Kirrilly Thompson, Gianluca Di Censo, Jacqueline Bowden, Neophytos Georgiou, Mark Thompson, Victoria Cock, Blaire Brewerton, Courtney Ryder
Introduction
Homelessness and alcohol dependence can be barriers to accessing essential services such as health care, housing, and social supports. Managed alcohol programs (MAP) have emerged as an effective harm reduction strategy for people experiencing homelessness and alcohol dependence. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the short-term impacts of the first MAP run in South Australia outside of COVID-19 restrictions and the first in Australia to be conducted in a healthcare setting. It was designed to be culturally appropriate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients.
Methods
Descriptive quantitative analysis and an inductive content analysis of case notes for 21 clients who stayed at least one night in the South Australian MAP.
Results
Clients were mostly Aboriginal, female, of middle age and managing multiple health conditions. The median stay was 15 nights per client. The MAP contributed to client wellbeing broadly across five interconnected areas: culture, housing, medical support, government system navigation, and the building of capacity, resilience, and social connectedness.
Discussion and Conclusions
The South Australian MAP provided various interconnected short-term benefits relevant to people experiencing homelessness and alcohol dependence in general and Aboriginal peoples additionally experiencing the on-going impacts of colonisation in particular. This evaluation supports international literature on the value of MAPs as an effective harm reduction approach to co-occurring homelessness and alcohol dependence and strengthens evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, and benefits of MAPs in Australia.
{"title":"Evaluation of a Residential Managed Alcohol Program for Aboriginal Peoples Experiencing Homelessness and Alcohol Dependence: Short-Term Impacts of an Australian Trial","authors":"Kirrilly Thompson, Gianluca Di Censo, Jacqueline Bowden, Neophytos Georgiou, Mark Thompson, Victoria Cock, Blaire Brewerton, Courtney Ryder","doi":"10.1111/dar.70025","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Homelessness and alcohol dependence can be barriers to accessing essential services such as health care, housing, and social supports. Managed alcohol programs (MAP) have emerged as an effective harm reduction strategy for people experiencing homelessness and alcohol dependence. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the short-term impacts of the first MAP run in South Australia outside of COVID-19 restrictions and the first in Australia to be conducted in a healthcare setting. It was designed to be culturally appropriate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Descriptive quantitative analysis and an inductive content analysis of case notes for 21 clients who stayed at least one night in the South Australian MAP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clients were mostly Aboriginal, female, of middle age and managing multiple health conditions. The median stay was 15 nights per client. The MAP contributed to client wellbeing broadly across five interconnected areas: culture, housing, medical support, government system navigation, and the building of capacity, resilience, and social connectedness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The South Australian MAP provided various interconnected short-term benefits relevant to people experiencing homelessness and alcohol dependence in general and Aboriginal peoples additionally experiencing the on-going impacts of colonisation in particular. This evaluation supports international literature on the value of MAPs as an effective harm reduction approach to co-occurring homelessness and alcohol dependence and strengthens evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, and benefits of MAPs in Australia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 7","pages":"2061-2065"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jürgen Rehm, Daniela Correia, Ahmed S. Hassan, Jakob Manthey, Pol Rovira, Kevin D. Shield, Carina Ferreira-Borges, Maria Neufeld, Mindaugas Štelemėkas
Introduction
Although increases in alcohol excise taxation have been identified as one of the ‘best buys’ of the World Health Organization to reduce alcohol consumption and attributable harm, excise tax shares—the proportion of excise tax included in retail prices of alcoholic beverages—remain low in Europe. Revenue derived from alcohol excise taxation, and how it is affected by changes in alcohol excise taxation, has not yet been widely explored.
Methods
We conducted a search for revenues generated from alcohol excise taxation in all European Union (EU) countries and the United Kingdom between 2017 and 2022. We then calculated the average excise tax share for alcoholic beverages for 2022. Using regression analysis, we predict tax revenue per capita from the tax share, type of alcohol excise taxation, recorded and unrecorded consumption and prevalence of past-year drinking. To illustrate the potential for revenue increases, we conducted a case study on Germany.
