Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt. Occupation and environment最新文献

The cationic emulsifier oleamidopropyl dimethylamine has been responsible for many cases of cosmetic sensitisation in The Netherlands. Of 119 patients with proven cosmetic-related allergic contact dermatitis, 13 (11%) were allergic to oleamidopropyl dimethylamine. The clinical data of 12 patients, all sensitised by one particular baby body lotion containing 0.3% of the emulsifier, are presented. The cross-reaction pattern of oleamidopropyl dimethylamine was investigated by patch testing 13 patients allergic to the emulsifier with a series of related amideamine type emulsifiers. Most cross-reactions were observed to ricinoleamidopropyl dimethylamine lactate and tallowamidopropyl dimethylamine (11 patients, 85%). 9 patients (of 12 tested: 75%) reacted to lauramidopropyl dimethylamine and 6 (46%) to myristamidopropyl dimethylamine. It is concluded that the presence of oleamidopropyl dimethylamine in a concentration of 0.3% in stay-on cosmetics, especially when applied to damaged skin and/or the periorbital area, bears a definite risk of the induction and elicitation of contact allergic reactions.

Even though various experimental methods have been proposed for in vitro testing of detergents such as LSL (sodium laurylsulfate) no absolutely relevant clinical information can be inferred from them as to the irritancy of a given compound. In particular the relative importance of pH needs further assessment. This study reports on in vivo evaluation of skin function changes under given experimental conditions with SLS applied at 3 different pH values. There is a dramatic increase of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), i.e. a substantial reduction in the barrier function of the skin, when SLS is applied under occlusion for 48 H. The alkaline control solution (NaOH pH 9) induced low-grade, but significant TEWL increases, as compared to the other controls (distilled water pH 7; HCl pH 5), which had no influence on TEWL. The changes obtained with the controls were much lower than those observed with SLS. The barrier-function changes induced by the surfactant SLS could, however, promote transepidermal passage of acid and/or alkaline molecules, hence increasing toxic damage of the skin; yet no such effects could be observed, indicating that the main effects are due to detergency. Assessment of cutaneous blood flow values (CBFV) by laser Doppler velocimetry showed increased values after SLS. When pH-adjusted SLS solutions were compared, there was neither a difference in relation to pH nor did the control solutions induce any significant CBFV change. This study reveals that TEWL and CBFV are probably the most reliable methods to investigate acute irritancy by SLS. Accordingly, pH cannot be considered as a major contributive factor of irritancy when SLS solutions are applied under occlusion (48 h).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The work-related dermatological situation in Poland is presented based upon all cases of occupationally derived illnesses and supported by the statistical data, from the period 1985-1986.

Antitranspirants and deodorants gain more and more interest. Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium zirkonium tetrachlorohydrate glycine complex are the most frequently used active ingredients in commercial antitranspirants today. Aluminium chloride and propantheline bromide, the anticholinergic substance, are important alternatives although less common. Active ingredients of deodorants are mainly perfumes or bactericidal/bacteriostatic substances, such as triclosan. In addition, there are substances which are meant to bind offending smells (e.g. zinc ricinoleate) or to influence the skin surface pH (e.g. triethyl citrate). As in the cosmetics industry in general, both safety and efficacy of a product are major parameters in the experimental and clinical evaluation. Establishment of efficacy is based on olfactory tests in model situations as well as on the detection of associated effects (e.g. influence on cutaneous microflora).

We investigated the simple method of non-invasive Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF), and its use as a reproducible standard method for measuring skin blood flow. Microcirculatory blood flow shows both considerable temporal as well as regional variation. The study of reactive changes in skin blood flow, e.g. in irritancy tests, requires repeated measurements. The normal variation of skin blood flow was studied on the forearms of healthy volunteers. Males showed higher values than females. Differences between left and right arms, and recordings in the morning and the afternoon were not significant. Differences between lateral and medial aspects were borderline significant; and significant differences were measured between proximal and distal test sites. To improve the reproducibility of the measurements, a probeholder was designed with a considerably larger test area than that of the original probeholder. Fixation at both ends of the probeholder allows for repeated measurements without affecting skin blood flow. Recommendations are given for repeated testing by LDF.

Towards Elucidation of the Problems of Skin-compatibility Testing/An investigation of hand-cleansing products using a modified Duhring chamber test The irritant potential of commercially available liquid syndets was investigated in a repetitive Duhring chamber test using a modified test procedure. Instead of regularly testing over a period of five days, the test was conducted only as long as it took for the first signs of irritation to appear. Among those products tested, substantial differences were found with respect to irritation and possible application time, and, as a result, to skin compatibility. Some of them produced skin irritation with the same intensity and just as quickly as the control substance, sodium lauryl sulfate (0.5%). These differences are not observed in a simple 24-hour epicutaneous test. For this reason, the latter, as opposed to the repetitive Duhring chamber test, appears to be unsuitable for comparative skin compatibility studies of syndets. The skin compatibility of special hand cleaners containing solvents was also investigated in a modified Duhring chamber test. In addition to the modification introduced above for the liquid syndets, here the maximum cumulative application time was reduced from 48 to 30 h. In this manner different degrees of skin compatibility to various special hand cleaners can be ascertained and taken into account when developing new products.

Colour developing agents which are derivatives of p-phenylenediamine can cause contact allergy. This study was done to perform if the observed simultaneous test reactions between different colour developing agents could be explained by common contaminants, reaction products or impurities. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the separation of p-phenylenediamine, 1,4-benzoquinone, hydroquinone, Metol and the colour developing agents CD-2, CD-3 and CD-4. The stability in water solutions and in petrolatum mixtures was examined for the last three substances. Samples of test preparations drawn at different stages of guinea pig maximization tests (GPMT) with colour developing agents were analysed, as well as patch test preparations for clinical use and tank solutions from developer machines. No contaminants or reaction products in common were shown in the bulk chemicals, tank solutions or test preparations of CD-2, CD-3 and CD-4. These findings and the GPMT studies imply that the simultaneous test reactions reflect cross-sensitization. The colour developing agents were stable in petrolatum mixtures, but unstable in water solutions. Therefore, fresh solutions for intradermal induction and petrolatum mixtures for topical induction and challenge were used in the final GPMT's.

A 43 year old woman with no previous skin disease developed contact eczema on the face and neck after application of a lotion used for "smoothing wrinkels", available as a non-prescription item. Patch testing of the product and of one of its ingredients, Euxyl K 400, revealed strong positive reactions. Upon testing of the individual components of the preservative Euxyl K 400, the substance 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane showed a positive reaction even in the concentration of 0.004%. Due to the increasing use of Euxyl K 400 inclusion of the preservative in the patch test battery should be considered.

Two cases of contact allergy to the UV-absorber bornelone in cosmetic products are presented. The literature on (photo)contact allergy to sunscreens is reviewed.