Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046314
S. S. Pereira, L. Almeida, Arnaldo S. R. Oliveira, N. B. Carvalho, P. Monteiro
In this paper, coding efficiency (CE) of all-digital transmitters (ADTs) is improved using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4), decision threshold optimisation, and delta-sigma core state propagation. Results show a significant decrease in out-of-band noise, with over 10 dB noise reduction, when compared with a similar traditional one-bit ADT. This, not only, provided a more flexible transmitter due to the lower quality analog filter requirements, but also increased the energy efficiency. Such improvements were achieved using similar levels of field programmable gate array (FPGA) resource usage as the traditional one-bit ADT.
{"title":"Improving Coding Efficiency in All-digital Transmitters","authors":"S. S. Pereira, L. Almeida, Arnaldo S. R. Oliveira, N. B. Carvalho, P. Monteiro","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046314","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, coding efficiency (CE) of all-digital transmitters (ADTs) is improved using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4), decision threshold optimisation, and delta-sigma core state propagation. Results show a significant decrease in out-of-band noise, with over 10 dB noise reduction, when compared with a similar traditional one-bit ADT. This, not only, provided a more flexible transmitter due to the lower quality analog filter requirements, but also increased the energy efficiency. Such improvements were achieved using similar levels of field programmable gate array (FPGA) resource usage as the traditional one-bit ADT.","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115071047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046299
Zhi-Ming Xu, Jin Li, Tao Yuan
This paper reports on a new class of wideband, low-loss, and monolithically integrated dual-polarized power divider with a 3-D-printing-compatible geometry. The power divider is based on a double-ridged Bϕifot junction enabling polarization splitting of two orthogonal TE10/TE01 modes in a square wave-guide. Particularly, the Bϕifot junction is geometrically shaped according to a designer-specified orientation of 3-D printing. The shaping facilitates monolithic prototyping of the power divider model by enhancing structural compatibility with 3-D printing process, without compromising any RF performance. Design and implementation of a Ka-band power divider prototype are presented. The power divider is manufactured monolithically by using heat-resistant resin-based Polyjet 3-D printing and electroless copper plating processes. It demonstrates a full ka-band power dividing characteristic in both orientations of polarization with good reflection (<-15 dB), transmission (averagely -3.5 dB), and isolation (mostly >30 dB) performance.
{"title":"A Full Ka-Band Low-Loss and Monolithically 3-D Printed Dual-Polarized Waveguide Power Divider Based on Shaped Double-Ridged Bϕifot Junction","authors":"Zhi-Ming Xu, Jin Li, Tao Yuan","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046299","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on a new class of wideband, low-loss, and monolithically integrated dual-polarized power divider with a 3-D-printing-compatible geometry. The power divider is based on a double-ridged Bϕifot junction enabling polarization splitting of two orthogonal TE10/TE01 modes in a square wave-guide. Particularly, the Bϕifot junction is geometrically shaped according to a designer-specified orientation of 3-D printing. The shaping facilitates monolithic prototyping of the power divider model by enhancing structural compatibility with 3-D printing process, without compromising any RF performance. Design and implementation of a Ka-band power divider prototype are presented. The power divider is manufactured monolithically by using heat-resistant resin-based Polyjet 3-D printing and electroless copper plating processes. It demonstrates a full ka-band power dividing characteristic in both orientations of polarization with good reflection (<-15 dB), transmission (averagely -3.5 dB), and isolation (mostly >30 dB) performance.","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129879006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046322
Haruki Shibue, H. Nosaka
This paper presents a new low-power ROM-less DDS with only a single current-switch array. The phase interpolator reduces the jitter contained in the accumulator overflow signal, so the DDS can obtain pulses with high frequency purity. The newly proposed self-adjusting two-step integrator automatically generates ramp waves of appropriate amplitude, eliminating the need to change the threshold voltage according to the clock frequency. Therefore, the dual current-switch array, which was required in the conventional phase interpolation DDSs, can be reduced by half, which is suitable for low power consumption. The frequency purity of this DDS is tolerant to PVT variations, because the manufacturing variation of the threshold voltage or unit current of the current-switch array is irrelevant to the phase interpolation operation. Experimental results confirm frequency synthesizer operation in which the spurious signal level is reduced to less than that of the accumulator.
