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Regional-scale fault-to-structure earthquake simulations with the EQSIM framework: Workflow maturation and computational performance on GPU-accelerated exascale platforms 利用 EQSIM 框架进行区域尺度断层-结构地震模拟:GPU 加速的超大规模平台上的工作流程成熟度和计算性能
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241246235
David McCallen, Arben Pitarka, Houjun Tang, Ramesh Pankajakshan, N Anders Petersson, Mamun Miah, Junfei Huang
Continuous advancements in scientific and engineering understanding of earthquake phenomena, combined with the associated development of representative physics-based models, is providing a foundation for high-performance, fault-to-structure earthquake simulations. However, regional-scale applications of high-performance models have been challenged by the computational requirements at the resolutions required for engineering risk assessments. The EarthQuake SIMulation (EQSIM) framework, a software application development under the US Department of Energy (DOE) Exascale Computing Project, is focused on overcoming the existing computational barriers and enabling routine regional-scale simulations at resolutions relevant to a breadth of engineered systems. This multidisciplinary software development—drawing upon expertise in geophysics, engineering, applied math and computer science—is preparing the advanced computational workflow necessary to fully exploit the DOE’s exaflop computer platforms coming online in the 2023 to 2024 timeframe. Achievement of the computational performance required for high-resolution regional models containing upward of hundreds of billions to trillions of model grid points requires numerical efficiency in every phase of a regional simulation. This includes run time start-up and regional model generation, effective distribution of the computational workload across thousands of computer nodes, efficient coupling of regional geophysics and local engineering models, and application-tailored highly efficient transfer, storage, and interrogation of very large volumes of simulation data. This article summarizes the most recent advancements and refinements incorporated in the workflow design for the EQSIM integrated fault-to-structure framework, which are based on extensive numerical testing across multiple graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated platforms, and demonstrates the computational performance achieved on the world’s first exaflop computer platform through representative regional-scale earthquake simulations for the San Francisco Bay Area in California, USA.
对地震现象的科学和工程理解的不断进步,加上基于物理的代表性模型的相关开发,为高性能的断层到结构地震模拟提供了基础。然而,由于工程风险评估所需分辨率的计算要求,高性能模型的区域级应用一直面临挑战。EarthQuake SIMulation(EQSIM)框架是美国能源部(DOE)超大规模计算项目下的一个软件应用开发项目,其重点是克服现有的计算障碍,以与各种工程系统相关的分辨率进行常规区域尺度模拟。这项多学科软件开发利用了地球物理学、工程学、应用数学和计算机科学方面的专业知识,正在准备必要的先进计算工作流程,以充分利用将于2023年至2024年上线的能源部exaflop计算机平台。要实现包含数千亿到数万亿个网格点的高分辨率区域模型所需的计算性能,就必须在区域模拟的每个阶段提高数值效率。这包括运行时间启动和区域模型生成、计算工作量在成千上万个计算机节点上的有效分配、区域地球物理和本地工程模型的高效耦合,以及根据应用定制的大量模拟数据的高效传输、存储和查询。本文总结了 EQSIM 集成断层到结构框架工作流程设计的最新进展和改进,这些进展和改进是基于在多个图形处理器 (GPU) 加速平台上进行的大量数值测试,并通过对美国加利福尼亚州旧金山湾区的代表性区域尺度地震模拟,展示了在世界首个 exaflop 计算机平台上实现的计算性能。
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引用次数: 0
The 2023 US National Seismic Hazard Model: Subduction ground-motion models 2023 年美国国家地震灾害模型:俯冲地动模型
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241243069
Sanaz Rezaeian, Peter M Powers, Jason Altekruse, Sean K Ahdi, Mark D Petersen, Allison M Shumway, Arthur D Frankel, Erin A Wirth, James A Smith, Morgan P Moschetti, Kyle B Withers, Julie A Herrick
The US Geological Survey National Seismic Hazard Models (NSHMs) are used to calculate earthquake ground-shaking intensities for design and rehabilitation of structures in the United States. The most recent 2014 and 2018 versions of the NSHM for the conterminous United States included major updates to ground-motion models (GMMs) for active and stable crustal tectonic settings; however, the subduction zone GMMs were largely unchanged. With the recent development of the next generation attenuation-subduction (NGA-Sub) GMMs, and recent progress in the utilization of “M9” Cascadia earthquake simulations, we now have access to improved models of ground shaking in the US subduction zones and the Seattle basin. The new NGA-Sub GMMs support multi-period response spectra calculations. They provide global models and regional terms specific to Cascadia and terms that account for deep-basin effects. This article focuses on the updates to subduction GMMs for implementation in the 2023 NSHM and compares them to the GMMs of previous NSHMs. Individual subduction GMMs, their weighted averages, and their impact on the estimated mean hazard relative to the 2018 NSHM are discussed. The updated logic trees include three of the new NGA-Sub GMMs and retain two older models to represent epistemic uncertainty in both the median and standard deviation of ground-shaking intensities at all periods of interest. Epistemic uncertainty is further represented by a three-point logic tree for the NGA-Sub median models. Finally, in the Seattle region, basin amplification factors are adjusted at long periods based on the state-of-the-art M9 Cascadia earthquake simulations. The new models increase the estimated mean hazard values at short periods and short source-to-site distances for interface earthquakes, but decrease them otherwise, relative to the 2018 NSHM. On softer soils, the new models cause decreases to the estimated mean hazard for long periods in the Puget Lowlands basin but increases within the deep Seattle portion of this basin for short periods relative to the 2018 NSHM.