Results
In 2022, average revenue from alcohol excise taxation (119 euros per capita) and excise tax share (17.3%) were low in the EU countries and the United Kingdom, but showed sizable variation. The association between excise tax share and revenue from excise taxation was very high, with a Pearson correlation of 0.888 (0.720–0.958; df = 16; p < 0.0001). In regression analyses, only the excise tax share significantly predicted tax revenue.
Discussion and Conclusions
Marked revenue gains could be achieved in several countries having low tax shares by instituting increases in excise tax share, with only small effects on consumer prices.
{"title":"Alcohol Excise Taxation, Tax Share and Revenue in the European Union and the United Kingdom in 2022: An Overview and Modelling Analysis","authors":"Jürgen Rehm, Daniela Correia, Ahmed S. Hassan, Jakob Manthey, Pol Rovira, Kevin D. Shield, Carina Ferreira-Borges, Maria Neufeld, Mindaugas Štelemėkas","doi":"10.1111/dar.70028","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although increases in alcohol excise taxation have been identified as one of the ‘best buys’ of the World Health Organization to reduce alcohol consumption and attributable harm, excise tax shares—the proportion of excise tax included in retail prices of alcoholic beverages—remain low in Europe. Revenue derived from alcohol excise taxation, and how it is affected by changes in alcohol excise taxation, has not yet been widely explored.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a search for revenues generated from alcohol excise taxation in all European Union (EU) countries and the United Kingdom between 2017 and 2022. We then calculated the average excise tax share for alcoholic beverages for 2022. Using regression analysis, we predict tax revenue per capita from the tax share, type of alcohol excise taxation, recorded and unrecorded consumption and prevalence of past-year drinking. To illustrate the potential for revenue increases, we conducted a case study on Germany.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2022, average revenue from alcohol excise taxation (119 euros per capita) and excise tax share (17.3%) were low in the EU countries and the United Kingdom, but showed sizable variation. The association between excise tax share and revenue from excise taxation was very high, with a Pearson correlation of 0.888 (0.720–0.958; df = 16; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). In regression analyses, only the excise tax share significantly predicted tax revenue.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Marked revenue gains could be achieved in several countries having low tax shares by instituting increases in excise tax share, with only small effects on consumer prices.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 7","pages":"2003-2012"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine Dunham, E. Claire Macon, Raynald Joseph, Rachel S. Wightman, Alexandra B. Collins
Introduction
Drug checking services are emerging in the United States as a response to the rapidly changing drug supply. To inform the expansion of these services, it is critical to understand people who use drugs' perceptions of these programs and technologies. We explored perceptions of multiple drug checking technologies and supply communication among people who use drugs in Rhode Island.
Methods
Data were collected as part of a community-based, mixed-methods study assessing the local drug supply. This analysis focuses on follow-up qualitative interviews conducted from December 2022 to March 2023 with a subset (n = 25) of baseline participants. Data were analysed drawing on theories of situated rationality and the intersectional risk environment to examine implementation considerations for drug checking services and the communication of drug supply information.
Results
While participants described how varying degrees of structural vulnerability created barriers to using currently available drug checking technologies, many expressed an interest in learning more about the supply and utilising community-based drug checking programs. Importantly, despite this interest, participants described how structural constraints hinder the utility of these services, highlighting barriers to use like supply and time requirements, location and criminalisation. Participants further described existing efforts to communicate supply information through peer-to-peer dissemination and bidirectional communication between buyers and sellers.
Discussion and Conclusions
It is imperative that, beyond supporting and expanding drug checking services, we support interventions that address the structural constraints that impede the accessibility and utility of these services.
