Virtual ‘co-creation’ can be a more effective way to integrate customers into the NPD process. In our study, we examine the effectiveness of virtual co-creation in the early stages of new product development (i.e. idea generation). Specifically, we focus on multiple contingent factors that can potentially impact the outcomes of co-creating activities in terms of the quality of submitted ideas by customers. Based on two integrated empirical studies, we analyze whether certain design elements of virtual co-creation activities, specific customer characteristics, brand relationship characteristics and selected interactions between those variables impact the quality of submitted ideas. We find that design aspects of virtual co-creation such as incentives, seed ideas, topic scope and task-related information have no or only little impact on the quality of submitted ideas. Customers who have a high level of latent dissatisfaction with existing products, a high level of creativity, and a strong commitment to the brand produce higher quality new product ideas. The interaction between latent dissatisfaction and intention to recommend is significant which reinforces the notion that dissatisfied customers with high levels of brand loyalty come up with high quality new product ideas.
{"title":"Virtual Co-Creation with Customers in the Early Stages of New Product Development","authors":"H. Ernst, Wayne D. Hoyer, M. Krafft, J. Soll","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3053800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3053800","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual ‘co-creation’ can be a more effective way to integrate customers into the NPD process. In our study, we examine the effectiveness of virtual co-creation in the early stages of new product development (i.e. idea generation). Specifically, we focus on multiple contingent factors that can potentially impact the outcomes of co-creating activities in terms of the quality of submitted ideas by customers. Based on two integrated empirical studies, we analyze whether certain design elements of virtual co-creation activities, specific customer characteristics, brand relationship characteristics and selected interactions between those variables impact the quality of submitted ideas. We find that design aspects of virtual co-creation such as incentives, seed ideas, topic scope and task-related information have no or only little impact on the quality of submitted ideas. Customers who have a high level of latent dissatisfaction with existing products, a high level of creativity, and a strong commitment to the brand produce higher quality new product ideas. The interaction between latent dissatisfaction and intention to recommend is significant which reinforces the notion that dissatisfied customers with high levels of brand loyalty come up with high quality new product ideas.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75828231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wolf-Hendrik Uhlbach, P. Balland, Thomas Scherngell
It is widely acknowledged that new technological specializations of regions are to a large extent driven by the recombination of existing knowledge and capabilities. Since this process is path-dependant and self-reinforcing, it can easily lead to technological lock-ins. A key issue is therefore to evaluate whether public policy can impact technological trajectories of regions and how it can be more effective. To address this issue, we analyze quantitatively and systematically the relation between R&D subsidies and new technological specializations of European regions from 1999 to 2010. R&D subsidies are identified by using the EU Framework Pro- grammes (FP) from the EUPRO database, and matched with patent documents from the OECD-REGPAT database. Using a fixed-effects linear probability model, our results indicate that FP participations have a positive but relatively small effect on the development of new specializations of regions, and that it can compensate for a lack of local related capabilities. We also find evidence that R&D subsidies have the highest impact if the level of relatedness with the new technology is neither too low (policy can not build a cathedral in the desert) nor too high (if all the capabilities are already present there is no need for policy).
{"title":"R&D Policy and Technological Trajectories of Regions: Evidence from the EU Framework Programmes","authors":"Wolf-Hendrik Uhlbach, P. Balland, Thomas Scherngell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3027919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3027919","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely acknowledged that new technological specializations of regions are to a large extent driven by the recombination of existing knowledge and capabilities. Since this process is path-dependant and self-reinforcing, it can easily lead to technological lock-ins. A key issue is therefore to evaluate whether public policy can impact technological trajectories of regions and how it can be more effective. To address this issue, we analyze quantitatively and systematically the relation between R&D subsidies and new technological specializations of European regions from 1999 to 2010. R&D subsidies are identified by using the EU Framework Pro- grammes (FP) from the EUPRO database, and matched with patent documents from the OECD-REGPAT database. Using a fixed-effects linear probability model, our results indicate that FP participations have a positive but relatively small effect on the development of new specializations of regions, and that it can compensate for a lack of local related capabilities. We also find evidence that R&D subsidies have the highest impact if the level of relatedness with the new technology is neither too low (policy can not build a cathedral in the desert) nor too high (if all the capabilities are already present there is no need for policy).","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83659589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grounded theory is used to examine the relationship between benefit and innovation. The benefits of a broad array of products were considered, and a list of benefit and functionality categories was devised. 84 products were considered, with little (no) restriction on brand, industry, or time frame. From this 16 benefit categories and 17 functionality categories were listed. These benefit and functionality categories are seen as universal, and not product or industry or time specific. Benefit was equally examined and categorized from the vantage point of market entry and the replacement of existing or incumbent products. The notions of core benefit/functionality, as well as necessary and redundant benefit/functionality, were also used. Universal benefit and functionality categories should aid innovators and entrepreneurs, and bring greater coherency to their efforts. Also, benefit and functionality may equally reflect on customer satisfaction.