美国地质调查局的国家地震灾害模型(NSHMs)用于计算地震地震动强度,以便对美国的结构进行设计和修复。美国大陆地区国家地震危险性模型的最新 2014 年版和 2018 年版包括对活动地壳和稳定地壳构造环境的地震动模型 (GMM) 的重大更新;但是,俯冲带 GMM 基本未变。随着最近新一代衰减-俯冲(NGA-Sub)地动模型的开发,以及最近在利用 "M9 "卡斯卡迪亚地震模拟方面取得的进展,我们现在可以使用改进的美国俯冲带和西雅图盆地地震动模型。新的 NGA-Sub GMM 支持多周期响应谱计算。它们提供了全球模型、卡斯卡迪亚特有的区域项以及考虑深盆地效应的项。本文重点介绍为在 2023 年国家高分辨率辐射计中实施而对俯冲 GMM 的更新,并将其与以往国家高分辨率辐射计的 GMM 进行比较。文章讨论了单个俯冲 GMM、其加权平均值以及相对于 2018 年 NSHM 对估计平均危害的影响。更新后的逻辑树包括三个新的 NGA-Sub GMM,并保留了两个旧模型,以表示所有相关时期地震动强度的中位数和标准偏差的认识不确定性。NGA-Sub 中值模型的三点逻辑树进一步代表了认识上的不确定性。最后,在西雅图地区,根据最先进的 M9 卡斯卡迪亚地震模拟,对长周期的盆地放大系数进行了调整。与 2018 NSHM 相比,新模型增加了界面地震的短周期和短震源到现场距离的估计平均危险值,但在其他情况下则降低了危险值。在较松软的土壤上,与 2018 NSHM 相比,新模型导致普吉特低地盆地长周期的估计平均危险值下降,但该盆地西雅图深部短周期的估计平均危险值上升。
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引用次数: 0
On the utility of story loss functions for regional seismic vulnerability modeling and risk assessment 论区域地震脆弱性建模和风险评估中故事损失函数的实用性
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241245940
Gerard J O’Reilly, Davit Shahnazaryan
Vulnerability functions relate loss to seismic intensity and can be developed via several approaches. They are a fundamental part of seismic risk assessment on a regional level and support decision-making and intervention strategies aimed at reducing risk. This article discusses a prominent analytical approach to developing seismic vulnerability models for buildings based on equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) modeling, fragility function, and damage-to-loss model integration. The fundamental assumptions are scrutinized, and their principal drawbacks are highlighted. An alternative approach also based on an equivalent SDOF modeling approach is discussed but instead capitalizes on story loss functions (SLFs) as a means to more accurately compute economic losses and their sources. The main benefit is that the contribution of floor acceleration-based losses can be directly considered, and the disaggregation of losses is fully represented. A case study comparison is presented to highlight the similarities and key benefits. It is seen that the SLF-based approach can provide a much more comprehensive means to compute and communicate loss contributions among different element groups (i.e., structural, non-structural, and contents) and individual stories along the building height. Existing models can simply be adjusted to this approach and provide a more holistic view of risk. The benefits and potential applications in the (re)insurance sector are also discussed.