{"title":"‘I Wanna Know What I'm Putting in My Body’: Perceptions of Drug Checking Services and Supply Information Among People Who Use Drugs in Rhode Island","authors":"Katherine Dunham, E. Claire Macon, Raynald Joseph, Rachel S. Wightman, Alexandra B. Collins","doi":"10.1111/dar.70026","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drug checking services are emerging in the United States as a response to the rapidly changing drug supply. To inform the expansion of these services, it is critical to understand people who use drugs' perceptions of these programs and technologies. We explored perceptions of multiple drug checking technologies and supply communication among people who use drugs in Rhode Island.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were collected as part of a community-based, mixed-methods study assessing the local drug supply. This analysis focuses on follow-up qualitative interviews conducted from December 2022 to March 2023 with a subset (<i>n</i> = 25) of baseline participants. Data were analysed drawing on theories of situated rationality and the intersectional risk environment to examine implementation considerations for drug checking services and the communication of drug supply information.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While participants described how varying degrees of structural vulnerability created barriers to using currently available drug checking technologies, many expressed an interest in learning more about the supply and utilising community-based drug checking programs. Importantly, despite this interest, participants described how structural constraints hinder the utility of these services, highlighting barriers to use like supply and time requirements, location and criminalisation. Participants further described existing efforts to communicate supply information through peer-to-peer dissemination and bidirectional communication between buyers and sellers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It is imperative that, beyond supporting and expanding drug checking services, we support interventions that address the structural constraints that impede the accessibility and utility of these services.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 7","pages":"1875-1884"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policymakers and advocates often rely on public opinion to support or oppose certain policies, with national surveys providing an important data source. Different geographic areas have socio-political specificity and are impacted by drug policies in different ways; yet there has been little analysis of public opinion accounting for geographic specificity. This study aimed to understand geographic differences in policy preferences using the case study of Greater Western Sydney (GWS), New South Wales (NSW), Australia.
Methods
Responses to two policy perception questions from Australia's 2022/23 National Drug Strategy Household Survey were analysed: preferred actions in response to possession and use of cannabis, ecstasy, heroin, methamphetamine, and hallucinogens (‘Action’ question), and the preferred criminal offence status of cannabis possession (‘Criminal’ question). Responses in GWS were compared to Rest of Sydney and Rest of NSW. Data were analysed by levels of support and proportions of respondents who did not register an opinion (not answered, ‘don't know’).
Results
Levels of support for different actions and policy settings varied by area, as did the proportions of respondents who do not register an opinion. The inclusion or exclusion of ‘don't know’/not answered responses influences interpretations of levels of public knowledge, engagement, and support.
Discussion and Conclusion
Public opinion as gauged through national surveys should be understood relative to specific geographies. Understanding whether geographic differences exist is important to understanding what drives support and ‘don't know’/not answered responses in relation to drug policy. Differences indicate sites for further analysis and attention in education, engagement and advocacy.
{"title":"Geographic Differences in Public Opinion on Drug Policy: Understanding Patterns of Support and ‘Don't Know’ Responses","authors":"Paul Kelaita, Keelin O'Reilly, Alison Ritter","doi":"10.1111/dar.70023","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Policymakers and advocates often rely on public opinion to support or oppose certain policies, with national surveys providing an important data source. Different geographic areas have socio-political specificity and are impacted by drug policies in different ways; yet there has been little analysis of public opinion accounting for geographic specificity. This study aimed to understand geographic differences in policy preferences using the case study of Greater Western Sydney (GWS), New South Wales (NSW), Australia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Responses to two policy perception questions from Australia's 2022/23 National Drug Strategy Household Survey were analysed: preferred actions in response to possession and use of cannabis, ecstasy, heroin, methamphetamine, and hallucinogens (‘Action’ question), and the preferred criminal offence status of cannabis possession (‘Criminal’ question). Responses in GWS were compared to Rest of Sydney and Rest of NSW. Data were analysed by levels of support and proportions of respondents who did not register an opinion (not answered, ‘don't know’).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Levels of support for different actions and policy settings varied by area, as did the proportions of respondents who do not register an opinion. The inclusion or exclusion of ‘don't know’/not answered responses influences interpretations of levels of public knowledge, engagement, and support.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Public opinion as gauged through national surveys should be understood relative to specific geographies. Understanding whether geographic differences exist is important to understanding what drives support and ‘don't know’/not answered responses in relation to drug policy. Differences indicate sites for further analysis and attention in education, engagement and advocacy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 7","pages":"1831-1846"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.70023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adams L. Sibley, Madigan L. Bedard, Samuel Tobias, Brooke A. Chidgey, Irina G. Phillips, Alice Bell, Nabarun Dasgupta
Introduction
The unregulated drug supply in the United States is rapidly evolving, and veterinary tranquillisers have emerged as adulterants of concern, especially in illicitly-manufactured fentanyl. Following the proliferation of xylazine, medetomidine, a more potent sedative, has recently appeared in multiple US states. This study describes the characteristics of medetomidine samples from a national mail-based drug checking program and aims to determine whether medetomidine is associated with hallucinogenic effects.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of 11,363 drug samples between December 2022 and April 2025. Samples were sent voluntarily by people who use drugs. Participant-reported sensations and sample characteristics (e.g., colour, texture) were gathered at point-of-contact. Composition was analysed using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios for hallucinations in medetomidine-containing samples using generalised estimating equations.
