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Ferroptosis in cancer immunity and immunotherapy: Multifaceted interplay and clinical implications 癌症免疫和免疫疗法中的铁蛋白沉积:多方面的相互作用和临床意义
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.08.004
Xiaoqian Zhai , Yiyun Lin , Lingling Zhu , Yuqing Wang , Jiabi Zhang , Jiewei Liu , Lu Li , Xiaojie Lu

Ferroptosis is a type of cell death characterized by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species overproduction. Ferroptosis induces immunogenic cell death and elicits anti-tumor immune responses, playing an important role in cancer immunotherapy. Ferroptosis suppression in cancer cells impairs its immunotherapeutic efficacy. To overcome this issue, ferroptosis inducers (FINs) have been combined with other cancer therapies to create an anti-tumor immune microenvironment. However, the ferroptosis-based crosstalk between immune and tumor cells is complex because oxidative products released by ferroptotic tumor cells impair the functions of anti-tumor immune cells, resulting in immunotherapeutic resistance. In the present article, we have reviewed ferroptosis in tumor and immune cells and summarized the crosstalk between ferroptotic tumor cells and the immune microenvironment. Based on the existing literature, we have further discussed future perspectives on opportunities for combining ferroptosis-targeted therapies with cancer immunotherapies.

铁变态反应是一种细胞死亡,其特点是铁依赖性磷脂过氧化和活性氧过量产生。铁氧化诱导免疫原性细胞死亡,引起抗肿瘤免疫反应,在癌症免疫疗法中发挥着重要作用。抑制癌细胞中的铁突变会损害其免疫治疗效果。为了克服这一问题,人们将铁突变诱导剂(FINs)与其他癌症疗法相结合,以创造抗肿瘤免疫微环境。然而,免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞之间基于铁变态反应的串扰是复杂的,因为铁变态反应肿瘤细胞释放的氧化产物会损害抗肿瘤免疫细胞的功能,从而导致免疫治疗抵抗。本文综述了肿瘤和免疫细胞中的铁凋亡,并总结了铁凋亡肿瘤细胞与免疫微环境之间的相互影响。在现有文献的基础上,我们进一步探讨了未来将铁突变靶向疗法与癌症免疫疗法相结合的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and uterine fibroids: Role in collagen synthesis 免疫抑制肿瘤微环境与子宫肌瘤:在胶原合成中的作用。
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.10.002
Eslam E Saad , Rachel Michel , Mostafa A. Borahay

Uterine fibroids (UF), also called uterine leiomyoma, is one of the most prevalent uterine tumors. UF represents a serious women's health global problem with a significant physical, emotional, and socioeconomic impact. Risk factors for UF include racial disparities, age, race, hormonal factors, obesity, and lifestyle (diet, physical activity, and stress. There are several biological contributors to UF pathogenesis such as cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. This review addresses tumor immune microenvironment as a novel mediator of ECM deposition. Polarization of immune microenvironment towards the immunosuppressive phenotype has been associated with ECM deposition. Immunosuppressive cells include M2 macrophage, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and Th17 cells, and their secretomes include interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22, arginase 1, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1). The change in the immune microenvironment not only increase tumor growth but also aids in collagen synthesis and ECM disposition, which is one of the main hallmarks of UF pathogenesis. This review invites further investigations on the change in the UF immune microenvironment as well as a novel targeting approach instead of the traditional UF hormonal and supportive treatment.

