M. Perkmann, Rossella Salandra, Valentina Tartari, M. McKelvey, A. Hughes
Abstract We provide a systematic review of the literature on academic engagement from 2011 onwards, which was the cut-off year of a previous review article published in Research Policy. Academic engagement refers to knowledge-related interactions of academic scientists with external organisations. It includes activities such as collaborative research with industry, contract research, consulting and informal ties. We consolidate what is known about the individual, organisational and institutional antecedents of academic engagement, and its consequences for research, commercialisation, and society at large. Our results suggest that individual characteristics associated with academic engagement include being scientifically productive, senior, male, locally trained, and commercially experienced. Academic engagement is also socially conditioned by peer effects and disciplinary characteristics. In terms of consequences, academic engagement is positively associated with academics’ subsequent scientific productivity. We propose new areas of investigation where evidence remains inconclusive, including individual life cycle effects, the role of organisational contexts and incentives, cross-national comparisons, and the impact of academic engagement on the quality of subsequent research as well as the educational, commercial and society-wide impact.
{"title":"Academic Engagement: A Review of the Literature 2011-2019","authors":"M. Perkmann, Rossella Salandra, Valentina Tartari, M. McKelvey, A. Hughes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3461621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3461621","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We provide a systematic review of the literature on academic engagement from 2011 onwards, which was the cut-off year of a previous review article published in Research Policy. Academic engagement refers to knowledge-related interactions of academic scientists with external organisations. It includes activities such as collaborative research with industry, contract research, consulting and informal ties. We consolidate what is known about the individual, organisational and institutional antecedents of academic engagement, and its consequences for research, commercialisation, and society at large. Our results suggest that individual characteristics associated with academic engagement include being scientifically productive, senior, male, locally trained, and commercially experienced. Academic engagement is also socially conditioned by peer effects and disciplinary characteristics. In terms of consequences, academic engagement is positively associated with academics’ subsequent scientific productivity. We propose new areas of investigation where evidence remains inconclusive, including individual life cycle effects, the role of organisational contexts and incentives, cross-national comparisons, and the impact of academic engagement on the quality of subsequent research as well as the educational, commercial and society-wide impact.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91394211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indonesian Abstract: Pandemi Covid-19 merupakan wabah yang terjadi secara tak terkendali pada lebih dari 200 negara di dunia. Pendemi tersebut tidak hanya menjadikan krisis kesehatan di dunia tapi banyak juga dampaknya pada berbagai sektor, diantaranya sektor ekonomi. Hampir 99 persen pelaku ekonomi di Indonesia adalah UMKM. Lesunya omzet UMKM Indonesia saat ini sangat berpengaruh pada merosotnya perekonomian Indonesia. Pemerintah telah berupaya dalam berbagai hal untuk membantu rakyat kecil para pelaku UMKM dalam kelangsungan hidup. Namun, kunci kebertahanan mereka nyatanya, yaitu pada kelancaran usaha. Penerapan program Afiliasi berbasis virtual team dalam mendukung perekonomian negara sekaligus penerapan physical distancing dapat dilakukan pada UMKM. Penerapan program Afiliasi akan berdampak cukup baik kepada perekonomian negara maupun kehidupan para pelaku UMKM serta pengurangan tingkat pengangguran di tengah pandemi Covid-19 dengan tetap menerapkan WFH (Work From Home). English Abstract: Covid-19 pandemic is an out-of-control outbreak in more than 200 countries in the world. The pandemic not only made the health crisis in the world but also had many impacts on various sectors, including the economic sector. Nearly 99 percent of economic actors in Indonesia are MSMEs. The sluggish turnover of Indonesia's MSMEs is currently very influential on the decline of the Indonesian economy. The government has tried in various ways to help the small people of the MSMEs in survival. However, the key to their survival is in fact, namely in the smooth running of the business. Implementation of a virtual team-based Affiliate program in supporting the country's economy while implementing physical distancing can be done at MSMEs. The implementation of the Affiliate program will have a significant impact on the country's economy and the lives of MSMEs as well as reducing the unemployment rate amid the Covid-19 pandemic by continuing to implement WFH (Work From Home).