Results
Medetomidine was identified in 278 samples (2.4%), with pronounced growth beginning June 2024. Medetomidine commonly appeared with fentanyl (58.8%) and/or xylazine (55.9%). Most samples were powders (85.3%). Among all 11,363 samples, those containing medetomidine in primary abundance (n = 136) were more likely to be associated with reported hallucinations (17.6%) compared to all other samples (1.2%; adjusted prevalence ratio: 11.95, 95% confidence interval 6.36, 22.44).
Discussion and Conclusions
Medetomidine is an emerging adulterant, although its risk profile is under-described. Our findings suggest medetomidine may cause hallucinogenic effects, contradicting clinical use for preventing delirium in postsurgical settings. Unexpected hallucinations may serve as a sentinel signal for medetomidine's presence in local drug markets. Education is needed for people who use drugs and clinicians about novel adverse effects of medetomidine.
{"title":"Emergence of Medetomidine in the Unregulated Drug Supply and Its Association With Hallucinogenic Effects","authors":"Adams L. Sibley, Madigan L. Bedard, Samuel Tobias, Brooke A. Chidgey, Irina G. Phillips, Alice Bell, Nabarun Dasgupta","doi":"10.1111/dar.70024","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The unregulated drug supply in the United States is rapidly evolving, and veterinary tranquillisers have emerged as adulterants of concern, especially in illicitly-manufactured fentanyl. Following the proliferation of xylazine, medetomidine, a more potent sedative, has recently appeared in multiple US states. This study describes the characteristics of medetomidine samples from a national mail-based drug checking program and aims to determine whether medetomidine is associated with hallucinogenic effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of 11,363 drug samples between December 2022 and April 2025. Samples were sent voluntarily by people who use drugs. Participant-reported sensations and sample characteristics (e.g., colour, texture) were gathered at point-of-contact. Composition was analysed using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios for hallucinations in medetomidine-containing samples using generalised estimating equations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Medetomidine was identified in 278 samples (2.4%), with pronounced growth beginning June 2024. Medetomidine commonly appeared with fentanyl (58.8%) and/or xylazine (55.9%). Most samples were powders (85.3%). Among all 11,363 samples, those containing medetomidine in primary abundance (<i>n =</i> 136) were more likely to be associated with reported hallucinations (17.6%) compared to all other samples (1.2%; adjusted prevalence ratio: 11.95, 95% confidence interval 6.36, 22.44).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Medetomidine is an emerging adulterant, although its risk profile is under-described. Our findings suggest medetomidine may cause hallucinogenic effects, contradicting clinical use for preventing delirium in postsurgical settings. Unexpected hallucinations may serve as a sentinel signal for medetomidine's presence in local drug markets. Education is needed for people who use drugs and clinicians about novel adverse effects of medetomidine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 7","pages":"1896-1906"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Rioux, D. Viste, N. Sedaghat, et al., “Defining Terminology and Outcome Measures for Evaluating Overdose Response Technology: An International Delphi Study,” Drug and Alcohol Review 44, no. 5 (2025): 1430–1443. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.14055.
These changes are in regard to authorship mistakes for the above article. Dr Nicholas Bartlett has been added as the 13th author and the surname of the 5th author has been corrected to ‘Tay Wee Teck’.
The online article has been corrected.
We apologise for this error.
