Current radiopharmaceuticals最新文献

Background: An early diagnosis of cancer can lead to choosing more effective treatment and increase the number of cancer survivors. In this study, the preparation and preclinical aspects of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Rituximab, a high-potential agent for PET imaging of Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL), were evaluated.

Methods: DFO was conjugated to rituximab monoclonal antibody (mAb), and DFO-rituximab was successfully labeled with zirconium-89 (89Zr) at optimized conditions. The stability of the complex was assessed in human blood serum and PBS buffer. Radioimmunoreactivity (RIA) of the radioimmunoconjugate (RIC) was evaluated on CD20-overexpressing Raji cell line and CHO cells. The biodistribution of the radiolabeled mAb was studied in normal and tumorbearing rodents. Finally, the absorbed dose in human organs was estimated.

Results: The radiolabeled compound was prepared with radiochemical purity (RCP) >99% (RTLC) and a specific activity of 180±1.8 GBq/g. The RCP of the final complex PBS buffer and human blood serum was higher than 95%, even after 48 h post incubation. The RIA assay demonstrated that more than 63% of the radiolabeled compound (40 ng/ml, 0.5 mL) was bound to 5×106 Raji cells. The biodistribution of the final product in tumor-bearing mice showed a high accumulation of the RIC in the tumor site in all intervals post-injection. Tumor/ non-target ratios were increased over time, and longer imaging time was suggested. The dosimetry data indicated that the liver received the most absorbed dose after the complex injection.

Conclusion: [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Rituximab represents a significant advancement in the field of oncological imaging and offers a robust platform for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the management of B-cell malignancies.

Introduction: The lung is a moderately radio-sensitive organ. When cells are damaged due to accidental radiation exposure or treatment, they release molecules that lead to the recruitment of immune cells, accumulating inflammatory cytokines at the site of damage. Apigenin (Api) is a natural flavonoid known for its anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the radioprotective properties of Api in the lung.

Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly assigned to nine groups: control, radiation (Rad), CMC+Rad, Api10+Rad, and Api20+Rad. Api was administered with an intraperitoneal injection for 7 days, after which the rats were irradiated with 6 Gy whole-body X-ray. At 6 and 72 hours post-irradiation, the rats were euthanized, and their lung tissue was extracted.

Results: Radiation led to increased alveolar wall thickness and the infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes. Furthermore, the expression levels of inflammatory factors such as a nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-ĸB), Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and epigenetic factors including DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) and Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) were elevated in the lung tissue following radiation. Meanwhile, the expression level of IκB-α decreased. However, administration of Api (at both 10&20 mg/kg) reversed the adverse effects of radiation.

Conclusion: Api administration mitigated radiation-induced lung damage by reversing inflammatory and epigenetic changes.

Background: Various types of radiosensitisers have been introduced from the past until the present day for applications in the biomedical field. However, there is a lack of understanding and comparison between the various parameters introduced in addition to a lack of consensus among researchers on the optimal radiosensitiser for applications in the biomedical field.

Objective: This review aimed to investigate the usage of radiosensitisers in the biomedical field, determine their important parameters, and suggest radiosensitisers with potential among the analysed radiosensitisers.

Results and conclusion: This review has discussed several parameters for radiosensitisers, including median lethal dose, cell survival, tumour size, cell viability, Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) concentration, radiosensitiser production complexity, radiosensitiser administration technique, and radiosensitiser toxicity. General trends regarding the development of radiosensitisers, including the types, effectiveness, and their production complexity, have also been discussed within this review article.

Background: Gated SPECT is an established technique for assessment of left ventricular function in cardiovascular disease patients. However, there is little information about the influence of diabetes mellitus on gated SPECT parameters. This study was established to assess gated SPECT parameters in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM) patients with normal Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI).

Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 314 patients (157 DM, 157 non-DM) with normal MPI were enrolled. Prevalence of risk factors for CAD like hypertension (HTN), and dyslipidemia were found to be significantly higher (p <0.01) in DM patients compared to non-DM.

Results: No statistically significant difference was observed among the TID, ESV, EDV, PFR, TTPF, and Wall Thickness (WT) parameters between DM and non-DM patients. Wall motion (Wm) in DM patients was significantly higher compared to non-DM patients. (3.9 ± 0.51 vs. 2.69 ± 0.48 for DM and non-DM patients, respectively, p-value:0.01). Also, there was no significant difference in Wm in the two groups with and without HTN. This shows the independent effect of DM on the Wm.

Conclusion: This study believes that the Wm parameter should be noted for the early diagnosis or prevention of heart disease in DM patients. These findings can indicate the gradual changes in the movements of the left ventricle and the beginning of the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Objectives: Zirconium-89 ( 89Zr, t1/2=3.27d) is an important + emitting radionuclide used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) immuno studies due to its unique characteristics and increased demand due to simple and cost-effective production capacity. Production of 89Zr is achieved primarily through solid natural yttrium targets via different target preparation methodologies, such as electrodeposition, pressed foils, and spark plasma sintering. In this study, we have investigated the pressed solid target methodology.

Methods: The Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) powder was pressed to pellet form and stacked over a different back support plate, such as platinum (Pt), niobium (Nb), and tantalum (Ta). The target was irradiated with approximately 12 MeV proton beam for 10-60 minutes at 20µA current. The irradiated target was purified through a solid phase extraction method via hydroxamate-based resin by manual or automatic approach. The purified 89Zr was analyzed using gamma scintigraphy, and specific activity was calculated through Deferoxamine (DFO) chelation.