{"title":"IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM AFILIASI BERBASIS VIRTUAL TEAM DALAM UMKM SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN PEREKONOMIAN PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 (Implementation of Virtual Team-Based Affiliation Programs in MSMEs as Efforts for Increasing the Economy in the COVID-19 Pandemic Period)","authors":"Amaliya Shofiana","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3590822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3590822","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesian Abstract: Pandemi Covid-19 merupakan wabah yang terjadi secara tak terkendali pada lebih dari 200 negara di dunia. Pendemi tersebut tidak hanya menjadikan krisis kesehatan di dunia tapi banyak juga dampaknya pada berbagai sektor, diantaranya sektor ekonomi. Hampir 99 persen pelaku ekonomi di Indonesia adalah UMKM. Lesunya omzet UMKM Indonesia saat ini sangat berpengaruh pada merosotnya perekonomian Indonesia. Pemerintah telah berupaya dalam berbagai hal untuk membantu rakyat kecil para pelaku UMKM dalam kelangsungan hidup. Namun, kunci kebertahanan mereka nyatanya, yaitu pada kelancaran usaha. Penerapan program Afiliasi berbasis virtual team dalam mendukung perekonomian negara sekaligus penerapan physical distancing dapat dilakukan pada UMKM. Penerapan program Afiliasi akan berdampak cukup baik kepada perekonomian negara maupun kehidupan para pelaku UMKM serta pengurangan tingkat pengangguran di tengah pandemi Covid-19 dengan tetap menerapkan WFH (Work From Home). \u0000 \u0000English Abstract: Covid-19 pandemic is an out-of-control outbreak in more than 200 countries in the world. The pandemic not only made the health crisis in the world but also had many impacts on various sectors, including the economic sector. Nearly 99 percent of economic actors in Indonesia are MSMEs. The sluggish turnover of Indonesia's MSMEs is currently very influential on the decline of the Indonesian economy. The government has tried in various ways to help the small people of the MSMEs in survival. However, the key to their survival is in fact, namely in the smooth running of the business. Implementation of a virtual team-based Affiliate program in supporting the country's economy while implementing physical distancing can be done at MSMEs. The implementation of the Affiliate program will have a significant impact on the country's economy and the lives of MSMEs as well as reducing the unemployment rate amid the Covid-19 pandemic by continuing to implement WFH (Work From Home).","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89291325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The product mix of a company, which is generally defined as the total composite of products offered by a particular organization, consists of both product lines and individual products. A product line is a group of products within the product mix that are closely related, either because they function similarly, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges. Product mix consistency refers to the functional closeness of the company's products. Increasing product mix width or depth or decreasing consistency may not necessarily be a step toward improvement. Product mix decisions should be based on company resources and market needs. The Boston Consulting Group matrix is an aid in product mix decision-making. It organizes the product mix in a matrix based on the market share and market growth rate of products. A product with a high market share and high market growth rate is called a star product.
{"title":"A Study of Product Mix for Mobiles (With Special Reference to Airtel and BSNL)","authors":"Dr.Pankaj Meel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3571224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3571224","url":null,"abstract":"The product mix of a company, which is generally defined as the total composite of products offered by a particular organization, consists of both product lines and individual products. A product line is a group of products within the product mix that are closely related, either because they function similarly, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges. Product mix consistency refers to the functional closeness of the company's products. Increasing product mix width or depth or decreasing consistency may not necessarily be a step toward improvement. Product mix decisions should be based on company resources and market needs. The Boston Consulting Group matrix is an aid in product mix decision-making. It organizes the product mix in a matrix based on the market share and market growth rate of products. A product with a high market share and high market growth rate is called a star product.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76663069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-05DOI: 10.15587/2312-8372.2020.200756
O. Myronyuk, D. Baklan, L. Nudchenko