W. Rioux， D. Viste， N. Sedaghat，等，“定义术语和评估过量反应技术的结果测量：一项国际德尔菲研究”，《药物与酒精评论》第44期。5(2025): 1430-1443。https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.14055.These更改是关于上述文章的作者错误。Nicholas Bartlett博士已被添加为第13位作者，第5位作者的姓氏已被更正为“Tay Wee Teck”。网上的文章已被更正。我们为这个错误道歉。
{"title":"Correction to “Defining Terminology and Outcome Measures for Evaluating Overdose Response Technology: An International Delphi Study”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/dar.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>W. Rioux, D. Viste, N. Sedaghat, et al., “Defining Terminology and Outcome Measures for Evaluating Overdose Response Technology: An International Delphi Study,” <i>Drug and Alcohol Review 44</i>, no. 5 (2025): 1430–1443. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.14055.</p><p>These changes are in regard to authorship mistakes for the above article. Dr Nicholas Bartlett has been added as the 13th author and the surname of the 5th author has been corrected to ‘Tay Wee Teck’.</p><p>The online article has been corrected.</p><p>We apologise for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianze Sun, Gary Chung Kai Chan, Daniel Stjepanović, Tesfa Yimer, Giang Thu Vu, Carmen Lim, Caitlin McClure-Thomas, Charlotte Russel, Jason Connor, Wayne Hall, Leanne Hides, David Hammond, Timo Dietrich, Daniel Erku, Benjamin Johnson, Janni Leung
Introduction
Developing mass meda campaigns to address rising youth vaping rates in Australia is timely and resource-intensive. Generative AI offers scalable content production, but little is known about youth perceptions of AI-generated multimedia materials or how their feedback can inform co-design processes.
Methods
We conducted a two-phase qualitative study in Queensland, Australia. Phase 1 explored adolescent (n = 10, ages 13–20) responses to 120 vaping awareness materials produced using an automated-AI framework. Focus group participants sorted materials into ‘effective’ and ‘ineffective’ piles and provided feedback. Based on feedback and quality criteria, 25 revised materials were created using an AI co-design framework incorporating iterative, few-shot prompting and manual text-image integration. Phase 2 explored young adult (n = 9, ages 18–25) perceptions of revised materials via semi-structured interviews. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted.
Results
Phase 1 participants rejected automated-AI-generated materials due to misaligned text-image combinations, artificial imagery, unrealistic vaping devices, and inauthentic language. Phase 2 identified six key characteristics of effective AI-co-designed materials that aligned with established health communication principles including visual appeal; focus on immediate consequences; relevance to youth; provision of practical advice; avoidance of ambiguity and fearmongering; and integration of multiple themes to reach diverse youth audiences.
Discussion and Conclusions
AI tools can rapidly generate messages but an AI-co-design framework incorporating expert input and audience feedback is required to produce materials that are relevant, authentic, and evidence-based. This framework offers a promising pathway for developing timely, scalable responses to public health challenges such as youth vaping; though continued research is needed for effective and ethical implementation across diverse contexts.