子宫肌瘤(UF),也称为子宫平滑肌瘤,是最常见的子宫肿瘤之一。UF是一个严重的全球妇女健康问题,具有重大的身体、情感和社会经济影响。UF的风险因素包括种族差异、年龄、种族、激素因素、肥胖和生活方式(饮食、体育活动和压力)。UF的发病机制有几个生物学因素,如细胞增殖、血管生成和细胞外基质(ECM)积累。这篇综述将肿瘤免疫微环境作为ECM沉积的新介质。免疫微环境向免疫抑制表型的极化与ECM沉积有关。免疫抑制细胞包括M2巨噬细胞、骨髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)和Th17细胞,其分泌体包括白细胞介素4(IL-4)、IL-10、IL-13、IL-17、IL-22、精氨酸酶1和转化生长因子β(TGF-β1)。免疫微环境的变化不仅增加了肿瘤的生长,而且有助于胶原蛋白的合成和ECM的处理,这是UF发病机制的主要特征之一。这篇综述邀请对UF免疫微环境的变化进行进一步的研究,并提出一种新的靶向方法来取代传统的UF激素和支持性治疗。
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引用次数: 0
Harnessing the potential of CD40 agonism in cancer therapy 利用CD40激动作用在癌症治疗中的潜力
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.002
Yang Zhou , Ann Richmond , Chi Yan

CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily of receptors expressed on a variety of cell types. The CD40–CD40L interaction gives rise to many immune events, including the licensing of dendritic cells to activate CD8+ effector T cells, as well as the facilitation of B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. In malignant cells, the expression of CD40 varies among cancer types, mediating cellular proliferation, apoptosis, survival and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Agonistic human anti-CD40 antibodies are emerging as an option for cancer treatment, and early-phase clinical trials explored its monotherapy or combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade, and other immunomodulatory approaches. In this review, we present the current understanding of the mechanism of action for CD40, along with results from the clinical development of agonistic human CD40 antibodies in cancer treatment (selicrelumab, CDX-1140, APX005M, mitazalimab, 2141-V11, SEA-CD40, LVGN7409, and bispecific antibodies). This review also examines the safety profile of CD40 agonists in both preclinical and clinical settings, highlighting optimized dosage levels, potential adverse effects, and strategies to mitigate them.

CD40是肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)受体超家族的一员,在多种细胞类型上表达。CD40-CD40L相互作用引起许多免疫事件,包括授权树突状细胞激活CD8+效应T细胞,以及促进B细胞激活、增殖和分化。在恶性细胞中,CD40的表达因肿瘤类型而异,介导细胞增殖、凋亡、存活以及细胞因子和趋化因子的分泌。激动性人抗cd40抗体正在成为癌症治疗的一种选择,早期临床试验探索了它的单一治疗或与放疗、化疗、免疫检查点阻断和其他免疫调节方法的联合治疗。在这篇综述中,我们介绍了目前对CD40作用机制的理解,以及在癌症治疗中激动性人CD40抗体的临床发展结果(selicrelumab, CDX-1140, APX005M, mitazalimab, 2141-V11, SEA-CD40, LVGN7409和双特异性抗体)。本综述还研究了CD40激动剂在临床前和临床环境中的安全性,强调了优化的剂量水平、潜在的不良反应和减轻它们的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Radiation-targeted immunotherapy: A new perspective in cancer radiotherapy 放射靶向免疫治疗:肿瘤放疗的新方向
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.003
Lihui Xuan , Chenjun Bai , Zhao Ju , Jinhua Luo , Hua Guan , Ping-Kun Zhou , Ruixue Huang

In contemporary oncology, radiation therapy and immunotherapy stand as critical treatments, each with distinct mechanisms and outcomes. Radiation therapy, a key player in cancer management, targets cancer cells by damaging their DNA with ionizing radiation. Its effectiveness is heightened when used alongside other treatments like surgery and chemotherapy. Employing varied radiation types like X-rays, gamma rays, and proton beams, this approach aims to minimize damage to healthy tissue. However, it is not without risks, including potential damage to surrounding normal cells and side effects ranging from skin inflammation to serious long-term complications. Conversely, immunotherapy marks a revolutionary step in cancer treatment, leveraging the body’s immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. It manipulates the immune system’s specificity and memory, offering a versatile approach either alone or in combination with other treatments. Immunotherapy is known for its targeted action, long-lasting responses, and fewer side effects compared to traditional therapies. The interaction between radiation therapy and immunotherapy is intricate, with potential for both synergistic and antagonistic effects. Their combined use can be more effective than either treatment alone, but careful consideration of timing and sequence is essential. This review explores the impact of various radiation therapy regimens on immunotherapy, focusing on changes in the immune microenvironment, immune protein expression, and epigenetic factors, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment strategies and ongoing research to enhance the efficacy of these combined therapies in cancer care.