{"title":"Benefit as a Medium for Value Creation and Innovation","authors":"B. Barnard","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3018564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3018564","url":null,"abstract":"Grounded theory is used to examine the relationship between benefit and innovation. The benefits of a broad array of products were considered, and a list of benefit and functionality categories was devised. 84 products were considered, with little (no) restriction on brand, industry, or time frame. From this 16 benefit categories and 17 functionality categories were listed. These benefit and functionality categories are seen as universal, and not product or industry or time specific. Benefit was equally examined and categorized from the vantage point of market entry and the replacement of existing or incumbent products. The notions of core benefit/functionality, as well as necessary and redundant benefit/functionality, were also used. Universal benefit and functionality categories should aid innovators and entrepreneurs, and bring greater coherency to their efforts. Also, benefit and functionality may equally reflect on customer satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89195250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-27DOI: 10.47992/ijaeml.2581.7000.0003
Sreeramana Aithal, S. Aithal, G. Bhat
The organic materials with the ability of self-focussing/defocusing through their light intensity-dependent refractive index and phase shift properties are potential materials in alloptical photonic devices have become interesting topic of continuous research. Several organic materials including dye-doped polymer films are attracting many researchers due to their advantages in terms of enhanced efficiency, and acceptable mechanical properties to fabricate useful devices. In this paper, we have reported the nonlinear optical properties like nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of an organic dye Disperse Orange-25 (DO-25) doped in Polymethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMMA-MA) polymer matrix using open aperture and closed aperture Z-scan experimental methods by means of low power continuous wave (CW) laser beam. The optical limiting properties of these films are also studied using Type 1 and Type 2 configurations at different input powers using continuous wave (CW) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index n2, nonlinear absorption coefficient β, changes in refractive index with input intensity, and the magnitude of third-order optical nonlinearity of the dye-doped film are experimentally determined. The saturated output power for type 1 and type 2 optical limiting are determined. The input limiting threshold and saturated output power level for both type 1 and type 2 optical limiting configurations are recorded. DO-25 dye-doped in PMMA-MA polymer film has shown saturation absorption at lower input irradiance and reverse saturation absorption at higher input irradiance and hence found to be a potential candidate for the third harmonic property based photonic devices.
{"title":"Study of Third Order Optical Nonlinearity in Disperse Orange-25 Dye-Doped Polymer Films Using Cw Laser","authors":"Sreeramana Aithal, S. Aithal, G. Bhat","doi":"10.47992/ijaeml.2581.7000.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47992/ijaeml.2581.7000.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The organic materials with the ability of self-focussing/defocusing through their light intensity-dependent refractive index and phase shift properties are potential materials in alloptical photonic devices have become interesting topic of continuous research. Several organic materials including dye-doped polymer films are attracting many researchers due to their advantages in terms of enhanced efficiency, and acceptable mechanical properties to fabricate useful devices. In this paper, we have reported the nonlinear optical properties like nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of an organic dye Disperse Orange-25 (DO-25) doped in Polymethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMMA-MA) polymer matrix using open aperture and closed aperture Z-scan experimental methods by means of low power continuous wave (CW) laser beam. The optical limiting properties of these films are also studied using Type 1 and Type 2 configurations at different input powers using continuous wave (CW) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index n2, nonlinear absorption coefficient β, changes in refractive index with input intensity, and the magnitude of third-order optical nonlinearity of the dye-doped film are experimentally determined. The saturated output power for type 1 and type 2 optical limiting are determined. The input limiting threshold and saturated output power level for both type 1 and type 2 optical limiting configurations are recorded. DO-25 dye-doped in PMMA-MA polymer film has shown saturation absorption at lower input irradiance and reverse saturation absorption at higher input irradiance and hence found to be a potential candidate for the third harmonic property based photonic devices.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83954755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I provide novel empirical evidence grounded in an original theoretical framework to explain why colocation matters for the rate, direction, and quality of scientific collaboration. To address endogeneity concerns due to selection into colocation and matching, I exploit the constraints imposed on the spatial allocation of labs on the Jussieu campus of Paris by the removal of asbestos from its buildings. Consistent with search costs constituting a major friction to collaboration, colocation increases the likelihood of joint research by 3.5 times, an effect that is mostly driven by lab pairs that face higher search costs ex ante. Furthermore, separation does not negatively affect collaboration between previously colocated labs. However, while colocated labs grow increasingly similar in topics and literature cited, separated ones embark on less correlated research trajectories. Research outcomes, instead, seem to be mostly influenced by how distance affects execution costs: after colocation, labs are more lik...