{"title":"Co-Designing AI-Generated Vaping Awareness Materials With Adolescents and Young Adults: A Qualitative Study","authors":"Tianze Sun, Gary Chung Kai Chan, Daniel Stjepanović, Tesfa Yimer, Giang Thu Vu, Carmen Lim, Caitlin McClure-Thomas, Charlotte Russel, Jason Connor, Wayne Hall, Leanne Hides, David Hammond, Timo Dietrich, Daniel Erku, Benjamin Johnson, Janni Leung","doi":"10.1111/dar.70022","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Developing mass meda campaigns to address rising youth vaping rates in Australia is timely and resource-intensive. Generative AI offers scalable content production, but little is known about youth perceptions of AI-generated multimedia materials or how their feedback can inform co-design processes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a two-phase qualitative study in Queensland, Australia. Phase 1 explored adolescent (<i>n</i> = 10, ages 13–20) responses to 120 vaping awareness materials produced using an automated-AI framework. Focus group participants sorted materials into ‘effective’ and ‘ineffective’ piles and provided feedback. Based on feedback and quality criteria, 25 revised materials were created using an AI co-design framework incorporating iterative, few-shot prompting and manual text-image integration. Phase 2 explored young adult (<i>n</i> = 9, ages 18–25) perceptions of revised materials via semi-structured interviews. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Phase 1 participants rejected automated-AI-generated materials due to misaligned text-image combinations, artificial imagery, unrealistic vaping devices, and inauthentic language. Phase 2 identified six key characteristics of effective AI-co-designed materials that aligned with established health communication principles including visual appeal; focus on immediate consequences; relevance to youth; provision of practical advice; avoidance of ambiguity and fearmongering; and integration of multiple themes to reach diverse youth audiences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>AI tools can rapidly generate messages but an AI-co-design framework incorporating expert input and audience feedback is required to produce materials that are relevant, authentic, and evidence-based. This framework offers a promising pathway for developing timely, scalable responses to public health challenges such as youth vaping; though continued research is needed for effective and ethical implementation across diverse contexts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Callinan, Simon D'Aquino, Ben Riordan, Jonas Raninen, Michael Livingston, Paul M. Dietze, Gerhard Gmel, Robin Room
Introduction
Cross sectional research has demonstrated that screening tool questions on frequency of alcohol consumption are a better predictor of dependence and harmful drinking in younger adults; questions about quantity per occasion are a better predictor in older adults. The aim of this study is to see if this relationship also holds longitudinally.
Methods
A total of 9076 respondents aged 15 and over completed at least two waves of the longitudinal annual Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey 10 years apart between 2001–2010 and 2012–2020. Standardised scores from responses to questions on drinking quantity and frequency in the first survey were used to predict consumption 10 years later in groups stratified by age.
Results
Frequency of consumption was a significantly better predictor of future consumption than quantity in younger drinkers (aged < 36; β = 9.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.6–10.0), than older drinkers (aged > 49; β = 5.1, 95% CI 4.8–5.5) while quantity was a better predictor in older drinkers (β = 8.2, 95% CI 7.2–9.3) than younger drinkers (β = 3.4, 95% CI 3.1–3.7).
Discussion and Conclusions
Some commonly used screening items, such as drinking quantity and frequency, are differentially effective at identifying future heavy drinkers between age groups. Development of age-specific screening tools could potentially lead to more accurate identification of people who could benefit from intervention to reduce their alcohol consumption.
简介：横断面研究表明，关于酒精消费频率的筛查工具问题可以更好地预测年轻人的依赖和有害饮酒；关于每次饮酒次数的问题在老年人中是一个更好的预测指标。这项研究的目的是看看这种关系是否也在纵向上成立。方法：共有9076名15岁及以上的受访者在2001-2010年和2012-2020年之间间隔10年完成了至少两波纵向年度澳大利亚家庭收入和劳动力动态调查。在第一次调查中，对饮酒量和频率问题的回答的标准化得分被用来预测10年后按年龄分层的人群的饮酒量。结果：在年轻饮酒者（49岁；β = 5.1, 95% CI 4.8-5.5）中，饮酒频率比饮酒数量更能预测未来饮酒，而在老年饮酒者（β = 8.2, 95% CI 7.2-9.3）中，饮酒数量比年轻饮酒者（β = 3.4, 95% CI 3.1-3.7）更能预测未来饮酒。讨论与结论：一些常用的筛查项目，如饮酒量和频率，在识别不同年龄组的未来重度饮酒者方面效果不同。开发针对特定年龄的筛查工具可能会更准确地识别出哪些人可以从干预中受益，从而减少饮酒量。
{"title":"Survey Questions on Quantity and Frequency Are Differentially Effective by Age in Predicting Future Alcohol Consumption","authors":"Sarah Callinan, Simon D'Aquino, Ben Riordan, Jonas Raninen, Michael Livingston, Paul M. Dietze, Gerhard Gmel, Robin Room","doi":"10.1111/dar.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cross sectional research has demonstrated that screening tool questions on frequency of alcohol consumption are a better predictor of dependence and harmful drinking in younger adults; questions about quantity per occasion are a better predictor in older adults. The aim of this study is to see if this relationship also holds longitudinally.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 9076 respondents aged 15 and over completed at least two waves of the longitudinal annual Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey 10 years apart between 2001–2010 and 2012–2020. Standardised scores from responses to questions on drinking quantity and frequency in the first survey were used to predict consumption 10 years later in groups stratified by age.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Frequency of consumption was a significantly better predictor of future consumption than quantity in younger drinkers (aged < 36; <i>β</i> = 9.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.6–10.0), than older drinkers (aged > 49; <i>β</i> = 5.1, 95% CI 4.8–5.5) while quantity was a better predictor in older drinkers (<i>β</i> = 8.2, 95% CI 7.2–9.3) than younger drinkers (<i>β</i> = 3.4, 95% CI 3.1–3.7).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Some commonly used screening items, such as drinking quantity and frequency, are differentially effective at identifying future heavy drinkers between age groups. Development of age-specific screening tools could potentially lead to more accurate identification of people who could benefit from intervention to reduce their alcohol consumption.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 7","pages":"1961-1967"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Kimball, Chenziheng A. Weng, Courtney McKnight, Mehrdad Khezri, Don Des Jarlais
Introduction
Naloxone carriage allows for timely use to reverse opioid-involved overdoses. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of naloxone carriage, as well as associated factors, among people who inject drugs in New York City.