在当代肿瘤学中,放射治疗和免疫治疗是重要的治疗方法,各自具有不同的机制和结果。放射治疗是癌症治疗中的一个关键角色,它通过电离辐射破坏癌细胞的DNA来靶向癌细胞。当与手术和化疗等其他治疗方法一起使用时,其效果会得到提高。这种方法采用不同的辐射类型,如x射线、伽马射线和质子束,旨在最大限度地减少对健康组织的损害。然而,它也并非没有风险,包括对周围正常细胞的潜在损害,以及从皮肤炎症到严重的长期并发症等副作用。相反,免疫疗法标志着癌症治疗迈出了革命性的一步,它利用人体的免疫系统来瞄准并摧毁癌细胞。它操纵免疫系统的特异性和记忆,提供了一种通用的方法,可以单独使用,也可以与其他治疗方法结合使用。与传统疗法相比,免疫疗法以其靶向性、持久的反应和较少的副作用而闻名。放射治疗和免疫治疗之间的相互作用是复杂的,具有潜在的协同和拮抗作用。它们的联合使用可能比单独使用任何一种治疗更有效,但仔细考虑时机和顺序是必不可少的。本文探讨了各种放射治疗方案对免疫治疗的影响,重点关注免疫微环境、免疫蛋白表达和表观遗传因素的变化,强调需要个性化的治疗策略和正在进行的研究,以提高这些联合治疗在癌症治疗中的疗效。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating IL-6: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic breakthroughs IL-6导航:从分子机制到治疗突破。
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.007
Akey Krishna Swaroop , Preeya Negi , Ayushi Kar , Esakkimuthukumar Mariappan , Jawahar Natarajan , Krishnan Namboori P.K. , Jubie Selvaraj

This concise review navigates the intricate realm of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important member of the cytokine family. Beginning with an introduction to cytokines, this narrative review unfolds with the historical journey of IL-6, illuminating its evolving significance. A crucial section unravels the three distinct signaling modes employed by IL-6, providing a foundational understanding of its versatile interactions within cellular landscapes. Moving deeper, the review meticulously dissects IL-6's signaling mechanisms, unraveling the complexities of its pleiotropic effects in both physiological responses and pathological conditions. A significant focus is dedicated to the essential role IL-6 plays in inflammatory diseases, offering insights into its associations and implications for various health conditions. The review also takes a therapeutic turn by exploring the emergence of anti-IL-6 monoclonal inhibitors, marking a profound stride in treatment modalities. Diving into the molecular realm, the review explores small molecules as agents for IL-6 inhibition, providing a nuanced perspective on diverse intervention strategies. As the review embarks on the final chapters, it contemplates future aspects, offering glimpses into potential research trajectories and the evolving landscape of IL-6-related studies.

白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)是细胞因子家族的重要成员,这篇简明扼要的综述将为您揭开其错综复杂的面纱。从介绍细胞因子开始,这篇叙述性综述展开了 IL-6 的历史进程,阐明了其不断演变的意义。其中一个重要部分揭示了 IL-6 所采用的三种不同的信号传导模式,为了解 IL-6 在细胞景观中的多功能相互作用提供了基础。更深入地看,这篇综述细致剖析了 IL-6 的信号转导机制,揭示了它在生理反应和病理条件下多重效应的复杂性。其中一个重点是 IL-6 在炎症性疾病中扮演的重要角色,深入探讨了其与各种健康状况的关联和影响。该综述还从治疗角度探讨了抗 IL-6 单克隆抑制剂的出现,这标志着治疗模式的一大进步。本综述深入分子领域,探讨了作为 IL-6 抑制剂的小分子,为各种干预策略提供了细致入微的视角。在综述的最后几章,它对未来进行了展望,提供了潜在研究轨迹的一瞥以及IL-6相关研究不断发展的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Regulation of regulated cell death by extracellular vesicles in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease 急性肾损伤和慢性肾病中细胞外囊泡对调节性细胞死亡的调控作用
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.006
Zixuan Zhou , Linru Shi , Binghai Chen , Hui Qian