{"title":"Microgeography and the Direction of Inventive Activity","authors":"Christian Catalini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2126890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2126890","url":null,"abstract":"I provide novel empirical evidence grounded in an original theoretical framework to explain why colocation matters for the rate, direction, and quality of scientific collaboration. To address endogeneity concerns due to selection into colocation and matching, I exploit the constraints imposed on the spatial allocation of labs on the Jussieu campus of Paris by the removal of asbestos from its buildings. Consistent with search costs constituting a major friction to collaboration, colocation increases the likelihood of joint research by 3.5 times, an effect that is mostly driven by lab pairs that face higher search costs ex ante. Furthermore, separation does not negatively affect collaboration between previously colocated labs. However, while colocated labs grow increasingly similar in topics and literature cited, separated ones embark on less correlated research trajectories. Research outcomes, instead, seem to be mostly influenced by how distance affects execution costs: after colocation, labs are more lik...","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91092499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This appendix provides formal details to accompany the forthcoming article "Multidimensional Platform Design" in the 2017 American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings and available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2891806.
{"title":"An Online Appendix to 'Multidimensional Platform Design'","authors":"Andre Veiga, E. Weyl, A. White","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2891805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2891805","url":null,"abstract":"This appendix provides formal details to accompany the forthcoming article \"Multidimensional Platform Design\" in the 2017 American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings and available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2891806.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79281235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many industries, product design and manufacturing lead-times are sufficiently long that both the quality level of a product and the amount of inventory produced must be determined well before a firm knows what the actual demand will be. On the other hand, price is typically adjusted dynamically in response to observed demand. In this paper, we conduct a generalized theoretical analysis of such a setting. We first consider a centralized channel and characterize the optimal decisions by establishing relationships that must hold between the elasticity of cost of quality and the elasticity of revenue, show that quality and inventory are substitutes, and more- over show that quality rather than inventory can be a primary lever to mitigate the impact of demand uncertainty. Next, we consider a decentralized channel, in which a manufacturer deter- mines quality and contractual terms, while a retailer determines inventory and retail price. We find that the channel is not coordinated under the optimal wholesale price contract and, counter to standard intuition, product quality can be higher compared to a centralized channel because a simple wholesale price contract shields the manufacturer from inventory risk. We then examine two more sophisticated contracts: quantity discounts and buyback contracts. For the former, we derive the optimal quantity discount schedule, show that it can coordinate the channel even in the presence of joint decisions on quality, inventory and responsive pricing, and determine how it varies as the product and market characteristics change. For the latter, we show that buyback contracts can coordinate the channel only if the manufacturer can specify retail price ceilings that depend on the realized demand outcome, which is an unrealistic contracting instrument. We thus conclude that the contracts that are more likely to be implemented in practice in settings similar to our own are wholesale price contracts (because of their simplicity) and quantity discount con- tracts (because they offer a robust and implementable mechanism to coordinate the channel, with moderate complexity); this is consistent with observations from industry.
{"title":"Product Quality in a Distribution Channel With Inventory Risk","authors":"Kinshuk Jerath, Sang‐Hyun Kim, R. Swinney","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2600278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2600278","url":null,"abstract":"In many industries, product design and manufacturing lead-times are sufficiently long that both the quality level of a product and the amount of inventory produced must be determined well before a firm knows what the actual demand will be. On the other hand, price is typically adjusted dynamically in response to observed demand. In this paper, we conduct a generalized theoretical analysis of such a setting. We first consider a centralized channel and characterize the optimal decisions by establishing relationships that must hold between the elasticity of cost of quality and the elasticity of revenue, show that quality and inventory are substitutes, and more- over show that quality rather than inventory can be a primary lever to mitigate the impact of demand uncertainty. Next, we consider a decentralized channel, in which a manufacturer deter- mines quality and contractual terms, while a retailer determines inventory and retail price. We find that the channel is not coordinated under the optimal wholesale price contract and, counter to standard intuition, product quality can be higher compared to a centralized channel because a simple wholesale price contract shields the manufacturer from inventory risk. We then examine two more sophisticated contracts: quantity discounts and buyback contracts. For the former, we derive the optimal quantity discount schedule, show that it can coordinate the channel even in the presence of joint decisions on quality, inventory and responsive pricing, and determine how it varies as the product and market characteristics change. For the latter, we show that buyback contracts can coordinate the channel only if the manufacturer can specify retail price ceilings that depend on the realized demand outcome, which is an unrealistic contracting instrument. We thus conclude that the contracts that are more likely to be implemented in practice in settings similar to our own are wholesale price contracts (because of their simplicity) and quantity discount con- tracts (because they offer a robust and implementable mechanism to coordinate the channel, with moderate complexity); this is consistent with observations from industry.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77342272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-31DOI: 10.5709/CE.1897-9254.223