Methods
Using respondent-driven sampling, people who inject drugs across New York City were recruited to complete a cross-sectional survey between 2021 and 2024. Naloxone carriage was defined as self-reporting naloxone carriage ‘most of the time’ or ‘always’. Variables related to demographics, substance use, overdose, treatment history, syringe source and prior naloxone experience were included. Data were analysed using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression.
Results
In this sample of 361 participants, 162 (45%) reported naloxone carriage. The majority of participants were male (71%; n = 258) with an average age of 48.48 (SD 10.23). The odds of carrying naloxone were significantly higher among those who experienced recent food insecurity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34, 3.56), reported fewer years of injection drug use (aOR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01, 1.05), used naloxone to reverse someone else's overdose (aOR 2.54; 95% CI 1.56, 4.14), received syringes from a syringe service program (aOR 3.33; 95% CI 1.61, 7.14), and used test shots as an overdose prevention strategy (aOR 2.55; 95% CI 1.33, 3.56).
Discussion and Conclusions
While a higher prevalence than other studies, less than half the sample reported naloxone carriage. There are modifiable factors that can increase naloxone carriage at the individual level. However, given the low prevalence of naloxone carriage, there is a need for further intervention, particularly at the systemic level.
简介：纳洛酮运载允许及时使用逆转阿片类药物过量。本研究旨在确定在纽约市注射毒品的人群中纳洛酮携带的流行情况，以及相关因素。方法：采用受访者驱动的抽样方法，在2021年至2024年期间招募纽约市各地注射毒品的人完成横断面调查。纳洛酮用量定义为“大部分时间”或“总是”自行报告纳洛酮用量。包括与人口统计学、物质使用、过量、治疗史、注射器来源和先前纳洛酮经验相关的变量。数据分析采用双变量和多变量逻辑回归。结果：在这个361名参与者的样本中，162人（45%）报告了纳洛酮携带。大多数参与者为男性（71%;n = 258），平均年龄为48.48岁（SD 10.23）。最近经历过食品不安全的人携带纳洛酮的几率明显更高（调整优势比[aOR] 2.18； 95%可信区间[CI] 1.34, 3.56），报告注射药物使用年数较少（aOR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01, 1.05），使用纳洛酮逆转他人用药过量（aOR 2.54; 95% CI 1.56, 4.14），从注射器服务项目获得注射器（aOR 3.33; 95% CI 1.61, 7.14），并使用测试注射作为过量预防策略(aOR 2.55；95% ci 1.33, 3.56)。讨论和结论：虽然患病率高于其他研究，但不到一半的样本报告纳洛酮携带。在个体水平上，有一些可改变的因素可以增加纳洛酮的携带。然而，鉴于纳洛酮携带率较低，需要进一步干预，特别是在全身层面。
{"title":"Naloxone Carriage Among People Who Inject Drugs in New York City","authors":"Sarah Kimball, Chenziheng A. Weng, Courtney McKnight, Mehrdad Khezri, Don Des Jarlais","doi":"10.1111/dar.70018","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Naloxone carriage allows for timely use to reverse opioid-involved overdoses. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of naloxone carriage, as well as associated factors, among people who inject drugs in New York City.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using respondent-driven sampling, people who inject drugs across New York City were recruited to complete a cross-sectional survey between 2021 and 2024. Naloxone carriage was defined as self-reporting naloxone carriage ‘most of the time’ or ‘always’. Variables related to demographics, substance use, overdose, treatment history, syringe source and prior naloxone experience were included. Data were analysed using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this sample of 361 participants, 162 (45%) reported naloxone carriage. The majority of participants were male (71%; <i>n</i> = 258) with an average age of 48.48 (SD 10.23). The odds of carrying naloxone were significantly higher among those who experienced recent food insecurity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34, 3.56), reported fewer years of injection drug use (aOR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01, 1.05), used naloxone to reverse someone else's overdose (aOR 2.54; 95% CI 1.56, 4.14), received syringes from a syringe service program (aOR 3.33; 95% CI 1.61, 7.14), and used test shots as an overdose prevention strategy (aOR 2.55; 95% CI 1.33, 3.56).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While a higher prevalence than other studies, less than half the sample reported naloxone carriage. There are modifiable factors that can increase naloxone carriage at the individual level. However, given the low prevalence of naloxone carriage, there is a need for further intervention, particularly at the systemic level.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 7","pages":"1847-1855"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clinical supervision is important in addiction practice to uphold ethics, maintain best practice and provide support for practitioners facing work-related stress or risk of burnout. However, addiction practice supervision research is limited and the theoretical foundations have not been critically reviewed. The lack of evidence on available models for supervisors and practitioners drove the need for a targeted review.