{"title":"A ROM-Less DDS with Single Current-Switch Array Using Self-Adjusting Two-Step Integrator","authors":"Haruki Shibue, H. Nosaka","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046322","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new low-power ROM-less DDS with only a single current-switch array. The phase interpolator reduces the jitter contained in the accumulator overflow signal, so the DDS can obtain pulses with high frequency purity. The newly proposed self-adjusting two-step integrator automatically generates ramp waves of appropriate amplitude, eliminating the need to change the threshold voltage according to the clock frequency. Therefore, the dual current-switch array, which was required in the conventional phase interpolation DDSs, can be reduced by half, which is suitable for low power consumption. The frequency purity of this DDS is tolerant to PVT variations, because the manufacturing variation of the threshold voltage or unit current of the current-switch array is irrelevant to the phase interpolation operation. Experimental results confirm frequency synthesizer operation in which the spurious signal level is reduced to less than that of the accumulator.","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116731915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046337
Zichuan Zhou, Dhecha Nopchinda, I. Darwazeh, Zhixin Liu
Using radio over fiber techniques, we generate, transmit and receive a highly accurate 5-GHz spaced frequency comb, with carriers of extremely low phase noise. The carriers are used in an over the air transmission experiment, demonstrating lower phase noise than a commercially available PLL. The low phase noise and scalability of the design offer a new method of carrier and low-jitter clock distribution satisfying the stringent demands of future 6G systems. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method by over the air transmission of 128-QAM signal at 25 GHz. The recovered signal shows the advantage of low phase noise carriers even at received powers approaching -50 dBm
{"title":"Synchronising Clock and Carrier Frequencies with Low and Coherent Phase Noise for 6G","authors":"Zichuan Zhou, Dhecha Nopchinda, I. Darwazeh, Zhixin Liu","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046337","url":null,"abstract":"Using radio over fiber techniques, we generate, transmit and receive a highly accurate 5-GHz spaced frequency comb, with carriers of extremely low phase noise. The carriers are used in an over the air transmission experiment, demonstrating lower phase noise than a commercially available PLL. The low phase noise and scalability of the design offer a new method of carrier and low-jitter clock distribution satisfying the stringent demands of future 6G systems. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method by over the air transmission of 128-QAM signal at 25 GHz. The recovered signal shows the advantage of low phase noise carriers even at received powers approaching -50 dBm","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126908498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046347
L. Almeida, S. S. Pereira, Ivo Rodrigues, R. Correia, M. Drummond, Arnaldo S. R. Oliveira, N. B. Carvalho
This paper presents a digital True Time Delay (TTD) approach for runtime alignment and phase control of the Multi-Gigabit Transceivers (MGTs) channels used in all-digital beamforming transmitters. The developed TTD module achieved multiple channels synchronization and direct control over the individual delays with a resolution of one MGT sample period. Furthermore, the module requires a low resource utilization on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). This approach is highly scalable for multiple channels used in antenna arrays, requiring only a single All-Digital Encoder (ADE).
{"title":"True Time Delay-based Alignment for All-digital Beamforming Transmitters","authors":"L. Almeida, S. S. Pereira, Ivo Rodrigues, R. Correia, M. Drummond, Arnaldo S. R. Oliveira, N. B. Carvalho","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046347","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a digital True Time Delay (TTD) approach for runtime alignment and phase control of the Multi-Gigabit Transceivers (MGTs) channels used in all-digital beamforming transmitters. The developed TTD module achieved multiple channels synchronization and direct control over the individual delays with a resolution of one MGT sample period. Furthermore, the module requires a low resource utilization on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). This approach is highly scalable for multiple channels used in antenna arrays, requiring only a single All-Digital Encoder (ADE).","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115082676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046330
Fábio D. L. Coutinho, Hugerles S. Silva, P. Georgieva, Arnaldo S. R. Oliveira
In this paper, we study the impact of the convolutional neural networks (CNN) quantization for the channel estimation. In the wireless network edge, with the adoption of deep learning (DL) algorithms, the limited computational resources bottleneck needs to be considered. Thus, a study using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform is carried out, where the resource utilization and the timing requirements are analyzed. A single-input single-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) end-to-end link is adopted in this work. The bit error rate (BER) measures the quantization impact of the CNN-based channel estimation on the global system. The obtained results show that an improvement in the maximum operating frequency and in the resource efficiency can be obtained without deteriorating the end-to-end performance.