The imbalance between proliferation and death of kidney resident cells is a crucial factor in the development of acute or chronic renal dysfunction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is often associated with the rapid loss of tubular epithelial cells (TECs). Sustained injury leads to the loss of glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) and podocytes, which is a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases. This irreversible damage resulting from progressive cell loss eventually leads to deterioration of renal function characterized by glomerular compensatory hypertrophy, tubular degeneration, and renal fibrosis. Regulated cell death (RCD), which involves a cascade of gene expression events with tight structures, plays a certain role in regulating kidney health by determining the fate of kidney resident cells. Under pathological conditions, cells in the nephron have been demonstrated to constitutively release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which act as messengers that specifically interact with recipient cells to regulate their cell death process. For therapeutic intervention, exogenous EVs have exhibited great potential for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease by modulating RCD, with enhanced effects through engineering modification. Based on the functional role of EVs, this review comprehensively explores the regulation of RCD by EVs in AKI and chronic kidney disease (CKD), with emphasis on pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.

肾脏驻留细胞增殖与死亡之间的失衡是导致急性或慢性肾功能障碍的关键因素。急性肾损伤(AKI)通常与肾小管上皮细胞(TECs)的快速丧失有关。持续的损伤会导致肾小球内皮细胞(GECs)和荚膜细胞的丧失,这是肾小球疾病发病的关键机制。细胞逐渐丧失造成的这种不可逆损伤最终会导致肾功能恶化,表现为肾小球代偿性肥大、肾小管变性和肾脏纤维化。调节性细胞死亡(RCD)涉及一连串具有严密结构的基因表达事件,通过决定肾脏常驻细胞的命运,在调节肾脏健康方面发挥着一定的作用。在病理条件下,肾小球中的细胞已被证实会持续释放细胞外囊泡,这些囊泡作为信使与受体细胞发生特异性相互作用,从而调节其细胞死亡过程。在治疗干预方面,外源性EVs通过调节RCD在预防和治疗肾脏疾病方面表现出巨大的潜力,并通过工程改造增强效果。基于 EVs 的功能作用,本综述全面探讨了 EVs 在 AKI 和慢性肾脏病(CKD)中对 RCD 的调控,重点是发病机制和治疗干预。
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引用次数: 0
Myeloid-derived growth factor and its effects on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases 髓源性生长因子及其对心血管疾病和代谢疾病的影响
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.005
Jinling Xu , Yanzhuo Song , Sheng Ding , Weizhe Duan , Guangda Xiang , Zhongjing Wang

Myeloid-derived growth factor (MYDGF) is a paracrine protein produced by bone marrow-derived monocytes and macrophages. Current research shows that it has protective effects on the cardiovascular system, such as repairing heart tissue after myocardial infarction, enhancing cardiomyocyte proliferation, improving cardiac regeneration after myocardial injury, regulating proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, reducing endothelial cell damage, resisting pressure overload-induced heart failure, as well as protecting against atherosclerosis. Furthermore, regarding the metabolic diseases, MYDGF has effects of improving type 2 diabetes mellitus, relieving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alleviating glomerular diseases, and resisting osteoporosis. Herein, we will discuss the biology of MYDGF and its effects on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