Knowing the value of the surface energy of powder materials allows to predict the interaction of the solid phase with liquids, the formation of stable dispersions, durable and resistant to aggressive factors of composites. The application of the Owens-Wendt model for determining the change in the surface energy of aluminium oxide modified by various water repellents is considered. Also, to determine the contact angle of the surface of the modified material, the Washburn method is used, which consists in determining the rate of capillary rise of the test fluid. This method is chosen due to low requirements in the accuracy of measuring equipment and at the same time shows a high degree of accuracy of the results.The object of research is a method for determining the surface energy of powder materials, using aluminium oxide modified with polymethylhydrosiloxane as an example. Surface modifications of the aluminium oxide powder are carried out in a xylene suspension.In the work, the determination of surface energy is carried out in accordance with the Owens-Wendt theory by the graphical method in accordance with the obtained values of the contact angle of the material according to the Washburn method. It is established the shape of the particles of aluminium oxide and their average size, and also calculated the specific surface of the material. A modifier, polymethylhydrosiloxane, is found, with the help of which it is possible to obtain a stable superhydrophobic state, and the optimal concentration by determining the contact angles of the powder material with test liquids according to the method proposed by Washburn.To increase the accuracy of determining the surface energy of the material according to the Washburn method, a mixture of water with ethanol is used, and the components of surface tension are calculated. It is shown that the values of the contact angle of the surface of the dispersed material obtained using a mixture as a test liquid can be used to calculate the values of the components of the surface energy of aluminium oxide. In this case, there is a lack of error in the form of the Cassie state, which is observed for hydrophobic dispersed materials when using water as a test fluid.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Surface Energy of Dispersed Aluminium Oxide Using Owens-Wendt Theory","authors":"O. Myronyuk, D. Baklan, L. Nudchenko","doi":"10.15587/2312-8372.2020.200756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2020.200756","url":null,"abstract":"Knowing the value of the surface energy of powder materials allows to predict the interaction of the solid phase with liquids, the formation of stable dispersions, durable and resistant to aggressive factors of composites. The application of the Owens-Wendt model for determining the change in the surface energy of aluminium oxide modified by various water repellents is considered. Also, to determine the contact angle of the surface of the modified material, the Washburn method is used, which consists in determining the rate of capillary rise of the test fluid. This method is chosen due to low requirements in the accuracy of measuring equipment and at the same time shows a high degree of accuracy of the results.The object of research is a method for determining the surface energy of powder materials, using aluminium oxide modified with polymethylhydrosiloxane as an example. Surface modifications of the aluminium oxide powder are carried out in a xylene suspension.In the work, the determination of surface energy is carried out in accordance with the Owens-Wendt theory by the graphical method in accordance with the obtained values of the contact angle of the material according to the Washburn method. It is established the shape of the particles of aluminium oxide and their average size, and also calculated the specific surface of the material. A modifier, polymethylhydrosiloxane, is found, with the help of which it is possible to obtain a stable superhydrophobic state, and the optimal concentration by determining the contact angles of the powder material with test liquids according to the method proposed by Washburn.To increase the accuracy of determining the surface energy of the material according to the Washburn method, a mixture of water with ethanol is used, and the components of surface tension are calculated. It is shown that the values of the contact angle of the surface of the dispersed material obtained using a mixture as a test liquid can be used to calculate the values of the components of the surface energy of aluminium oxide. In this case, there is a lack of error in the form of the Cassie state, which is observed for hydrophobic dispersed materials when using water as a test fluid.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75243750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Network externality is a prominent feature of increasingly many products: the marginal payoff of one’s consumption increases as his neighbors consume more. In- formation of network structure is important to the seller, but is often privately known to the buyers. We model a monopoly’s optimal pricing strategy to “screen” buyers’ network information: their susceptibility (out-degree) and influence (in-degree). Our main result is that susceptibility and influence have different effects on the optimal allocations and can be separated out in the optimal screening contracts. Specifically, we characterize the optimal allocations for both directed networks where each buyer’s susceptibility and influence are independent, and undirected networks where the two are identical. For directed networks, we show the optimal allocation only depends on a buyer’s susceptibility and exhibits simple forms with quadratic intrinsic value. We further contrast the analysis with two benchmarks – complete information pricing and uniform pricing – to shed light on the value of screening and the value of network in- formation. For undirected networks, we show the seller directly screens buyers on their susceptibility and indirectly condition the allocations on their inferred influence. We also extend the model to accommodate for (1) weak affiliation between a buyer’s susceptibility and influence, (2) the case in which the monopoly can incentivize influence with contingent contracts (referral bonuses), and (3) the situation in which susceptibility and influence are endogenous to the optimal allocations.
