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Investigation of Sediment Migration From The Abakaliki Anticlinorium To The Anambra Basin - A Geostatistical Approach Abakaliki背斜向阿南布拉盆地沉积物迁移的地质统计学研究
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198774-MS
M. E. Okiotor, G. Asuen
The present investigation focused on geochemical evaluation of shale sequences in The Lower Benue Trough using geostatistical approach Thirty two representative samples of shale sequences of The Asu River Group, Nkporo Group and Mamu Formation in The Lower Benue Trough were subjected to Multi-Parameter study in an attempt to present a model of the sediment provenance, and paleoenvironment diagenetic conditions. The X-ray diffraction and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques were employed to examine and establish qualitative and quantitative constituents of the Major oxides, Trace and Rare Earth elements. The major minerals determined include SiO2 (40.96%, 56.08% & 60.39%)2, Al2O3 (15.09%, 18.27% and 21.16%), TiO2 (0.75%, 1.73% and 1.63%) and Fe2O3 (9.66%, 2.78% & 2.85%), for Asu River Group, Nkporo Group and Mamu Formation respectively. The studies suggest high influx of sediments into both The Abakaliki Anticlinorium and the Anambra Basin. When tested with multivariate statistical techniques such as Factor, Principal Component, Correspondence and Cluster analyses, the hidden affinities within the sediments were revealed in terms of similarities and dissimilarities. Enrichment and depletion of biogenic indicators CaO (EF=1.87 − 0.01) and P2O5 (EF=1.58 − 0.33) in the studied Asu River Group and Anambra basin sediments indicate deep marine to marginal marine paleoevironment of deposition respectively. Chemical examination of the maturity indexes indicate that the Anambra basin sediments were more matured, indicating that most of the Anambra Basin sediments were reworked from the Abakaliki Anticlinorium.
本文采用地质统计学方法对下贝努埃海槽下阿苏河组、恩波罗组和马木组页岩层序进行了多参数研究,建立了下贝努埃海槽下阿苏河组、恩波罗组和马木组页岩层序的沉积物源和古环境成岩条件模型。采用x射线衍射和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)技术对主要氧化物、微量元素和稀土元素进行了定性和定量分析。主要矿物为SiO2(40.96%、56.08%和60.39%)2、Al2O3(15.09%、18.27%和21.16%)、TiO2(0.75%、1.73%和1.63%)和Fe2O3(9.66%、2.78%和2.85%),分别属于阿苏河组、恩波罗组和马木组。研究表明,大量沉积物流入Abakaliki背斜和Anambra盆地。通过因子分析、主成分分析、对应分析和聚类分析等多元统计方法,揭示了沉积物中隐藏的相似性和差异性。研究的阿苏河群和阿南布拉盆地沉积物中生物成因指标CaO (EF=1.87 ~ 0.01)和P2O5 (EF=1.58 ~ 0.33)的富集和衰竭分别反映了沉积的深海相-边缘海相古环境。成熟度指标的化学检验表明,阿南布拉盆地沉积物更为成熟,表明阿南布拉盆地沉积物大部分来自Abakaliki背斜。
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引用次数: 0
Successful Coiled Tubing Catenary Cement Packer and SAS Installation in a Horizontal Well for Developing Bypassed Reserves: Offshore Niger Delta 连续油管接触网水泥封隔器和SAS在水平井中成功安装,用于开发尼日尔三角洲海域的旁路储量
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198824-MS
Yan Songa, Henry Ude, C. Uzodinma, C. Enyioko, E. Ighavini, O. Haruna, Godian Ndukauba
Rigless coiled tubing (CT) operations with CT operated from a floating anchored vessel are deployed for well intervention operations where crane limitations and deck loading constraint present multiple challenges for accessing the marginal/bypassed pay in offshore locations. This operation involves operating the CT unit with the reel located on the floating vessel and the injector head positioned on the offshore platform. The CT catenary design was successfully deployed for developing behind casing reserves through efficient zonal isolation, cement packer installation, perforations, and sand control. This paper presents the use of 1.75-in. CT on a 125K unit catenary system in a highly deviated horizontal well (>85°) to develop the shallower reservoir. The well is located on a platform with insufficient deck space and load bearing capacity to accommodate the intervention spread. The through-tubing CT operations involve installation of mechanical isolation plugs, cement retainer (CR)/stinger; tubing punch, cement packer installation, perforation, and stand-alone-screen (SAS) installation. The depleted reservoir interval presents challenges with declining production amidst gas lift support and intermittent production attributed to liquid loading. 152 bbl (2,420 ft) of 15.9-lbm/gal cement packer was installed through CT in the 4 1/2- and 9 5/8-in. casing annulus and 656 ft of cement plug on the CR in the 4 1/2-in. tubing. The use of 1.75-in. OD CT and catenary system effectively overcame the deck space and load bearing constraint of the platform while the 125K unit was used for improved CT reach and higher injector snub/pull capacity. Post-job shut-in tubing and casing pressures, quantity of cement slurry pumped, and extended flow test have proven the success of the design and procedure implemented. The operation was executed successfully using CT compared to the more expensive option of workover rig options for field redevelopment.