{"title":"Quantization Effects in a CNN-based Channel Estimator","authors":"Fábio D. L. Coutinho, Hugerles S. Silva, P. Georgieva, Arnaldo S. R. Oliveira","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046330","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the impact of the convolutional neural networks (CNN) quantization for the channel estimation. In the wireless network edge, with the adoption of deep learning (DL) algorithms, the limited computational resources bottleneck needs to be considered. Thus, a study using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform is carried out, where the resource utilization and the timing requirements are analyzed. A single-input single-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) end-to-end link is adopted in this work. The bit error rate (BER) measures the quantization impact of the CNN-based channel estimation on the global system. The obtained results show that an improvement in the maximum operating frequency and in the resource efficiency can be obtained without deteriorating the end-to-end performance.","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123833679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046349
Nazmus Saquib, Ahmed Elmenshawi, M. Hella
This paper presents a transformer based LC voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and a static frequency divider chain with a dual band feature. The oscillator tank is realized using a triple coil transformer loaded by a varactor, and is designed to resonate at both the first and third harmonics. Both the varactor and the back gate bias of the transistors are used to tune the oscillator core. The VCO is followed by a current mode logic (CML) divide by 16 frequency divider to capture the first harmonic output band. The design, fabricated in 22nm FDSOI, delivers a maximum output power of 0 dBm from the divider over the frequency range from 1.37 GHz to 1.87 GHz, equivalent to 22 GHz – 30 GHz in the first band and 66 GHz – 90 GHz in the second band. The DC power consumption of the VCO-divider chip is 60 mW from a 0.8 V supply.
{"title":"A mmWave Transformer Based VCO-Divider for Wideband Frequency Synthesizers in 22nm FDSOI","authors":"Nazmus Saquib, Ahmed Elmenshawi, M. Hella","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046349","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a transformer based LC voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and a static frequency divider chain with a dual band feature. The oscillator tank is realized using a triple coil transformer loaded by a varactor, and is designed to resonate at both the first and third harmonics. Both the varactor and the back gate bias of the transistors are used to tune the oscillator core. The VCO is followed by a current mode logic (CML) divide by 16 frequency divider to capture the first harmonic output band. The design, fabricated in 22nm FDSOI, delivers a maximum output power of 0 dBm from the divider over the frequency range from 1.37 GHz to 1.87 GHz, equivalent to 22 GHz – 30 GHz in the first band and 66 GHz – 90 GHz in the second band. The DC power consumption of the VCO-divider chip is 60 mW from a 0.8 V supply.","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121872277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046315
Vijaysrinivas Rajagopal, Abdel-Kareem Moadi, A. Fathy, M. Abidi
A real-time non-contact vital sign detection system is developed by utilizing neural network-based detection, multi-object tracking, and direction of arrival (DoA) techniques. The DoA produces a spatial-based image, which is fed into the detector. The detector is a convolutional neural network (CNN), which produces a list potential subject locations. These locations are propagated and associated via a tracking method called BYTE. All of these methods allow the system to accurately localize and track subjects as well as improve the robustness of vital sign estimation for stationary, multi-subject scenarios. We demonstrate that this real-time system produces low error rates of less than 1 and 3 BPM for breathing and heart rate estimations respectively in both single and multi-subject scenarios. All this is done while maintaining an average of 14 FPS on a portable Jetson Xavier NX.