{"title":"Screening with Network Externalities","authors":"Fanqi Shi, Yiqing Xing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3286427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3286427","url":null,"abstract":"Network externality is a prominent feature of increasingly many products: the marginal payoff of one’s consumption increases as his neighbors consume more. In- formation of network structure is important to the seller, but is often privately known to the buyers. We model a monopoly’s optimal pricing strategy to “screen” buyers’ network information: their susceptibility (out-degree) and influence (in-degree). Our main result is that susceptibility and influence have different effects on the optimal allocations and can be separated out in the optimal screening contracts. Specifically, we characterize the optimal allocations for both directed networks where each buyer’s susceptibility and influence are independent, and undirected networks where the two are identical. For directed networks, we show the optimal allocation only depends on a buyer’s susceptibility and exhibits simple forms with quadratic intrinsic value. We further contrast the analysis with two benchmarks – complete information pricing and uniform pricing – to shed light on the value of screening and the value of network in- formation. For undirected networks, we show the seller directly screens buyers on their susceptibility and indirectly condition the allocations on their inferred influence. We also extend the model to accommodate for (1) weak affiliation between a buyer’s susceptibility and influence, (2) the case in which the monopoly can incentivize influence with contingent contracts (referral bonuses), and (3) the situation in which susceptibility and influence are endogenous to the optimal allocations.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87827250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper theorizes how change agents in large firms enact open innovation with small firms. The open innovation change agent is highlighted as a key internal actor for the transformational work needed to put open innovation into practice. The paper presents an empirically grounded theoretical model of how these actors work, emphasizing the two activities of ‘anchoring’ and ‘navigating’, with the purpose of bridging the inside and outside of the corporation. In applying a paradox perspective on open innovation enactment, it is explained how these change agents act as both catalysts and guards for collaboration, continuously balancing different paradoxical demands. Theoretical and managerial implications in relation to these findings are discussed.
{"title":"Open Innovation Change Agents in Large Firms: How Open Innovation is Enacted in Paradoxical Settings","authors":"Björn Remneland Wikhamn","doi":"10.1111/radm.12389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12389","url":null,"abstract":"This paper theorizes how change agents in large firms enact open innovation with small firms. The open innovation change agent is highlighted as a key internal actor for the transformational work needed to put open innovation into practice. The paper presents an empirically grounded theoretical model of how these actors work, emphasizing the two activities of ‘anchoring’ and ‘navigating’, with the purpose of bridging the inside and outside of the corporation. In applying a paradox perspective on open innovation enactment, it is explained how these change agents act as both catalysts and guards for collaboration, continuously balancing different paradoxical demands. Theoretical and managerial implications in relation to these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90268820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We collected data on the sophistication of technologies used at the business function level for a representative sample of firms in Vietnam, Senegal, and the Brazilian state of Ceara. Our analysis finds a large variance in technology sophistication across the business functions of a firm. Specifically, the within-firm variance in technology sophistication is greater than the variance in sophistication across firms, which in turn is greater than the variance in sophistication across regions or countries. We document a stable cross-firm relationship between technology at the business function and firm levels that we name the technology curve. We uncover significant heterogeneity in the slopes of the technology curves across business functions, a finding that is consistent with non-homotheticities in firm-level technology aggregators. Firm productivity is positively associated with the within-firm variance and the average level of technology sophistication. Development accounting exercises show that cross-firm variation in technology accounts for one-third of cross-firm differences in productivity and one-fifth of the agricultural versus non-agricultural gap in cross-country differences in firm productivity.
{"title":"Technology within and Across Firms","authors":"X. Cirera, D. Comín, Marcio Cruz, Kyung Min Lee","doi":"10.3386/w28080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28080","url":null,"abstract":"We collected data on the sophistication of technologies used at the business function level for a representative sample of firms in Vietnam, Senegal, and the Brazilian state of Ceara. Our analysis finds a large variance in technology sophistication across the business functions of a firm. Specifically, the within-firm variance in technology sophistication is greater than the variance in sophistication across firms, which in turn is greater than the variance in sophistication across regions or countries. We document a stable cross-firm relationship between technology at the business function and firm levels that we name the technology curve. We uncover significant heterogeneity in the slopes of the technology curves across business functions, a finding that is consistent with non-homotheticities in firm-level technology aggregators. Firm productivity is positively associated with the within-firm variance and the average level of technology sophistication. Development accounting exercises show that cross-firm variation in technology accounts for one-third of cross-firm differences in productivity and one-fifth of the agricultural versus non-agricultural gap in cross-country differences in firm productivity.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82694035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is an attempt to understand the context of how the concept of programmed obsolescence emerged and evolved to slowly make its appearance in today’s legal landscape. Programmed obsolescence is generally understood as the engineered, premature breakdown of a product to trigger its replacement by its own maker. This essay, first phase of a four-year project, aims at describing the genealogy of the concept of programmed obsolescence. The ambition here is to revisit common places of obsolescence, from its acceptance in Bernard London’s famous pamphlet to the popular tale of the reduced life of the light bulbs. The history and early manifestation of programmed obsolescence tells a compelling story about consumption and the contradictions of capitalism. To keep the wheels of the economy turning and workers active, more goods must be purchased. Innovation and competitive consumption are thought to be conditions of progress. Programmed obsolescence seems to bring the question of durability to another level which goes beyond the jurisdictions of consumer law and its policy objective of informed choice and of commercial law. By being indissociable from obsolescence, the production of waste becomes a matter of environmental law and brings to the fore social concerns. Until obsolescence became associated with environmental concerns, the law did not develop the antibodies for a phenomenon it generally perceived as legal.