易损性函数将损失与地震烈度联系起来,可通过几种方法制定。它们是区域一级地震风险评估的基本组成部分,支持旨在降低风险的决策和干预战略。本文讨论了一种基于等效单自由度(SDOF)建模、脆性函数和损伤-损失模型集成的建筑物地震脆弱性模型开发的重要分析方法。对基本假设进行了仔细研究,并强调了其主要缺点。还讨论了另一种同样基于等效 SDOF 建模方法的方法,但该方法利用了故事损失函数(SLF),以此更准确地计算经济损失及其来源。这样做的主要好处是可以直接考虑基于楼层加速度的损失,并充分体现损失的分类。通过案例研究比较,突出了两者的相似之处和主要优点。可以看出,基于 SLF 的方法可以提供一种更全面的方法,用于计算和交流不同元素组(即结构、非结构和内装物品)以及建筑物高度上各个楼层之间的损失贡献。只需根据这种方法对现有模型进行调整,即可提供更全面的风险视图。此外,还讨论了(再)保险领域的优势和潜在应用。
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引用次数: 0
A spectral assessment for instant preliminary evaluation of structures after seismic events 用于地震后结构即时初步评估的频谱评估
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241246151
Mohammad Rabiepour, James Geoffrey Chase, Cong Zhou
This article introduces a simple, efficient spectral-based approach for rapid preliminary seismic assessment of earthquake-affected structures. Performance is validated using data from three highly earthquake-affected structures in New Zealand, where visual inspection with subjective outcomes missed damage, resulting in inaccurate and delayed decisions with significant social and economic losses. The three structures considered include (1) the instrumented Bank of New Zealand (BNZ) building; (2) the un-instrumented Queensgate Mall (QM) Complex; and (3) the un-instrumented Canterbury Television (CTV) building. This study uses these cases to highlight the importance of structural health monitoring (SHM) instrumentation and reliable quantified post-earthquake assessment methods in earthquake-prone areas, where each damaging earthquake and subsequent further-damaging aftershocks demand continuous monitoring to continuously assess damage and life safety risk. The simple, low-cost spectral analyses in this study clearly show the existence of damage and deterioration not fully discovered with standard visual inspection methods. This outcome highlights the importance of sensor networks and SHM instrumentation so quantitative, post-event analysis can rapidly augment and target further, more subjective visual inspection results.
本文介绍了一种简单、高效的基于频谱的方法,用于对受地震影响的结构进行快速初步抗震评估。该方法的性能通过新西兰三座受地震影响严重的建筑物的数据进行了验证,在这些建筑物中,通过主观结果进行的目视检查遗漏了损坏情况,导致决策不准确和延迟,造成了重大的社会和经济损失。这三个建筑物包括:(1) 安装了仪器的新西兰银行 (BNZ) 大楼;(2) 未安装仪器的皇后区购物中心 (QM) 综合大楼;(3) 未安装仪器的坎特伯雷电视台 (CTV) 大楼。在地震多发地区,每次破坏性地震和随后的破坏性余震都要求进行持续监测,以不断评估破坏情况和生命安全风险,本研究利用这些案例强调了结构健康监测(SHM)仪器和可靠的量化震后评估方法的重要性。本研究中简单、低成本的光谱分析清楚地显示了标准目测方法无法完全发现的损坏和老化情况。这一结果凸显了传感器网络和 SHM 仪器的重要性,因此定量的灾后分析可以迅速增强和锁定进一步的、更主观的目视检测结果。
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引用次数: 0
Empirical ground-motion basin response in the California Great Valley, Reno, Nevada, and Portland, Oregon 加利福尼亚大峡谷、内华达州里诺市和俄勒冈州波特兰市的实证地动盆地响应
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241237250
Sean K Ahdi, Brad T Aagaard, Morgan P Moschetti, Grace A Parker, Oliver S Boyd, William J Stephenson
We assess how well the Next-Generation Attenuation-West 2 (NGA-West2) ground-motion models (GMMs), which are used in the US Geological Survey’s (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM) for crustal faults in the western United States, predict the observed basin response in the Great Valley of California, the Reno basin in Nevada, and Portland and Tualatin basins in Oregon. These GMMs rely on site parameters such as the time-averaged shear-wave velocity ( VS) in the upper 30 m of Earth’s crust ( VS30) and depths to 1.0 and 2.5 km/s shear-wave isosurfaces ( Z1.0 and Z2.5) to capture basin effects and were developed using observations and simulations primarily from the Los Angeles region in southern California. Using ground-motion records from mostly small-to-moderate earthquakes and mixed-effects regression analysis, we find that the GMMs perform well with our local basin-depth models for the California Great Valley. With our local basin-depth models for Reno, the GMMs do not perform as well for this relatively shallow basin and exhibit little sensitivity to the basin parameters used in the NGA-West2 GMMs. We also find good performance for the local Z1.0 model across the Portland region, whereas the local Z2.5 model provides little predictive power except at sites in the deepest part of the Tualatin basin. Additional work could improve the performance of the site and basin terms in the NGA-West2 GMMs for regions with geologic structure different than the deep basins in southern California and the Great Valley. In addition, we find significant discrepancies among the GMMs in how the uncertainty in the ground motion varies with basin depth and pseudospectral period. Our results can help guide seismic hazard analyses on whether to include these local basin-depth models.
