. The methodology presented on this paper contributes to oil industry as a field-proven reference for offshore ESP and completion deployment technique reducing HSE exposure and total well construction cost. This is particularly important for deep and ultra-deepwater projects which are associated with high intervention costs. Dual derrick rigs were designed with focus to improve drilling operations and after the new process development, the modern robotized machinery empowers ESP and completion activities with improved efficiencies.
本文提出了一种利用双井架钻机在深水井中下入电潜泵(ESP)和上部完井的创新概念。第二平台的可用性可以组装、测试和机架长组件,从而实现更安全、高效和可靠的操作。在巴西运行复杂完井和大功率esp的经验表明,实施减少钻机时间的措施是多么重要。新工艺的主要目标是使每个完井工具都能在钻井平台上随时可用,将其连接到完井管柱上所需的时间最短。在标准流程中,该工具放置在管板上,直到完井管柱到达其设定位置,然后将设备带入钻台进行维修并完成完井管柱。在辅助井架上离线组装ESP和完井工具的方法是由作业者、服务公司和钻机承包商共同开发的。离线准备概念被认为是完井设计阶段的一部分,分析上部完井作业的每一步,寻求提高效率和减少总钻机时间。现代自动化管道处理系统用于操纵从辅助甲板到货架系统以及从货架系统到主甲板的长而重的组件,没有任何安全问题,并且人工干预最少。在巴西使用新概念完成了8次深水作业,结果大大减少了上部完井作业时间。完井工具包括DHSV、永久性井下仪表、化学注入阀、1600hp ESP系统和油管测试阀。新工艺允许团队在没有常规操作匆忙的情况下维修设备,减少了与安装相关的故障,从而提高了设备的可靠性。本文提出的方法为石油行业的海上ESP和完井部署技术提供了现场验证的参考,降低了HSE风险和总建井成本。这对于修井成本高的深水和超深水项目尤为重要。双井架钻机的设计重点是改善钻井作业,在新工艺开发之后,现代自动化机械设备提高了ESP和完井作业的效率。
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引用次数: 0
Corrosion and Wear Resistant Boronizing for Tubulars and Components Used Down-Hole 井下管材及部件的耐腐蚀耐磨渗硼处理
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/206074-ms
R. Machado, Paola Andrea de Sales Bastos, Danny Daniel Socorro Royero, E. Medvedovski
Components and tubulars in down-hole applications for oil and gas production must withstand severe wear (e.g. erosion, abrasion, rod wear) and corrosion environments. These challenges can be addressed through boronizing of steels achieved employing chemical vapour deposition-based process. This process permits protection of the entire working surfaces of production tubulars up to 12m in length, as well as various sizes of complex shaped components. The performance of these tubulars and components have been evaluated in abrasion, erosion, and corrosion conditions simulating the environment and service conditions experienced in down-hole oil and gas production. Harsh service conditions are very common in the oil industry and the combination of abrasion, friction-induced wear, erosion, and corrosion environments can be quite normal in wells producing with the assistance of artificial lift methods. The boronized steel products demonstrated significantly higher performance in terms of material loss when exposed to harsh operating conditions granting a significant extension of the component service life in wear and corrosion environments. As opposed to many coating technologies, the boronizing process provides high integrity finished products without spalling or delamination on the working surface and minimal dimensional changes. Successful application of tubulars and components with the iron boride protective layer in oil and gas production will be discussed and presented.