髓源性生长因子(MYDGF)是一种由骨髓单核细胞和巨噬细胞产生的旁分泌蛋白。目前的研究表明,它对心血管系统具有保护作用,如修复心肌梗死后的心脏组织、促进心肌细胞增殖、改善心肌损伤后的心脏再生、调节内皮细胞的增殖和存活、减少内皮细胞损伤、抵抗压力过大引起的心力衰竭以及防止动脉粥样硬化。此外,在代谢性疾病方面,MYDGF 还具有改善 2 型糖尿病、缓解非酒精性脂肪肝、减轻肾小球疾病和预防骨质疏松症的作用。在此,我们将讨论 MYDGF 的生物学特性及其对心血管疾病和代谢疾病的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in extracellular vesicles as mediators of cell-to-cell communication in pregnancy 细胞外小泡作为妊娠期细胞间通讯媒介的研究进展
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.004
Soumyalekshmi Nair , Melissa Razo-Azamar , Nanthini Jayabalan , Louise Torp Dalgaard , Berenice Palacios-González , Anne Sørensen , Ulla Kampmann , Aase Handberg , Flavio Carrion , Carlos Salomon

Cell-to-cell communication mediated by Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) is a novel and emerging area of research, especially during pregnancy, in which placenta derived EVs can facilitate the feto-maternal communication. EVs comprise a heterogeneous group of vesicle sub-populations with diverse physical and biochemical characteristics and originate by specific biogenesis mechanisms. EVs transfer molecular cargo (including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) between cells and are critical mediators of cell communication. There is growing interest among researchers to explore into the molecular cargo of EVs and their functions in a physiological and pathological context. For example, inflammatory mediators such as cytokines are shown to be released in EVs and EVs derived from immune cells play key roles in mediating the immune response as well as immunoregulatory pathways. Pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth are associated with altered levels of circulating EVs, with differential EV cargo and bioactivity in target cells. This implicates the intriguing roles of EVs in reprogramming the maternal physiology during pregnancy. Moreover, the capacity of EVs to carry bioactive molecules makes them a promising tool for biomarker development and targeted therapies in pregnancy complications. This review summarizes the physiological and pathological roles played by EVs in pregnancy and pregnancy-related disorders and describes the potential of EVs to be translated into clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy complications.

由细胞外囊泡(EVs)介导的细胞间通讯是一个新兴的研究领域,尤其是在怀孕期间,胎盘衍生的EVs可促进胎儿与母体之间的通讯。EVs由一组异质的囊泡亚群组成,具有不同的物理和生化特征,并通过特定的生物生成机制产生。EVs 在细胞间传递分子货物(包括蛋白质、核酸和脂质),是细胞通讯的关键媒介。研究人员对 EVs 分子货物及其在生理和病理环境中功能的探索兴趣与日俱增。例如,细胞因子等炎症介质被证明会在 EVs 中释放,来自免疫细胞的 EVs 在介导免疫反应和免疫调节途径中发挥着关键作用。妊娠并发症,如妊娠糖尿病、先兆子痫、宫内生长受限和早产,都与循环中 EVs 水平的改变有关,靶细胞中的 EV 货物和生物活性也各不相同。这表明,EVs 在孕期重塑母体生理机能方面发挥着重要作用。此外,EVs 携带生物活性分子的能力使其成为开发妊娠并发症生物标志物和靶向治疗的一种有前途的工具。本综述总结了EVs在妊娠和妊娠相关疾病中发挥的生理和病理作用,并描述了EVs在诊断和治疗妊娠并发症方面转化为临床应用的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Interleukin-33/serum stimulation-2 pathway: Regulatory mechanisms and emerging implications in immune and inflammatory diseases 白细胞介素-33/血清刺激-2 通路:免疫和炎症性疾病的调节机制和新影响
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.001
Peng-yi He , Meng-yao Wu , Li-yu Zheng , Yu Duan , Qi Fan , Xiao-mei Zhu , Yong-ming Yao

Interleukin (IL)− 33, a nuclear factor and pleiotropic cytokine of the IL-1 family, is gaining attention owing to its important role in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review extends our knowledge of the effects exerted by IL-33 on target cells by binding to its specific receptor serum stimulation-2 (ST2). Depending on the tissue context, IL-33 performs multiple functions encompassing host defence, immune response, initiation and amplification of inflammation, tissue repair, and homeostasis. The levels and activity of IL-33 in the body are controlled by complex IL-33-targeting regulatory pathways. The unique temporal and spatial expression patterns of IL-33 are associated with host homeostasis and the development of immune and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, understanding the origin, function, and processes of IL-33 under various conditions is crucial. This review summarises the regulatory mechanisms underlying the IL-33/ST2 signalling axis and its potential role and clinical significance in immune and inflammatory diseases, and discusses the current complex and conflicting findings related to IL-33 in host responses.