Results: 89Zr radionuclide via pressed target was effectively produced with a production yield of 20-30 MBq/µA.h, and the purification was achieved in 35 minutes with (87.46)% average recovery and >98% purity while using automated purification, but manual purification took 2 hours with (91 ± 2)% recovery and >98% purity. The production yield was comparable to the reported pressed target approach. Deferoxamine (DFO) chelation with 89Zr-oxalate was performed with purity >98% and specific activity of 25-30 µCi/mmol.

Conclusion: In this study, we explored the production of 89Zr by pressed targets and purification via manual or automated methods with good radionuclide purity. The chelation with DFO or its analog was performed with good labeling efficiency and stability

Dementia (the most common cause of Alzheimer's disease) is defined as a chronic or progressive syndrome with disturbance of multiple cortical functions, the most important of them including memory, learning capacity, comprehension, orientation, calculation, language, and judgement. These cognitive impairments affect the quality of life, behavior, and social relations. Techniques of nuclear medicine provide feasible ways to record the intracellular alterations of disease and deficiencies. In these non-invasive manners, the hippocampal-neocortical disconnection may partly explain the hypo-metabolism incident found in Alzheimer's disease. Based on this fact, the study of all these mechanisms of action is conceivable and achievable by radiopharmaceuticals. This review is aimed at the presentation of radiopharmaceuticals that are developed for the detection of Alzheimer's disease in preclinical and clinical trials.

Objective: Traditional cell-based radiobiological methods are inadequate for assessing the toxicity of ionizing radiation exposure in relation to the microstructure of the extracellular matrix. Organotypic tissue slices preserve the spatial organization observed in vivo, making the tissue easily accessible for visualization and staining. This study aims to explore the use of fluorescence microscopy of physiologically compatible 3D tissue cultures to assess the effects of ionizing radiation.

Methods: Organotypic tissue slices were obtained by vibratome, and their mechanical properties were studied. Slices were exposed by two ionizing radiation sources; electron beams (80 Gy and 4 Gy), and soft gamma irradiation (80 Gy and 4 Gy). Two tissue culture protocols were used: the standard (37°C), and hypothermic (30°C) conditions. A qualitative analysis of cell viability in organotypic tissue slices was performed using fluorescent dyes and standard laser confocal microscopy.

Results: Biological dosimetry is represented by differentially stained 200-µm thick organotypic tissue sections related to living and dead cells and cell metabolic activity.

Conclusion: Our results underscore the ability of fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy to rapidly assess the radiobiological effects of ionizing radiation in vitro on 3D organotypic tissue slices.

Background and purpose: Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes which are most often administered intravenously. Adverse events that may induce both adverse reactions and drug-to-drug interactions with changes in expected biodistribution, potentially affecting patient safety and diagnostic accuracy. Adverse reactions are relatively rare due to the small doses and under-reporting is the norm. The aim of this study is to increase awareness of the need to report in order to create protocols for the management of such adverse events among professionals in a Nuclear Medicine Department.

Methods: A reporting system was established a decade ago through an electronic form to enhance adverse event registration. The radiopharmacist collects data for further communication with National Health authorities and develops an annual report with recommendations on the management of these adverse events.

Results: A total of 128 reports were collected, including 65 cases of extravasations, 18 adverse reactions, and 45 drug interactions. Over the years, reporting has been increasing, adverse reactions occurred at a higher incidence than reported in the literature, and each anomalous biodistribution was analysed for possible drug interaction. The annual reports have been used to develop a local guideline for the management of adverse reactions and recommendations for discontinuation of treatment to avoid interactions with radiopharmaceuticals.

Conclusion: The recognition of adverse events associated with radiopharmaceuticals is increasing, underlining the need for vigilant reporting and improved management strategies. An efficient reporting system promotes awareness of possible interactions between radiopharmaceuticals and other medicines and their potential adverse reactions to enhance patient safety.

Background: Evidence of inappropriate overuse and underuse of medical procedures has been documented in modern healthcare systems around the world. Excessive use of health services can contribute to a rapid increase in healthcare costs and harm the patient physically and psychologically; conversely, underuse can lead to the inability to provide effective treatments when clinically indicated.

Objective: The study's aim is twofold: a) to measure the appropriateness of PET prescription in a cohort of patients, offering empirical evidence of overuse of health care services; b) to evaluate how the overuse of PET could affect public health expenditure and, consequently, the system's financial sustainability.

Methods: In this observational study, we have analyzed prospectively and retrospectively health patient records who underwent 18F-FDG PET/TC scan at the Nuclear Medicine Department of the University Hospital Mater Domini in Catanzaro (Italy) from 29/09/2022 to 10/02/2023. Patients' diagnostic questions have been defined as appropriate, not completely appropriate and completely inappropriate according to the 18F-FDG PET/CT recommendations defined by the "Conditions of Supply and Indications of Prescriptive Appropriateness of Italian NHS (National Health Systems)" published in the Official Gazette no. 15 of 20 January 2016 (Decree 9 December 2015) and by the AIMN (Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine) guidelines.

Results: We gathered data from 500 oncological patients (242 males and 258 females). The results show that 423/500 of patients' prescriptions were appropriate, while 77/500 of patients' prescriptions were completely inappropriate (63/77) or not completely appropriate (14/77).

Conclusion: Analysis showed a not complete adherence to national guidelines and no shared decision-making approach.