{"title":"The Uneasy Case of Programmed Obsolescence","authors":"Pierre-Emmanuel Moyse","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3804451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3804451","url":null,"abstract":"This article is an attempt to understand the context of how the concept of programmed obsolescence emerged and evolved to slowly make its appearance in today’s legal landscape. Programmed obsolescence is generally understood as the engineered, premature breakdown of a product to trigger its replacement by its own maker. This essay, first phase of a four-year project, aims at describing the genealogy of the concept of programmed obsolescence. The ambition here is to revisit common places of obsolescence, from its acceptance in Bernard London’s famous pamphlet to the popular tale of the reduced life of the light bulbs. The history and early manifestation of programmed obsolescence tells a compelling story about consumption and the contradictions of capitalism. To keep the wheels of the economy turning and workers active, more goods must be purchased. Innovation and competitive consumption are thought to be conditions of progress. Programmed obsolescence seems to bring the question of durability to another level which goes beyond the jurisdictions of consumer law and its policy objective of informed choice and of commercial law. By being indissociable from obsolescence, the production of waste becomes a matter of environmental law and brings to the fore social concerns. Until obsolescence became associated with environmental concerns, the law did not develop the antibodies for a phenomenon it generally perceived as legal.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84489160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.7208/9780226178486-003
M. Perkmann, J. West
In this chapter, we investigate how firms work with universities in the course of their innovation activities. We provide an overview of three main modes of direct interaction between firms and universities: IP licensing, research services and research partnerships. We outline the main characteristics of each mode, its relative importance for firms as well as benefits and challenges. While licensing remains an important mode in which public research finds its way into firms laboratories, we highlight the significant role of relationship-based modes of interaction which include research services and research partnerships between firms and universities. While some of these relationship-based interactions enable appropriation via intellectual property rights, others are more aligned with the norms of open science and create benefits for firms by generating basic knowledge, creating skills and enabling follow-on innovation. We conclude with open questions for future research.
{"title":"Open Science and Open Innovation: Sourcing Knowledge from Universities","authors":"M. Perkmann, J. West","doi":"10.7208/9780226178486-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226178486-003","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we investigate how firms work with universities in the course of their innovation activities. We provide an overview of three main modes of direct interaction between firms and universities: IP licensing, research services and research partnerships. We outline the main characteristics of each mode, its relative importance for firms as well as benefits and challenges. While licensing remains an important mode in which public research finds its way into firms laboratories, we highlight the significant role of relationship-based modes of interaction which include research services and research partnerships between firms and universities. While some of these relationship-based interactions enable appropriation via intellectual property rights, others are more aligned with the norms of open science and create benefits for firms by generating basic knowledge, creating skills and enabling follow-on innovation. We conclude with open questions for future research.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76974675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We discuss the behavioral and welfare implications of uncovering the causal mechanism of prevention. We introduce the concept of technological transparency (TT) - the extent to which scientific knowledge reveals the mechanism of prevention. While TT improves welfare through more efficient preventive efforts, this improvement may be undermined or reversed if information is incompletely disclosed or if the risk is insurable. TT affects behavior through an ex-ante information channel and an ex-post regret channel. Our findings inform the cost-benefit analysis of advancing the knowledge about risk determinants, the effective disclosure of such knowledge, and the design of information campaigns to promote public safety.
{"title":"Opening up the Black Box: Technological Transparency and Prevention","authors":"Lu Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3501523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3501523","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the behavioral and welfare implications of uncovering the causal mechanism of prevention. We introduce the concept of technological transparency (TT) - the extent to which scientific knowledge reveals the mechanism of prevention. While TT improves welfare through more efficient preventive efforts, this improvement may be undermined or reversed if information is incompletely disclosed or if the risk is insurable. TT affects behavior through an ex-ante information channel and an ex-post regret channel. Our findings inform the cost-benefit analysis of advancing the knowledge about risk determinants, the effective disclosure of such knowledge, and the design of information campaigns to promote public safety.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76301887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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