Irina V. V. Gashenko, S. Vokina, D. G. Romanov, T. Bezrukova, Y. Kozenko
The purpose of this article is to classify existing approaches to analyzing theoretical and methodological aspects of innovation development in modern economic systems. We also present a new approach based on existing ones that combines advantages, eliminates drawbacks, and offers means of analyzing innovation development in modern economic systems and that presents optimal models of innovation development in modern economic systems. The authors develop and approbate – based on the case of present-day Russia – proprietary methodologies for examining innovation development in modern economic systems. It involves the calculation of an index of innovation development that reflects current levels of innovation development in economic systems and possibilities and perspectives related to innovation development in economic systems in the near future. The authors classify approaches to the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of innovation development in modern economic systems as criteria on innovation development in economic systems. Within this classification, the authors distinguish between and conduct comparative analyses of the following three main approaches: plan-factual, ranking, and indexing, which involve making various theoretical assumptions on innovation development in modern economic systems and on the use of various methodologies. The authors present a new approach to the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of innovation development in modern economic systems that eliminate drawbacks of existing approaches and that present unique advantages (simple calculations and universal use). In turn, an optimal model of innovation development in modern economic systems is offered.
{"title":"Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Innovation Development in Modern Economic Systems","authors":"Irina V. V. Gashenko, S. Vokina, D. G. Romanov, T. Bezrukova, Y. Kozenko","doi":"10.5709/CE.1897-9254.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/CE.1897-9254.223","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to classify existing approaches to analyzing theoretical and methodological aspects of innovation development in modern economic systems. We also present a new approach based on existing ones that combines advantages, eliminates drawbacks, and offers means of analyzing innovation development in modern economic systems and that presents optimal models of innovation development in modern economic systems. The authors develop and approbate – based on the case of present-day Russia – proprietary methodologies for examining innovation development in modern economic systems. It involves the calculation of an index of innovation development that reflects current levels of innovation development in economic systems and possibilities and perspectives related to innovation development in economic systems in the near future. The authors classify approaches to the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of innovation development in modern economic systems as criteria on innovation development in economic systems. Within this classification, the authors distinguish between and conduct comparative analyses of the following three main approaches: plan-factual, ranking, and indexing, which involve making various theoretical assumptions on innovation development in modern economic systems and on the use of various methodologies. The authors present a new approach to the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of innovation development in modern economic systems that eliminate drawbacks of existing approaches and that present unique advantages (simple calculations and universal use). In turn, an optimal model of innovation development in modern economic systems is offered.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83269044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crowdsourcing innovation aims to solicit a large volume of diverse ideas but inherently increases demands on resources to assess those contributions. As a result, organizations may now crowdsource the assessment of the ideas as well. However, crowd assessment of crowd generated ideas may diverge from organizational objectives. We investigate crowd versus expert assessment in the context of a recurring innovation contest at a global technology company. Textual analysis of 14,697 submitted ideas reveals agency conflict between the two assessments. Experts focus on stated corporate objectives, while the preferences of the employee crowd negatively relate to corporate direction. Topic popularity and social concerns influence crowds of employees. While experts exhibit less agency conflict than employees relative to stated corporate objectives, they are far less numerous and potentially more expensive than employee resources. We identify hybrid mechanisms that balance use of constrained expert resources with the potential assessment biases of the crowd.
{"title":"Agency Conflict in Internal Corporate Innovation Contests","authors":"S. Ransbotham, G. Westerman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2887679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2887679","url":null,"abstract":"Crowdsourcing innovation aims to solicit a large volume of diverse ideas but inherently increases demands on resources to assess those contributions. As a result, organizations may now crowdsource the assessment of the ideas as well. However, crowd assessment of crowd generated ideas may diverge from organizational objectives. We investigate crowd versus expert assessment in the context of a recurring innovation contest at a global technology company. Textual analysis of 14,697 submitted ideas reveals agency conflict between the two assessments. Experts focus on stated corporate objectives, while the preferences of the employee crowd negatively relate to corporate direction. Topic popularity and social concerns influence crowds of employees. While experts exhibit less agency conflict than employees relative to stated corporate objectives, they are far less numerous and potentially more expensive than employee resources. We identify hybrid mechanisms that balance use of constrained expert resources with the potential assessment biases of the crowd.","PeriodicalId":11062,"journal":{"name":"Development of Innovation eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82405739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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