在油气生产的井下应用中,组件和管柱必须承受严重的磨损(例如侵蚀、磨损、抽油杆磨损)和腐蚀环境。这些挑战可以通过采用化学气相沉积工艺对钢进行渗硼处理来解决。该工艺可以保护长达12米的生产管的整个工作表面,以及各种尺寸的复杂形状部件。在模拟井下油气生产环境和服务条件的磨损、侵蚀和腐蚀条件下,对这些管柱和组件的性能进行了评估。在石油工业中,恶劣的使用条件非常普遍,在人工举升方法的辅助下,磨损、摩擦磨损、侵蚀和腐蚀环境的组合是很正常的。当暴露在恶劣的操作条件下,硼化钢产品在材料损耗方面表现出明显更高的性能,在磨损和腐蚀环境中显著延长了部件的使用寿命。与许多涂层技术相反,渗硼工艺可以提供高完整性的成品,不会在工作表面产生剥落或分层,并且尺寸变化最小。介绍了具有硼化铁保护层的管材和部件在油气生产中的成功应用。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptation of Technologies Making Clean out Operations Environment Friendly and Cost Effective - Converting Failure into Success Using New Type of Fluidic Oscillator 清洁作业环境友好、成本效益高的技术适应——新型流体振荡器化失败为成功
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/206099-ms
Barzan Ahmed, F. A. Khoshnaw, Mustansar Raza, Hossam A. Elmoneim, Kamil Shehzad, Mustafa Sarbast, Omar El Zanaty, Serwer Yousif
A case study is presented detailing the methodology used to perform the clean-out operation in a water disposal well of Khurmala Field, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Untreated disposed water caused scaling and plugging in perforated liner and in the open hole that eventually ceased injection. Multiple attempts and investments were made in recent years to resume access to the injection zone using high-pressure hydro-jetting tools coupled with acid treatments. However, these attempts yielded futile efforts. Before proceeding with the decision of workover, it was decided to go for one final attempt to regain wellbore access using Fluidic Oscillator (SFO). Fluidic Oscillator (SFO) having pulsing, cavitation and helix jetting action was used in combination with a train of fluids consisting of diesel, 28% HCl and gel. The clean out was performed in stages of 10m, to clean the fill from 1091m to 1170m. Since the well bore was initially isolated from the injection zone, the cleanout was conducted with non-nitrified fluids. As the cleanout progressed and access to the liner and open hole was regained, the circulation of insoluble fill to surface required a lighter carrying fluid. Nitrification, volume of the fluids, batch cycling, and ROP were designed considering the downhole dynamic changes expected during each stage of the operation. The combination of SFO, the thorough selection of treatment fluids and the accurate downhole hydraulics simulations pertaining to different stages of the operation offered an effective solution and regained the connectivity between the wellbore and the injection zone. The injection rate of water increased from 0 bpm at 700 psi to 15 bpm at 200 psi. Throughout this operation, the SFO helix, cavitation, and acoustic pulse (alike) jetting proved to be more effective than other single acting rotating jetting tools. Also, Environmental impact was reduced by eliminating the need for a rig workover operation. The matching of the injection pressure when the well was first completed and the post job value indicated that the complete zone was exposed and scale deposits were removed from the critical matrix or bypassed. SFO has an effective jetting near wellbore region, while the kinetic energy transferred via fluid makes the impact stronger in the deeper region. Internal mechanism of the tool allows it to handle high pumping rate and pressures, external finishing offer multi-port orientation of outflow that allows targeting the fill in desired directions. Presently the SFO used in the case study is the only technology that has pulse, cavitation, and helix jetting structure. Also, since the tool does not require redressing, it proves to be an efficient, safe and cost effective alternative
介绍了一个案例研究,详细介绍了在伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区Khurmala油田污水处理井中进行清洗作业的方法。未经处理的水会导致射孔尾管结垢和堵塞,最终导致裸眼井停止注入。近年来,为了利用高压水力喷射工具和酸处理措施恢复注入层的通道,进行了多次尝试和投资。然而,这些尝试都是徒劳的。在决定进行修井之前,决定使用流体振荡器(SFO)进行最后一次尝试,以恢复井筒通道。流体振荡器(SFO)具有脉冲、空化和螺旋喷射作用,与柴油、28%盐酸和凝胶组成的流体组合使用。清理分10米阶段进行,清理填充物从1091米至1170米。由于井筒最初与注入区隔离,因此使用非硝化流体进行清洗。随着洗井的进行和尾管和裸眼的恢复,不溶性充填物循环到地面需要更轻的携带液。在设计硝化作用、流体体积、间歇循环和ROP时,考虑了每个作业阶段预期的井下动态变化。SFO、处理液的全面选择以及针对不同作业阶段的精确井下水力模拟相结合,提供了有效的解决方案,并恢复了井筒与注入层之间的连通性。注水速度从700 psi时的0 bpm增加到200 psi时的15 bpm。在整个作业过程中,SFO螺旋、空化和声脉冲(类似的)射流被证明比其他单作用旋转射流工具更有效。此外,由于无需进行钻机修井作业,减少了对环境的影响。首次完井时的注入压力与作业后的数值相匹配,表明整个地层已被暴露,结垢沉积物已从临界基质中移除或绕过。SFO在近井筒区域具有有效的喷射作用,而流体传递的动能使深层区域的冲击作用更强。该工具的内部机构使其能够处理高泵速和高压力,外部精加工提供多端口流出方向,使充填物能够瞄准所需的方向。目前,案例研究中使用的SFO是唯一具有脉冲、空化和螺旋射流结构的技术。此外,由于该工具不需要修复,因此它被证明是一种高效、安全且经济的替代方案
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引用次数: 0
Closing the Gap in Characterizing the Parent Child Effect for Unconventional Reservoirs - A Case of Study in Vaca Muerta Shale Formation 缩小非常规储层亲子效应表征的差距——以Vaca Muerta页岩组为例
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/206001-ms
A. Lerza, Sergio Cuervo, Sahil Malhotra