Approach
This rapid review, informed by Cochrane guidelines, employed a systematic protocol using a broad keyword search on Google Scholar, Scopus, CINAHL and Embase to identify theories and models in supervision for addiction treatment settings. The search returned 274 results, with 11 resources meeting the eligibility criteria following the PRISMA selection process.
Key Findings
Ten models and theories were identified which fell into one of four categories: Integrative (three), Blended (two), Competency-based (two) and Other (three). All three integrative models were developmental clinical supervision models.
Implications
This review shows that developmental supervision models are prominent in the literature, with addiction practice supervision generally favouring clinical supervision. The lack of empirical studies, however, suggests a gap that future research should address.
Conclusion
Despite the limited scope of this rapid review, a strong theoretical foundation for addiction practice supervision was identified. Most models are developmental, with many combining various approaches; some also feature specific adaptations for relevance, while a few are ethical evaluation. This diversity shows promise and the need for further research to assess these models.
{"title":"Rapid Review of Addiction Practice Supervision","authors":"Alexander El Amanni, Allen Bartley","doi":"10.1111/dar.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dar.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Issues</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clinical supervision is important in addiction practice to uphold ethics, maintain best practice and provide support for practitioners facing work-related stress or risk of burnout. However, addiction practice supervision research is limited and the theoretical foundations have not been critically reviewed. The lack of evidence on available models for supervisors and practitioners drove the need for a targeted review.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This rapid review, informed by Cochrane guidelines, employed a systematic protocol using a broad keyword search on Google Scholar, Scopus, CINAHL and Embase to identify theories and models in supervision for addiction treatment settings. The search returned 274 results, with 11 resources meeting the eligibility criteria following the PRISMA selection process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Key Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ten models and theories were identified which fell into one of four categories: Integrative (three), Blended (two), Competency-based (two) and Other (three). All three integrative models were developmental clinical supervision models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review shows that developmental supervision models are prominent in the literature, with addiction practice supervision generally favouring clinical supervision. The lack of empirical studies, however, suggests a gap that future research should address.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the limited scope of this rapid review, a strong theoretical foundation for addiction practice supervision was identified. Most models are developmental, with many combining various approaches; some also feature specific adaptations for relevance, while a few are ethical evaluation. This diversity shows promise and the need for further research to assess these models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11318,"journal":{"name":"Drug and alcohol review","volume":"44 6","pages":"1704-1710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144820902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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