无钻机连续油管(CT)作业采用浮式锚定船进行,可用于油井干预作业,在这些作业中,起重机的限制和甲板负载的限制给海上边缘/旁路产层的开采带来了诸多挑战。该作业包括将连续油管装置安装在浮动船上,将注入头安装在海上平台上。通过有效的层间隔离、水泥封隔器安装、射孔和防砂,连续油管接触网设计成功地用于开发套管后储层。本文介绍了1.75 in的使用方法。在大斜度水平井(>85°)中,在125K单元接触网系统上进行CT,以开发浅层油藏。该井位于平台上,甲板空间和承载能力不足,无法容纳干预作业。过油管连续油管作业包括安装机械隔离桥塞、水泥保持器(CR)/推力杆;油管冲孔、水泥封隔器安装、射孔和独立筛管(SAS)安装。由于气举支撑和液体负载导致的间歇性生产,枯竭的储层段面临着产量下降的挑战。在4 1/2- in和9 5/8-in井眼通过连续油管安装了152bbl的15.9-lbm/gal水泥封隔器。在4 1/2 in的CR上,套管环空和656英尺的水泥塞。油管。1.75英寸的使用。外径连续油管和悬链线系统有效地克服了平台的甲板空间和承载限制,而125K装置用于提高连续油管的延伸范围和更高的注入器静吸能力。关井后的油管和套管压力、泵送的水泥浆量以及扩展流量测试都证明了设计和程序的成功实施。与成本更高的修井机再开发方案相比,使用CT成功完成了该作业。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of Water Salinity on Crude Oil Viscosity in Porous Media at Varying Temperatures 不同温度下多孔介质中水矿化度对原油粘度的影响
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198758-MS
N. Ogolo, Daniel O. Adesina, George O. Akinboro, M. Onyekonwu
Viscosity is one major property of crude oil that is highly dependent on temperature and affects production operations. But temperature is not the only factor that affects oil viscosity; other factors include oil composition, pressure and dissolved gas. However, it has been observed that water salinity can also affect crude oil viscosity. It is therefore imperative that the effect of water salinity on crude oil viscosity be studied since water injection schemes using produced water or sea water is a common practice because it is economical and efficient in oil displacement from porous media. This paper studies the effect of water salinity on crude oil viscosity at temperatures of 30°C, 70°C and 110°C. Sand samples were flooded with crude oil of known viscosity and brine of different salinity values ranging from 30g/l to 70g/l, after which the oil viscosities were determined again as well as the brine density. The flooding experiments were conducted like relative permeability experiments under steady state with an overburden pressure of 3000psi, using a standard core flooding equipment at a flow rate of 2ml/min. The experimental results show that water salinity can increase crude oil viscosity. It was observed that the viscosity of the oil varied from 0.5cp to 2.3cp at different water salinity levels which could have been as a result of the chemical interaction between the two fluids. The effect of water salinity on the oil viscosity was more obvious at 30°C than at 70°C and 110°C, indicating that temperature could have played a vital role in the interaction process. On the other hand, the variation in water density after the oil-water interaction was more significant at higher temperatures than at 30°C. It was also observed that the maximum oil viscosity at 30°C was 2.26cp at 50g/l water salinity while 30g/l salinity gave the highest viscosity values of 1.29cp and 1.06cp for 70°C and 110°C respectively. This stresses the importance of conducting such studies with water samples intended to be used for water injection. It is therefore recommended that the effect of water salinity on crude oil viscosity be studied before embarking on any water injection scheme since high oil viscosity is not desired during oil production operations.