In Shale and Tight, the term "Parent-Child effect" refers to the impact the depleted area and corresponding stress changes originated by the production of a previously drilled well, the "parent", has over the generated hydraulic fracture geometry, conforming initial drainage area and consequent production performance of a new neighbor well, called "child". Such effect might be considered analogous to the no flow boundary created when the drainage areas of two wells meet at a certain distance from them in conventional reservoirs; but, unconventional developments exhibit higher exposure to a more impactful version of this phenomena, given their characteristic tighter well spacing and the effect pressure depletion of the nearby area by the neighbor well has over the child well's hydraulic fracture development. Due to the importance the Parent-Child effect has for unconventional developments, this study aims first to generally characterize this effect and then quantify its expected specific project impact based on real field data from the Vaca Muerta formation. To do so, we developed a methodology where fracture and reservoir simulation were applied for calibrating a base model using field observed data such as microseismic, tracers, daily production data and well head pressure measurements. The calibrated model was then coupled with a geomechanical reservoir simulator and used to predict pressure and stress tensor profiles across different depletion times. On these different resulting scenarios, child wells were hydraulically fractured with varying well spacing and completion designs. Finally, the Expected Ultimate Recovery (EUR) impact versus well spacing and the parent´s production time were built for different child´s completion design alternatives, analyzed and contrasted against previously field observed data. Results obtained from the characterization work suggests the parent child effect is generated by a combination of initial drainage area changes and stress magnitude and direction changes, which are both dependent of the pressure depletion from the parent well. Furthermore, the results show how the well spacing and parent's production timing, as well as parent's and child's completion design, significantly affect the magnitude of the expected parent child effect impact over the child's EUR.
在页岩和致密气藏中,“亲子效应”一词是指先前钻过的一口井(“母井”)的生产所产生的枯竭区域和相应的应力变化对新邻井(“子井”)所产生的水力裂缝几何形状、一致的初始排水面积和随后的生产性能的影响。这种效应可以被认为类似于常规油藏中,当两口井的排水区在一定距离处相遇时所产生的无流边界;但是,非常规开发更容易受到这种现象的影响,因为非常规开发的井间距更小,相邻井对附近区域的压力耗尽对子井水力裂缝发育的影响更大。由于亲子效应对非常规开发的重要性,本研究旨在首先对这种效应进行一般描述,然后根据Vaca Muerta地层的实际现场数据量化其预期的具体项目影响。为此,我们开发了一种方法,利用微地震、示踪剂、日产量数据和井口压力测量等现场观测数据,应用裂缝和油藏模拟来校准基础模型。然后,将校准后的模型与地质力学油藏模拟器相结合,用于预测不同枯竭时间的压力和应力张量剖面。在这些不同的情景下,采用不同的井距和完井设计对子井进行水力压裂。最后,针对不同的完井设计方案,建立了预期最终采收率(EUR)对井距和母井生产时间的影响,并与之前的现场观察数据进行了分析和对比。表征结果表明,父-子效应是由初始泄油面积变化、应力大小和方向变化共同作用产生的,而应力大小和方向变化都取决于母井的压力损耗。此外,研究结果还表明,井距、母井生产时间以及母井和子井完井设计显著影响了预期亲子效应对子井EUR的影响程度。
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引用次数: 1
Experience of Using Continuous Production Surveillance Techniques in Multilateral Wells 分支井连续生产监测技术应用经验
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/205908-ms
Nadir Husein, Vishwajit Upadhye, Igor Novikov, A. Drobot, V. Bolshakov, A. Buyanov, Vladimir Alekseevich Doronin
This paper deals with the case of using the production surveillance inflow tracer-based method in one of multi-lateral wells located in West Siberia. Tracer systems were placed in the well during the well construction by horizontal side tracking, and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing (MSHF) was performed, with the parent borehole remaining in operation. This technology allows developing the reservoir drainage area with a lateral hole and bringing the oil reserves remaining in the parent borehole into production, which results in an increased well productivity and improved oil recovery rate. Tracer systems are placed into the parent borehole within a downhole sub installed into the well completion. Polymer-coated proppant pack was injected during multi-stage hydraulic fracturing to deliver the tracers to the side track lateral. Dynamic production profiling was done to aid into more efficient development of complex and heterogeneous reservoirs and improve of the productive reservoir sweep ratio during the construction of multilateral wells, which enabled us to address several key problems: Providing tools for waterflood diagnostics in multilateral wells and finding an easy water shut- off method for a certain interval Assessing the efficiency of multi-stage hydraulic fracturing and elaborating the optimal treatment design Selecting the optimal mode of the multilateral well operation to prevent premature flooding in one or more laterals Evaluating whether well construction was performed efficiently, and a higher production was achieved by side tracking. Currently, the proposed first-of-its-kind solution enables the operator to obtain a set of data that can help not only significantly improve the wells productivity and increase the oil recovery rate, but also lead to a considerable economic savings in capital expenditure.