白细胞介素(IL)-33 是 IL-1 家族的一种核因子和多效性细胞因子,因其在慢性炎症和自身免疫性疾病中的重要作用而日益受到关注。本综述扩展了我们对 IL-33 通过与其特异性受体血清刺激-2(ST2)结合而对靶细胞产生影响的认识。根据组织环境的不同,IL-33 可发挥多种功能,包括宿主防御、免疫反应、炎症的引发和扩大、组织修复和平衡。IL-33 在体内的水平和活性由复杂的 IL-33 靶向调控途径控制。IL-33 独特的时间和空间表达模式与宿主的稳态以及免疫和炎症性疾病的发展有关。因此,了解 IL-33 在各种条件下的起源、功能和过程至关重要。本综述总结了 IL-33/ST2 信号轴的调控机制及其在免疫和炎症性疾病中的潜在作用和临床意义,并讨论了目前有关 IL-33 在宿主反应中的复杂和相互矛盾的研究结果。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19: From emerging variants to vaccination COVID-19:从新出现的变种到疫苗接种
IF 13 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.005
Thilini H. Senevirathne , Demi Wekking , Joseph W.R. Swain , Cinzia Solinas , Pushpamali De Silva

The vigorous spread of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the rapid infection of millions of people worldwide and devastation of not only public healthcare, but also social, educational, and economic infrastructures. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 over time is due to the mutations that occurred in the genome during each replication. These mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2, otherwise known as variants, were categorized as variants of interest (VOI) or variants of concern (VOC) based on the increased risk of transmissibility, disease severity, immune escape, decreased effectiveness of current social measures, and available vaccines and therapeutics. The swift development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a great success for biomedical research, and billions of vaccine doses, including boosters, have been administered worldwide. BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer–BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) are the four major COVID-19 vaccines that received early regulatory authorization based on their efficacy. However, some SARS-CoV-2 variants resulted in higher resistance to available vaccines or treatments. It has been four years since the first reported infection of SARS-CoV-2, yet the Omicron variant and its subvariants are still infecting people worldwide. Despite this, COVID-19 vaccines are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 pandemic focused on evolution of VOC and vaccination strategies against them.

SARS-CoV-2 的迅速传播导致全球数百万人受到感染,不仅破坏了公共医疗保健,还破坏了社会、教育和经济基础设施。随着时间的推移,SARS-CoV-2 不断进化,其基因组在每次复制过程中都会发生突变。这些变异形式的 SARS-CoV-2 又被称为变异体,根据其传播风险的增加、疾病的严重程度、免疫逃逸、当前社会措施有效性的降低以及现有疫苗和疗法,被归类为相关变异体 (VOI) 或关注变异体 (VOC)。COVID-19 疫苗的迅速开发为生物医学研究带来了巨大成功,全世界已接种了数十亿剂疫苗(包括加强剂)。BNT162b2 疫苗(辉瑞-生物技术公司)、mRNA-1273(Moderna 公司)、ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (阿斯利康公司)和 Janssen(强生公司)是四种主要的 COVID-19 疫苗,它们凭借其疗效很早就获得了监管部门的授权。然而,一些 SARS-CoV-2 变异株对现有疫苗或治疗产生了更高的抗药性。自首次报告感染 SARS-CoV-2 至今已有四年,但 Omicron 变种及其亚变种仍在全球范围内感染着人们。尽管如此,COVID-19 疫苗仍有望有效预防 COVID 引起的严重疾病、住院和死亡。在本综述中,我们将全面概述 COVID-19 的流行情况,重点关注 VOC 的演变和疫苗接种策略。
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