粘度是原油的一个主要特性,它高度依赖于温度并影响生产操作。但温度并不是影响油粘度的唯一因素;其他因素包括油的成分、压力和溶解气体。然而,已经观察到水的矿化度也会影响原油的粘度。因此,研究水矿化度对原油粘度的影响是势在必行的,因为使用采出水或海水的注水方案是一种常见的做法,因为它在多孔介质中驱油是经济有效的。本文研究了在30℃、70℃和110℃条件下,水矿化度对原油粘度的影响。将已知粘度的原油和不同矿化度值(30g/l ~ 70g/l)的盐水注入砂样,然后再次测定原油粘度和盐水密度。驱油实验采用稳态相对渗透率实验,覆盖层压力为3000psi,采用标准岩心驱油设备,流量为2ml/min。实验结果表明,水的矿化度会增加原油的粘度。观察到,在不同的水盐度水平下,油的粘度从0.5cp到2.3cp不等,这可能是两种流体之间化学相互作用的结果。水矿化度对油粘度的影响在30°C时比在70°C和110°C时更为明显,表明温度在相互作用过程中可能起着至关重要的作用。另一方面,油水相互作用后的水密度变化在较高温度下比在30°C时更为显著。还观察到,在水盐度为50g/l时,30°C时的最大粘度为2.26cp,而在水盐度为30g/l时,70°C和110°C时的最大粘度分别为1.29cp和1.06cp。这就强调了用拟用于注水的水样进行这类研究的重要性。因此,建议在实施任何注水方案之前,先研究水矿化度对原油粘度的影响,因为在石油生产过程中,不希望出现高粘度的石油。
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引用次数: 1
In-Situ Burning As An Oil Spill Control Measure And Its Effect On The Environment 原位燃烧作为溢油控制措施及其对环境的影响
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198777-MS
A. Ekperusi, A. Onyena, Marvellous Y. Akpudo, Chibuike C. Peter, Christiana O. Akpoduado, O. H. Ekperusi
In-situ burning (ISB) is a process of burning crude oil at the point of spill, as a containment measure for oil spill control. It is usually applied as one of the last resort to prevent spilled oil from reaching ecologically sensitive habitats and recreational activities in coastal areas. While booms, skimmers and dispersants may be very expensive and difficult to deploy, ISB is relatively inexpensive, making it attractive to oil spill responders. ISB can be applied in marine, coastal, freshwater, arctic and terrestrial environment. Factors affecting burn efficiency include water density, type of oil, slick thickness, degree of emulsification and weathering, flame coverage, wind speed and wave action. Although ISB has been very successful in removing spilled oil from polluted environment, there are great concerns about the transport and fate of emissions and residues from the burned oil, on the environment, biodiversity and public health. Potential air pollutants from oil burning include particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and mixtures of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Many developing nations lack the legal and regulatory frameworks, the contingency planning process and human resources to monitor the implementation of ISB in the oil and gas industry, making the practice very complicated and of imminent danger to society. There is also need to develop alternative measures to ISB in order to mitigate the effects on the environment and human population.