本文介绍了在西西伯利亚某多分支井中应用生产监测流入示踪方法的实例。在施工过程中,通过水平侧跟踪将示踪剂系统放置在井中,并进行多级水力压裂(MSHF),母井仍在运行中。该技术可以利用横向井眼开发储层排水区,并将母井中剩余的石油储量投入生产,从而提高油井产能和采收率。示踪剂系统安装在完井的井下短节内的母井眼中。在多级水力压裂过程中,注入聚合物涂层支撑剂充填层,将示踪剂输送到侧轨道分支。动态生产剖面有助于更有效地开发复杂和非均质油藏,并在多分支井施工期间提高生产油藏波及比,这使我们能够解决几个关键问题:为分支井提供水驱诊断工具,寻找一种简便的断水方法,评估多段水力压裂效率,制定最优处理方案,选择分支井作业的最佳模式,防止一个或多个分支井过早发生水淹,评估建井是否有效,通过侧边跟踪提高了产量。目前,该解决方案首创,使作业者能够获得一组数据,这些数据不仅可以显著提高油井产能,提高石油采收率,还可以节省大量资本支出。
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引用次数: 0
Psychological Adaptation Peculiarities of the Offshore Ice-Resistant Oil and Gas Production Platform Workers in the Caspian Sea 里海海上抗冰油气平台作业人员的心理适应特点
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/205956-ms
Y. Korneeva, N. Simonova
The fly-in-fly-out personnel on the oil platform are exposed to extreme climatic and geographic and production factors, and also remain in group isolation conditions, which makes demands on the body of the fly-in-fly-out worker that often exceed its reserves. This excludes the possibility of full psychological adaptation to these conditions and causes the emergence of specialist's unfavorable functional states, which lead to a decrease in the mental health level, productivity and professional performance. The worker's labor tasks of various professions differ in physical and physiological stress, as well as in the degree of harmful production factors action. The goal is to identify the psychological adaptability of the offshore ice-resistant oil and gas production platform fly-in-fly-out employees in the Caspian Sea. The study was conducted on the offshore ice-resistant platform in the Caspian Sea (April 2019), 50 employees took part in it (fly-in duration - 14 days fly-out period – 14 days). Research methods are questionnaire, psychological and psychophysiological testing. By psychological adaptation we understand a personality traits system necessary for the productive performance of our leading activities. Due to the fact that fly-in-fly-out oil and gas workers are affected by climate, production and socio-psychological factors, we will study psychological adaptability through subjective criteria: indicators of regulatory processes, subjective control, socio-psychological adaptation, as well as personal characteristics, and objective criteria: functional state level (working capacity, job stress and other). The psychological adaptability peculiarities were revealed among employees with an optimal and reduced level of functional reserves and working capacity. The oil and gas production platform employees are distinguished by a high level of self-regulation, which is expressed in the ability to form a self-regulation style that allows them to compensate for the personal influence, characterological characteristics that impede the goal achievement. Among the regulatory processes, a high expression level is observed in planning and modeling. The employees have a need for conscious planning of activities, the plans in this case are realistic, detailed, hierarchical, effective and stable, the goals of the activity are put forward independently. They are able to identify significant conditions for achieving goals both in the current situation and in the long-term future, which is manifested in the adequacy of the action programs to the action plans, the results correspondence obtained to the adopted goals. Programming, evaluation of results, independence and flexibility are developed among employees at an average level. The workers are characterized by an average subjective control level. They believe that most of the important events in their life are the result of their own actions, that they can control them, and feel their own responsibility f