{"title":"Portable Real-Time System for Multi-Subject Localization and Vital Sign Estimation","authors":"Vijaysrinivas Rajagopal, Abdel-Kareem Moadi, A. Fathy, M. Abidi","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046315","url":null,"abstract":"A real-time non-contact vital sign detection system is developed by utilizing neural network-based detection, multi-object tracking, and direction of arrival (DoA) techniques. The DoA produces a spatial-based image, which is fed into the detector. The detector is a convolutional neural network (CNN), which produces a list potential subject locations. These locations are propagated and associated via a tracking method called BYTE. All of these methods allow the system to accurately localize and track subjects as well as improve the robustness of vital sign estimation for stationary, multi-subject scenarios. We demonstrate that this real-time system produces low error rates of less than 1 and 3 BPM for breathing and heart rate estimations respectively in both single and multi-subject scenarios. All this is done while maintaining an average of 14 FPS on a portable Jetson Xavier NX.","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132778872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046340
Ozlem Yildiz, Mohammad Alavirad, Tejinder Singh
This paper investigates the secrecy performance of an intelligent reflective surface (IRS)-assisted 28 GHz indoor system where the IRS is capable of adjusting the direction and phase shift of reflected signal on its surface and assists a source to communicate with an authenticated user in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. IRSs being promising candidates for millimeter-wave (mmWave) and 6G communication, their deployment has tremendous challenges due to severe information leakage of beam misalignment and costly implementation of continuous phase control. We propose the design of a tile-allocation-and-phase-shift-adjustment strategy for the IRS to optimize the secrecy capacity. In addition to the alignment strategy, the optimal placement to achieve the maximum secrecy capacity is also evaluated through ray-tracing algorithm. Results demonstrate that the proposed IRS-assisted secure algorithm can significantly improve the secrecy capacity performance for an indoor media commutation network.
{"title":"Investigation and Optimization of Secrecy Capacity for Intelligent Reflective Surfaces-Assisted Secure mm Wave Indoor Wireless Communication","authors":"Ozlem Yildiz, Mohammad Alavirad, Tejinder Singh","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046340","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the secrecy performance of an intelligent reflective surface (IRS)-assisted 28 GHz indoor system where the IRS is capable of adjusting the direction and phase shift of reflected signal on its surface and assists a source to communicate with an authenticated user in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. IRSs being promising candidates for millimeter-wave (mmWave) and 6G communication, their deployment has tremendous challenges due to severe information leakage of beam misalignment and costly implementation of continuous phase control. We propose the design of a tile-allocation-and-phase-shift-adjustment strategy for the IRS to optimize the secrecy capacity. In addition to the alignment strategy, the optimal placement to achieve the maximum secrecy capacity is also evaluated through ray-tracing algorithm. Results demonstrate that the proposed IRS-assisted secure algorithm can significantly improve the secrecy capacity performance for an indoor media commutation network.","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122250996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046318
C. Karpuz, Pinar Öztürk Özdemir, H. H. Balik, Alperen Cengiz, A. Gorur
This letter presents a half-mode triple-band bandpass filter based on folded stepped impedance resonator stub. Also, an interdigital structure with lumped capacitance is added to the circuit to obtain a compact-size filter while maintaining the filtering characteristics. The utilization of the lumped capacitor at the middle point of the interdigital structure contributes to the shift down of the higher modes. Thus, an extra passband generates at the operating frequency range. Also, more reduced size is achieved by using a half-mode circuit.
{"title":"Compact Half-Mode Triple-Band Bandpass Filter by using Stepped Impedance Resonators with Grounding Via Holes","authors":"C. Karpuz, Pinar Öztürk Özdemir, H. H. Balik, Alperen Cengiz, A. Gorur","doi":"10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS55624.2023.10046318","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a half-mode triple-band bandpass filter based on folded stepped impedance resonator stub. Also, an interdigital structure with lumped capacitance is added to the circuit to obtain a compact-size filter while maintaining the filtering characteristics. The utilization of the lumped capacitor at the middle point of the interdigital structure contributes to the shift down of the higher modes. Thus, an extra passband generates at the operating frequency range. Also, more reduced size is achieved by using a half-mode circuit.","PeriodicalId":110742,"journal":{"name":"2023 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114603274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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