就地燃烧(ISB)是在泄漏点燃烧原油的过程,是一种控制溢油的围堵措施。它通常被用作防止溢油到达沿海地区生态敏感栖息地和娱乐活动的最后手段之一。虽然围油栏、撇油器和分散剂可能非常昂贵且难以部署,但ISB相对便宜,因此对溢油救援人员很有吸引力。ISB可用于海洋、沿海、淡水、北极和陆地环境。影响燃烧效率的因素包括水密度、油类、浮油厚度、乳化和风化程度、火焰覆盖、风速和波浪作用。虽然ISB非常成功地从受污染的环境中清除溢油,但人们对燃烧石油的排放物和残留物的运输和命运、对环境、生物多样性和公共健康的影响非常关注。石油燃烧产生的潜在空气污染物包括颗粒物质、氮氧化物、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、挥发性有机化合物和各种多环芳烃的混合物。许多发展中国家缺乏法律和监管框架、应急规划程序和人力资源来监测ISB在油气行业的实施,这使得实践非常复杂,对社会构成迫在眉睫的危险。此外,还需要制定替代ISB的措施,以减轻对环境和人口的影响。
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引用次数: 8
Artificial Bee Colony ABC a Potential for Optimizing Well Placement – A Review 人工蜂群ABC:优化井位的潜力综述
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198729-MS
E. Okoro, O. Agwu, D. I. Olatunji, O. Orodu
Many optimization tools exist for well placement into reservoirs for maximum oil recovery. Conventional tools such as simulated annealing, response surface technology, gradient-based optimization, mixed integer programming etc. abound. However, artificial intelligence optimization tools have emerged over the years and are gaining ground. Artificial bee colony (ABC) has become one of the most common optimization methods in the domain of Artificial Intelligence since it was first conceived in the early nineties. As a result, avalanches of researches to its credit in well placement optimization exist. This paper therefore, highlighted conventional well placement optimization tools and also reviewed the artificial intelligence based optimization tools especially ABC and hybrids of ABC Algorithms formulated for well placement and compared them with each other using four basic criteria. The review has shown that ABC algorithms are very efficient in handling the placement of wells in reservoirs during well planning. This work therefore opens up a new vista in the area of well placement optimization and is therefore recommended to anyone looking for a pivot on the well placement optimization discussion.
为了最大限度地提高石油采收率,目前存在许多优化工具。传统的工具如模拟退火、响应面技术、基于梯度的优化、混合整数规划等比比皆是。然而,人工智能优化工具已经出现了多年,并正在取得进展。人工蜂群(Artificial bee colony, ABC)自上世纪90年代初提出以来,已成为人工智能领域最常用的优化方法之一。因此,在井位优化方面有大量的研究成果。因此,本文重点介绍了传统的井位优化工具,并对基于人工智能的优化工具,特别是ABC算法和ABC算法的混合算法进行了综述,并使用四个基本标准对它们进行了比较。回顾表明,ABC算法在井规划过程中处理储层井的布置是非常有效的。因此,这项工作在井位优化领域开辟了一个新的前景,因此推荐给任何寻找井位优化讨论枢纽的人。
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引用次数: 2
A Geomodel for Pore Pressure Prediction Based on A Viscoelastic Compaction Law 基于粘弹性压实规律的孔隙压力预测地质模型
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198730-MS
Roland I. Nwonodi, A. Dosunmu
It is important to develop a model that simulates in situ pore pressure profile especially in an overpressured interval mainly because of wellbore instability, hydraulic fracturing treatment, lost circulation, kick, and blowout. The current methodology for predicting pore pressure depends on the Terzaghi's total stress but requires the accurate determination of the effective stress in the rock. The sedimentary processes occurring in a basin put the rock under compaction, which can be viscoelastic. The normal-compaction methods of predicting pore pressure consider only mechanical compaction, but viscous compaction is important to consider, especially beyond 2000 meters of the subsurface. In this study, a model for predicting pore pressure was developed by applying an effective stress law that considers viscoelastic compaction into the Terzaghi's stress equation. From the relationship defining effective stress and the rate of deformation, the author posed an expression for the total effective stress in terms of time. The applicable boundary condition was with respect to the transit time through the rock. Using transit time data for a Gulf Coast wellbore at 10,000 ft yielded a pressure gradient of 0.885 psi/ft, which compares to 0.863 psi/ft obtained from the modified Eaton's model and 0.9132 psi/ft obtained from the Zhang model. Another pressure required for a wellbore at 30,000 ft yielded a pressure gradient of 0.535 psi/ft, which compares with 0.52 psi/ft obtained from measured formation pressure. Thus, the results indicate that the viscoelastic compaction accurately defines the pore pressure profile in a rock. Furthermore, simulation results indicate that the most important variable affecting pore pressure is the overburden stress.