石油平台上的飞出人员暴露在极端的气候、地理和生产因素中,并且处于群体隔离状态,这对飞出人员的身体要求往往超过其储量。这排除了对这些条件的充分心理适应的可能性,并导致专科医生出现不利的功能状态,导致心理健康水平下降,生产力下降,专业表现下降。不同职业的劳动者的劳动任务在生理应激和有害生产要素作用程度上存在差异。目的是确定里海海上抗冰油气生产平台飞进飞出员工的心理适应能力。该研究是在里海的海上抗冰平台上进行的(2019年4月),50名员工参加了研究(飞进期- 14天飞出期- 14天)。研究方法有问卷调查、心理测试和心理生理测试。通过心理适应,我们理解了一种人格特征系统,这是我们领导活动的生产性表现所必需的。由于飞进飞出油气工人受气候、生产和社会心理等因素的影响,我们将通过主观标准(调节过程、主观控制、社会心理适应、个人特征等指标)和客观标准(功能状态水平(工作能力、工作压力等)来研究心理适应性。功能储备和工作能力处于最优水平和较低水平的员工表现出心理适应的独特性。油气生产平台员工的特点是具有高度的自我调节能力,这表现在能够形成一种自我调节风格,使他们能够补偿阻碍目标实现的个人影响和性格特征。在调控过程中,规划和建模的表达水平较高。员工需要对活动进行有意识的规划,本案例中的计划是现实的、详细的、有层次性的、有效的和稳定的,活动的目标是独立提出的。他们能够确定在当前情况和长期未来实现目标的重要条件,这体现在行动方案对行动计划的充分性,所获得的结果与所采用的目标的一致性。规划、结果评估、独立性和灵活性在员工中处于平均水平。工人的特点是主观控制水平一般。他们相信生活中大多数重要的事件都是他们自己行为的结果,他们可以控制这些事件,并对这些事件和他们生活的总体发展方式负有责任。需要注意的是,主观控制水平与员工职能储备水平之间存在负相关关系。随着主观控制水平的提高,内部储备水平降低。这可以用对生活事件负责需要更多包容和资源这一事实来解释。高度的主观控制会导致员工过度劳累。我们以前的研究结果证实了这一点。
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引用次数: 0
A Revolutionary Approach to Meeting Technological Challenges 迎接技术挑战的革命性方法
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/206210-ms
Yu. D. Maksimov, M. Khasanov, Aleksander Blyablyas, S. Vershinin, E. Ognev, R. Starostenko
Gazprom Neft Science and Technology Center tailors various system engineering methods and other practices to the agenda of oil and gas industry. Resulting consistent approaches will produce a sort of work book enabling management of complex projects throughout the Upstream perimeter. Value-Driven Engineering is a strategic approach to system engineering that optimizes several disciplines within a single model. For example, complex project components are broken down into simpler elements, making it easier to find responsible action officers. Planning is broken down into phases that make it easier to meet the assigned deadlines. It allows you to fragmentize the end product at the design and management phase with a view to edit the product's configuration during the work. Essentially, the VDE approach best resembles a step-by-step guide to putting together a construction made up of multiple elements: without this guide, building the elements into one piece is a much harder job. System engineering is being successfully employed by NASA and aircraft industry today. The approach helps bring together numerous correlated technologies in spacecraft and aircraft building. In the oil industry, BP and Shell are the pioneers in using VDE. Seeking to tailor the system engineering approaches to the applied problems of Gazprom Neft, the Company engineers deliver work in several stages. Stage one is a look back study of projects that covers all the aspects of oil production, from seismic survey to field operation. To build the optimal concept, a project team studies special literature and existing practices in related sectors, essentially among foreign counterparts. The Company has already analyzed the existing research breakthroughs, best practices and digital tools. Even though VDE will chiefly focus on the development of new reservoirs, its individual practices may be successfully utilized at existing assets. Oil and gas production system is growing more complex every day because of the number of control elements and uncertainties that the oil and gas Company has to face at the early stages of planning a future asset. Development of each product, from concept to final implementation, involves a number of lifecycle stages; the sequence of these stages and the necessary toolkit for each stage is identified by the area of expertise known as system engineering. System engineering works perfectly if a certain product or system has existing equivalents, but engineers today may have to handle their tasks in absence of equivalent solutions, which necessitates engagement of creative competences. Development of such competences and inventive problem solving are in the focus of the area of expertise known as creative problem solving that relies on the TRIZ methods (TRIZ = theory of inventive problem solving). Technology intelligence is the area of expertise that focuses on aggregation of experience and employment of solutions from related industries or even from fu