开发一种能够模拟现场孔隙压力分布的模型非常重要,特别是在超压段,主要是由于井筒不稳定、水力压裂处理、漏失、井涌和井喷造成的。目前预测孔隙压力的方法依赖于Terzaghi的总应力,但需要准确确定岩石中的有效应力。盆地中发生的沉积过程使岩石受到压实作用,这种压实作用可以是粘弹性的。预测孔隙压力的常规压实方法只考虑机械压实,但粘性压实也很重要,特别是在地下2000米以上。在这项研究中,通过将考虑粘弹性压实的有效应力定律应用于Terzaghi应力方程,建立了一个预测孔隙压力的模型。从有效应力与变形速率的关系出发,提出了总有效应力随时间的表达式。适用的边界条件是关于穿越岩石的时间。使用墨西哥湾沿岸10,000英尺井眼的传输时间数据,得到的压力梯度为0.885 psi/ft,相比之下,修正Eaton模型得到的压力梯度为0.863 psi/ft, Zhang模型得到的压力梯度为0.9132 psi/ft。30,000英尺井眼所需的另一个压力产生的压力梯度为0.535 psi/ft,而实测地层压力得到的压力梯度为0.52 psi/ft。结果表明,粘弹性压实可以准确地定义岩石的孔隙压力分布。此外,模拟结果表明,影响孔隙压力最重要的变量是覆盖层应力。
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引用次数: 2
Impact of Geological Interpretation on Reservoir 3D Static Model: Workflow, Methodology Approach and Delivery Process 地质解释对储层三维静态模型的影响:工作流程、方法方法和交付过程
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198719-MS
A. Agi, Afeez O. Gbadamosi, R. Junin, S. Kampit, Azza Hashim Abbas, J. Gbonhinbor
The traditional method of geologic modelling requires the interpretation of geological sections during digitization. But this traditional method has its limitations, the main limits are; it is usually time consuming and the model produced is unique to each individual geologist interpretation and may not be easily replicated by others. This study proposes an alternative workflow method for modelling, constructing and interpreting 3D geologic static model with multi-source data integration. The volume base method (VBM) was used to construct the 3D model. The combination of deterministic and probabilistic methods was used to model the facies workflow process to capture the geometrics of depositional environmental element. The truncated Gaussian simulation method was used with vertical trends option to obtain vertical transitional lithofacies in most of the reservoirs. Verification of results and detailed discussion of the proposed workflow and methodology is based on comparison with the conventional method. The saturation height function (SHF) equation applied to the water saturation model and permeability model improved the 3-D properties modelling workflow. The pillar gridding process was identified as the stage that increases the timeframe in 3-D modelling workflow. The results have proven to improve the overall timeframe and maximize the value of the field studies. The proposed method can be applied to a broad and complex geologic area. And is useful for marginal field development, by contributing economically and improving the deliverability of the entire project.
传统的地质建模方法需要在数字化过程中对地质剖面进行解释。但这种传统方法也有其局限性,主要局限在;它通常是耗时的,并且产生的模型对每个地质学家的解释都是独一无二的,并且可能不容易被其他人复制。本文提出了一种多源数据集成的三维地质静态模型建模、构建和解释的替代工作流方法。采用体基法(VBM)构建三维模型。采用确定性和概率相结合的方法对相流过程进行建模,以捕捉沉积环境要素的几何特征。采用截尾高斯模拟方法,结合垂向趋势选项,获得了大部分储层的垂向过渡岩相。在与传统方法比较的基础上,验证了结果并详细讨论了所提出的工作流程和方法。将饱和高度函数(SHF)方程应用于含水饱和度模型和渗透率模型,改进了三维物性建模工作流程。将支柱网格化过程确定为三维建模工作流程中增加时间框架的阶段。事实证明,这些结果改善了总体时间框架,并最大限度地提高了实地研究的价值。该方法适用于广泛而复杂的地质区域。这对于边际油田的开发非常有用,因为它在经济上做出了贡献,并提高了整个项目的可交付性。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluating the Performance of Local Anionic Emulsifier as a Possible Emulsifier for Synthetic-Based Mud System for Drilling Operations 局部阴离子乳化剂作为合成基钻井液体系可能的乳化剂的性能评价
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198817-MS
R. Amorin, E. Broni-Bediako, Joel Bright Adanvor, Prince Opoku Appau
In the process of formulating oil-based muds, emulsifiers or surfactants are added to help build a strong oil-water emulsion. Currently, all the emulsifiers used in mud formulation in Ghana are imported increasing drilling cost. This also do not promote the local content and local participation policy of the country in the oil and gas sector. There are equally potential local emulsifiers that could be used in these mud formulations to reduce cost. This research, therefore, evaluated the performance of local anionic surfactant as a possible emulsifier for an ester-based oil mud system for drilling operations. A Synthetic-Based Mud (SBM) was formulated with varying concentrations of both local (L) and commercial (C) emulsifiers from 0% to 100% at a step of 25% after which their rheological properties evaluated. The rheological properties were evaluated for unaged samples at temperatures of 80 °F, 120 °F, 180 °F and aged samples at a temperature at 180 °F. The performances of the mud samples were tested using Gel Strength at 10 seconds and 10 minutes, Plastic Viscosity, Yield Point and pH at each varied concentration of emulsifier following closely the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard test procedures. The overall performances of the mud samples in order of descending were; BL100% > AC100% > EC25%L75% > CC50%L50% > DC75%L25%. It was observed that the local emulsifier performed equally well and even better than the commercial emulsifiers at the test conditions presenting the local emulsifier as a potential emulsifier for the formulation of SBMs for the oil and gas industry.
在配制油基泥浆的过程中,加入乳化剂或表面活性剂来帮助建立强油水乳液。目前,加纳泥浆配方中使用的乳化剂全部为进口,增加了钻井成本。这也不利于促进该国在石油和天然气领域的本地内容和本地参与政策。同样潜在的本地乳化剂也可以用于这些泥浆配方中,以降低成本。因此,本研究评估了局部阴离子表面活性剂作为钻井作业中酯基油泥体系可能的乳化剂的性能。合成基泥浆(SBM)采用不同浓度的本地(L)和商业(C)乳化剂配制,从0%到100%,步骤为25%,然后评估其流变性能。在温度为80°F, 120°F, 180°F和温度为180°F的老化样品中,评估了未老化样品的流变特性。按照美国石油协会(API)的标准测试程序,使用不同乳化剂浓度下的10秒和10分钟凝胶强度、塑性粘度、屈服点和pH值来测试泥浆样品的性能。泥浆样品的整体性能由高到低依次为:Bl100% > ac100% > ec25%l75% > cc50%l50% > dc75%l25%。在测试条件下,本地乳化剂的性能与商业乳化剂一样好,甚至更好,这表明本地乳化剂是石油和天然气工业中sbm配方的潜在乳化剂。
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引用次数: 0
The Loss of Primary barrier: An Integrated Approach of Downhole Leak Location and Quantification. Case Study 初级屏障的丧失:一种井下泄漏定位与量化的综合方法。案例研究
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198838-MS
M. Volkov, A. Yurchenko, Remke Ellis
Failure of the primary barrier in most cases results in observable sustained annulus pressure. For other such cases, sustained annulus pressure may not result, and leak associated fluid movement remains confined to deeper intervals, for example as cross flows. This manuscript introduces a comprehensive approach to assess the current status of primary and secondary barriers and, for this case of integrity loss, to quantify the downhole leaks rates. The assessment includes: Determining individual pipe wall thickness of first two concentric metal barriers using electromagnetic pulse logging techniqueSpectral Noise Logging to locate the active leaks and to verify the sealing integrity of cement barriersHigh Precision Temperature logging for downhole leak rate quantification utilizing temperature modeling The paper contains the physics of measurement, lab and field tests of the barrier assessment technologies, followed with a case study: A single string gas producer, with sustained A-annulus pressure. Additional survey findings allowed the identification and quantification of a crossflow resulting from leaks.