Gazprom Neft科技中心根据石油和天然气行业的议程量身定制各种系统工程方法和其他实践。结果一致的方法将产生一种工作簿,能够管理整个上游范围内的复杂项目。价值驱动工程是一种系统工程的战略方法,它在单个模型中优化多个学科。例如,将复杂的项目组成部分分解为更简单的元素,从而更容易找到负责任的行动官员。计划被分解成几个阶段,这样更容易在指定的截止日期前完成。它允许您在设计和管理阶段分割最终产品,以便在工作期间编辑产品的配置。从本质上讲,VDE方法最类似于将由多个元素组成的构造组合在一起的分步指南:没有这个指南,将元素构建成一个整体是一项更加困难的工作。今天,系统工程正成功地应用于美国国家航空航天局和航空工业。这种方法有助于将航天器和飞机制造中的许多相关技术结合在一起。在石油行业,英国石油公司和壳牌公司是使用VDE的先驱。为了针对Gazprom Neft的应用问题量身定制系统工程方法,公司工程师分几个阶段交付工作。第一阶段是对项目的回顾研究,涵盖了石油生产的各个方面,从地震勘探到现场作业。为了构建最优概念,项目团队研究了相关领域的特殊文献和现有实践,主要是国外同行。该公司已经分析了现有的研究突破、最佳实践和数字工具。尽管VDE将主要侧重于新油藏的开发,但其个别做法也可能成功地应用于现有资产。由于油气公司在规划未来资产的早期阶段必须面对大量的控制元素和不确定性,油气生产系统变得越来越复杂。每个产品的开发,从概念到最终实施,涉及许多生命周期阶段;这些阶段的顺序和每个阶段所需的工具包由称为系统工程的专业领域确定。如果某个产品或系统有现有的等同物,系统工程就可以完美地工作,但是今天的工程师可能不得不在没有等同的解决方案的情况下处理他们的任务,这就需要创造性能力的参与。这种能力的发展和创造性解决问题的能力是依靠TRIZ方法(TRIZ =创造性解决问题理论)的创造性解决问题的专业领域的重点。技术智能是一个专业领域,专注于从相关行业甚至基础科学中收集经验和解决方案。它允许工程团队以有序和一致的方式工作,以在自然界或其他专业领域找到适当的解决方案,并在公司的知识云中积累此类解决方案。复杂系统和产品的开发,包括油藏管理,需要多学科的工程团队。一个被称为团队领导的专业领域旨在使团队成员之间的协作更有效。价值驱动工程(VDE)是以工程师系统思维和人类创造力的基本原则为前提的。价值驱动工程的概念框架如图1所示。图1价值驱动工程的概念架构该概念涉及四个关键的专业领域:系统工程,即控制技术系统/产品开发过程的一套实践;创造性地解决问题,即用于促进创造性能力和解决问题技能的方法和工具;技术智能,即人力资源和新技术的综合发掘管理;团队领导力,即通过确定最佳团队规模和角色平衡,建立领导系统(目标,任务),逐步指导一群专家转变为一个成功的团队。本文将详细介绍上述方法和实践,以应对石油和天然气行业面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Mitigating Water Production from High Viscosity Oil Wells in Unconsolidated Sandstone Formations 降低松散砂岩地层高粘度油井的出水量
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/206333-ms
Hamad Al-Rashidi, M. Hussein, Abdulaziz Erhamah, Satinder Malik, A. Al-Hajri, Dwane Almeida, N. Salehi, G. Omonte, A. Zaitoun
Large reserves of High-Viscous Oil in Kuwait calls for Improved Oil Recovery scenarios. In Kuwait unconsolidated sandstone formations, the sandstone intervals represent extensive reservoir intervals of sand separated by laterally extensive non-reservoir intervals that comprise finer-grained, argillaceous sands, silts and muds. The reservoir is shallow with high permeability (above 1000 mD) and under bottom aquifer pressure support. Due to strong viscosity contrast between oil and water, after breakthrough, the water cut rises quickly resulting in strong loss of production efficiency. Mitigating water production is thus mandatory to improve production conditions. The candidate wells have 2 to 3 open intervals in different rock facies with comingle production. The total perforated length is between 38 and 48 ft. Production is through PCP at a rate of around 300 bpd and BS&W is between 71 and 87%. The technology applied utilizes pre-gelled size-controlled product (SMG Microgels) having RPM properties, i.e. inducing a strong drop of relative permeability to water without affecting oil relative permeability. The size is chosen to selectively treat the high-permeability water producing zones while preserving the lower-permeability oil zones. The chemical can also withstand downhole harsh conditions such as salinity of around 170,000ppm and presence of 2% H2S. The treatment consisted of bullhead injection of 300 bbls of pre-gelled chemical through tubing. The first results seem very favourable, sincefor two wells, the water cut has dropped from 80 to 40% with almost same gross production rate. The incremental oil is more than 100 bopd. The third well did not show marked change after WSO treatment. The wells are under continuous monitoring to assess long-term performance. Such result, if confirmed, may lead to high possibilities for the improvement of heavy-oil reservoir production under aquifer support by mitigating water production with simple chemical bullhead injection.
科威特储量巨大的高稠油要求提高采收率。在科威特的松散砂岩地层中,砂岩层段代表了广泛的砂岩储层,由横向广泛的非储层段隔开,非储层段包括细粒砂岩、泥质砂岩、粉砂和泥浆。储层浅,渗透率高(1000 mD以上),受底层含水层压力支撑。由于油水粘度对比强,突破后含水率迅速上升,生产效率损失较大。因此,减少水产量是改善生产条件的强制性措施。候选井在不同的岩相中有2到3个开放层段,产量单一。射孔总长度在38 ~ 48英尺之间。通过PCP的产量约为300桶/天,BS&W在71% ~ 87%之间。该技术采用了具有RPM特性的预胶化粒径控制产品(SMG微凝胶),即在不影响油的相对渗透率的情况下,诱导水的相对渗透率大幅下降。选择该尺寸是为了选择性地处理高渗透产水层,同时保留低渗透含油层。该化学品还可以承受井下的恶劣条件,例如约170,000ppm的盐度和2% H2S的存在。处理方法包括通过油管向井口注入300球预凝胶化化学品。最初的结果似乎非常令人满意,因为两口井的含水率从80%下降到40%,总产量几乎相同。石油增量超过100桶。第三口井经WSO处理后无明显变化。目前正在对这些井进行持续监测,以评估其长期性能。如果这一结果得到证实,将很有可能通过简单的化学井口注入来减少含水,从而提高含水层支撑下稠油油藏的产量。
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引用次数: 0
Streamlining the Well Location Optimization Process - An Automated Approach Applied to a Large Onshore Carbonate Field 简化井位优化过程——一种应用于大型陆上碳酸盐岩油田的自动化方法
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/205913-ms
Bruno D. Roussennac, G. V. van Essen, B.-R. de Zwart, Claus von Winterfeld, E. Hernandez, Rob Harris, N. Al Sultan, B. Al Otaibi, A. Kidd, G. Kostin
Infill drilling is a proved strategy to improve hydrocarbon recovery from reservoirs to increase production and maximize field value. Infill drilling projects address the following questions: 1) Where should the wells be drilled? 2) What should be their optimum trajectories? 3) What are the realistic ranges of incremental production of the infill wells? Answering these questions is important yet challenging as it requires the evaluation of multiple scenarios which is laborious and time intensive. This study presents an integrated workflow that allows the optimization of drilling locations using an automated approach that comprises cutting-edge optimization algorithms coupled to reservoir simulation. This workflow concurrently evaluates multiple scenarios until they are narrowed down to an optimum range according to pre-set objectives and honoring pre-established well design constraints. The simultaneous nature of the workflow makes it possible to differentiate between acceleration and real incremental recovery linked to proposed locations. In addition, the technology enables the optimization of all the elements that are relevant to the selection of drilling candidates, such as location, trajectory, inclination, and perforation interval. The well location optimization workflow was applied to a real carbonate large field; heavily faulted; with a well count of +400 active wells and subject to waterflooding. Hence the need for an automated way of finding new optimal drilling locations enabling testing of many locations. Also due to the significant full field model size; sector modelling capability was used such that the optimization, i.e. running many scenarios; could be carried out across smaller scale models within a reasonable time frame. Using powerful hardware and a fully parallelized simulation engine were also important elements in allowing the efficient evaluation of ranges of possible solutions while getting deeper insights into the field and wells responses. As a result of the study, 8 out of the original 9 well locations were moved to more optimal locations. The proposed optimized locations generate an incremental oil recovery increase of more than 70% compared to the original location (pre-optimization). In addition, the project was completed within 2 weeks of equivalent computational time which is a significant acceleration compared to a manual approach of running optimization on a full field model and it is significantly more straight forward than the conventional location selection process. The novelty of the project is introduced by customized python scripts. These scripts allow to achieve practical ways for placing the well locations to explore the solution space and at the same time, honor well design constraints, such as maximum well length, maximum step-out from the surface well-pad, and well perforation interval. Such in-built flexibility combined with automation and highly advanced optimization algorithms helped to achieve