在大多数情况下,初级屏障的失效会导致可观察到的持续环空压力。对于其他此类情况,可能不会产生持续的环空压力,并且与泄漏相关的流体运动仍然局限于较深的间隔,例如横向流动。本文介绍了一种综合的方法来评估初级和次级屏障的现状,并在完整性损失的情况下,量化井下泄漏率。评估内容包括:利用电磁脉冲测井技术确定前两个同心金属屏障的管壁厚度;利用频谱噪声测井来定位主动泄漏并验证水泥屏障的密封完整性;利用温度建模进行高精度温度测井,以量化井下泄漏率。单管柱产气器,具有持续的A环空压力。额外的调查结果可以识别和量化由泄漏引起的横流。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Study on the Effect of Undulating Pipeline on Sand Transport in Multiphase Flow 波动管道对多相流输沙影响的实验研究
Pub Date : 2019-08-05 DOI: 10.2118/198722-MS
N. E. Okeke, Osho Adeyem, A. Archibong-Eso, Y. Baba, A. Aliyu, E. Aluyor, H. Yeung
Previous research work has shown that sand production with hydrocarbons has helped to increase the productivity of oil wells. However, this poses difficulties during shut down and start-up operations due to sand deposition and are aggravated when the pipelines are undulating. The hilly-terrain geometry of pipelines strongly affects multiphase flow regimes hence the need to study sand transport characteristics as it is vital in efficient pipeline design. The aim of this research work is to experimentally investigate the flow hydrodynamics that exist during sand transport in multiphase flow at different sand concentration. A 2-inch dip facility which consists of a downhill pipeline section, a lower elbow (dip) and an uphill pipeline at inclination angles of 24° is used in the study. Extensive data were collected and analysed from continuous measurement of instantaneous liquid and sand hold up using conductivity rings and flow visualisation using a high speed camera. Results show that five different flow patterns were obtained from the sand-water test both via visual observation and from the conductivity rings data namely: full suspension, streak, saltation, sand dunes and sand bed. The knowledge of flow at minimum transport condition and full suspension establishes the erosion rate over the life span of the pipeline. In contrast, the sand holdup measurement and sand dune regime which was uniquely identified using the conductivity ring method would help overcome the limitation of sand measurement in pipeline. Also, the Sand-Air-Water experiment carried out shows the influence of the pipe geometry and multiphase flow regimes on sand transport in multiphase transport pipelines.
之前的研究表明,含碳氢化合物的出砂有助于提高油井的产能。然而,由于砂沉积,这给关井和启动作业带来了困难,当管道起伏时,这种困难会加剧。管道的丘陵地形几何形状强烈影响多相流流态,因此需要研究输沙特性,这对有效的管道设计至关重要。本研究的目的是对不同含砂浓度下多相流输沙过程中的流体力学特性进行实验研究。研究中使用了一个2英寸的倾角装置,该装置由下坡管道段、下弯头(倾角)和倾角为24°的上坡管道组成。通过使用电导率环对瞬时液体和砂的持续测量,以及使用高速摄像机对流动进行可视化,收集和分析了大量数据。结果表明:通过目测和电导率环数据,沙水试验得到了五种不同的流型,即全悬浮流、条纹流、跃变流、沙丘流和砂床流。在最低运输条件和完全悬浮下的流量知识建立了管道寿命期间的侵蚀速率。而利用电导率环法对含沙量和沙丘状态进行独特识别,有助于克服管道测砂的局限性。此外,还进行了砂-气-水试验,研究了管道几何形状和多相流型对多相输沙管道输沙的影响。
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引用次数: 1
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Day 2 Tue, August 06, 2019
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