在提高油藏油气采收率、提高产量、实现油田价值最大化方面,钻孔是一种行之有效的策略。填充钻井项目解决了以下问题:1)应该在哪里钻井?它们的最佳轨迹应该是什么?3)该井的实际增产范围是什么?回答这些问题很重要,但也很有挑战性,因为它需要对多个场景进行评估,这既费力又耗时。该研究提出了一个集成的工作流程,可以使用自动化方法优化钻井位置,该方法包括尖端的优化算法和油藏模拟。该工作流程可以同时评估多种方案,直到根据预先设定的目标缩小到最佳范围,并遵守预先建立的井设计约束。工作流程的同时性使得区分与建议位置相关的加速和实际增量恢复成为可能。此外,该技术还可以优化与候选钻井选择相关的所有元素,如位置、轨迹、倾角和射孔间隔。将该井位优化工作流程应用于某实际碳酸盐岩大油田;严重断裂;井数为+400口活动井,可进行注水。因此,需要一种自动化的方法来寻找新的最佳钻井位置,从而可以对许多位置进行测试。也由于显著的全场模型尺寸;扇区建模功能被用来进行优化,即运行多个场景;可以在合理的时间范围内进行小规模的模型试验。使用强大的硬件和完全并行化的模拟引擎也是有效评估可能解决方案范围的重要因素,同时可以更深入地了解油田和井的响应。研究的结果是,原来的9口井中有8口被移到了更优的位置。与原始位置(优化前)相比,提出的优化位置的产油量增加了70%以上。此外,该项目在2周的等效计算时间内完成,与在全油田模型上进行手动优化的方法相比,这是一个显着的加速,并且比传统的位置选择过程更直接。这个项目的新奇之处是由定制的python脚本引入的。这些脚本可以实现实用的方法来放置井的位置,以探索解决方案空间,同时遵守井的设计约束,如最大井长、从地面井垫的最大步距和井的射孔间隔。这种内置的灵活性与自动化和高度先进的优化算法相结合,有助于更容易、更快地实现项目目标。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Hydrocarbon Production Through Thermal Gas Injection from a Retrograde as Condensate Reservoir in the Western Desert in Egypt 埃及西部沙漠逆行凝析气藏注热提高油气产量
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2118/206190-ms
Maged Alaa Taha, Eissa Shokier, A. Attia, A. Yahia, K. Mansour
In retrograde gas condensate reservoirs, condensate blockage is a major reservoir damage problem, where liquid is dropped-out of natural gas, below dew-point pressure. Despite that most of this liquid will not produce due to not reaching the critical saturation, natural gas will be blocked by the accumulated liquid and will also not produce. This work investigates the effects of gas injection (such as methane, carbon-dioxide, and nitrogen) and steam at high temperatures on one of the Egyptian retrograde gas condensate reservoirs. Several gas injection scenarios that comprise different combination of gas injection temperature, enthalpy, injection gas types (CO2, N2, and CH4), and injection-rates were carried out. The results indicated that all conventional and thermal gas injection scenarios do not increase the cumulative gas production more than the depletion case. The non-thermal gas injection scenarios increased the cumulative condensate production by 8.6%. However, thermal CO2 injection increased the condensate production cumulative by 28.9%. It was observed that thermal gas injection does not vaporize condensate It was observed that thermal gas injection does not vaporize condensate more than conventional injection that have the same reservoir pressure trend. However, thermal injection mainly improves the condensate mobility. Appropriately, thermal injection in retrograde reservoirs, is mostly applicable for depleted reservoirs when the largest amount of non-producible liquid is already dropped out. Finally, this research studied executing thermal gas injection in retrograde gas condensate reservoirs, operationally, by considering the following items: carbon dioxide recovery unit, compressors, storage-tanks, anti-corrosion pipe-lines and tubing-strings, and corrosion-inhibitors along with downhole gas heaters.
在逆行凝析气藏中,凝析液堵塞是一个主要的储层损害问题,即天然气中的液体在露点压力以下析出。尽管由于未达到临界饱和,大部分液体不会产生,但天然气将被积聚的液体堵塞,也不会产生。这项工作研究了在高温下注气(如甲烷、二氧化碳和氮气)和蒸汽对埃及一个逆行凝析气藏的影响。根据注气温度、注气焓、注气类型(CO2、N2和CH4)以及注气速率的不同组合,进行了几种注气方案。结果表明,所有常规注气和热注气方案都不会比枯竭方案增加累积产气量。非热注气方案使凝析油累计产量提高了8.6%。然而,热CO2注入使凝析油累计产量提高了28.9%。结果表明,在相同的储层压力趋势下,注热气对凝析油的蒸发作用并不比常规注热气大。然而,热注入主要提高了凝析油的流动性。逆行储层的热注主要适用于已经排出了最大量的非生产液体的枯竭储层。最后,本研究研究了在逆行凝析气藏中实施热注气的操作,考虑了以下项目:二氧化碳回收装置、压缩机、储罐、防腐管线和管柱、缓蚀剂以及井下气体加热器。
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引用次数: 0
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