我们评估了用于美国地质调查局(USGS)针对美国西部地壳断层的国家地震危险性模型(NSHM)的下一代衰减-西部 2(NGA-West2)地动模型(GMMs)对加利福尼亚大峡谷、内华达州里诺盆地以及俄勒冈州波特兰和图拉丁盆地观测到的盆地响应的预测效果。这些 GMM 依靠地壳上部 30 米处的时间平均剪切波速度(VS)和 1.0 和 2.5 千米/秒剪切波等面深度(Z1.0 和 Z2.5)等场地参数来捕捉盆地效应,并主要利用加利福尼亚南部洛杉矶地区的观测数据和模拟结果进行开发。利用大部分中小规模地震的地动记录和混合效应回归分析,我们发现 GMM 与加利福尼亚大峡谷的当地海盆深度模型配合使用效果良好。对于里诺的本地盆地深度模型,GMMs 在这个相对较浅的盆地中表现不佳,对 NGA-West2 GMMs 中使用的盆地参数几乎不敏感。我们还发现,波特兰地区的本地 Z1.0 模型性能良好,而本地 Z2.5 模型除了在图拉丁盆地最深处的站点外,几乎没有预测能力。对于地质结构不同于南加州和大峡谷深盆地的地区,NGA-West2 GMMs 中的站点和盆地项的性能还需进一步改进。此外,我们还发现,在地面运动的不确定性如何随盆地深度和伪谱周期变化方面,各 GMM 之间存在显著差异。我们的研究结果有助于指导地震灾害分析,决定是否纳入这些局部盆地深度模型。
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引用次数: 0
The strain demand of reinforced concrete bridge columns under seismic loading 地震荷载下钢筋混凝土桥柱的应变需求
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241237716
Jessica Thangjitham, Mervyn Kowalsky
The steel in reinforced concrete (RC) members that form plastic hinges must possess sufficient strain capacity to dissipate seismic deformation demands. Unfortunately, there is limited information on the seismic strain demands of bridge column plastic hinges. Instead, designers rely on a perception of cyclic strain capacity that is an approximate rule of thumb. A standard methodology needs to be established for quantifying the strain demand on these structural members as a function of the expected seismic hazard. To develop this methodology, 1944 columns were analyzed with nonlinear time-history analyses (NLTHAs) using ground motions from a range of earthquakes. This study evaluates the strain demand on RC bridge columns by defining the relationship between the strain demand and earthquake intensity. The results of the model are defined in terms of the peak tensile strain of the reinforcing bar, [Formula: see text]. The earthquake intensity with the highest correlation to the [Formula: see text] was determined to be the elastic spectral displacement at the optimal period ([Formula: see text]), which is defined as 75% of the effective period. The relationship between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can be used to predict the strain demand for an RC bridge column at a given geographic location. Results are presented as a probability density function (PDF), representing strain demand, compared to a PDF of the column capacity. The intersection of the capacity curve and demand curve represents the maximum acceptable strain given as a function of [Formula: see text]. This methodology can help understand the demand placed on a structural system given a region’s seismicity.
形成塑性铰链的钢筋混凝土(RC)构件中的钢材必须具备足够的应变能力,以消解地震变形需求。遗憾的是,有关桥柱塑性铰的地震应变要求的信息非常有限。相反,设计人员依赖于对循环应变能力的感知,而这种感知只是一种近似的经验法则。需要建立一种标准方法,将这些结构构件的应变需求量化为预期地震危害的函数。为了制定这种方法,我们利用一系列地震的地面运动,通过非线性时程分析 (NLTHAs) 对 1944 根支柱进行了分析。本研究通过定义应变需求与地震烈度之间的关系来评估 RC 桥柱的应变需求。模型的结果以钢筋的峰值拉应变来定义[公式:见正文]。与[公式:见正文]相关性最高的地震烈度被确定为最佳周期([公式:见正文])下的弹性谱位移,该周期被定义为有效周期的 75%。公式:见正文]与[公式:见正文]之间的关系可用于预测给定地理位置上 RC 桥柱的应变需求。结果以概率密度函数 (PDF) 的形式呈现,代表应变需求与柱子承载力 PDF 的比较。承载力曲线与需求曲线的交点代表可接受的最大应变,它是[公式:见正文]的函数。这种方法有助于了解某一地区地震对结构系统的要求。
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引用次数: 0
Field observations on the damage to road bridges after the 2023 Turkey Earthquake 对 2023 年土耳其地震后道路桥梁受损情况的实地观察
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241234271
Masahiro Shirato, Yuichi Odawara
A series of large-scale earthquakes occurred on February 6 in southern Turkey. The authors had the opportunity to join the Japan Disaster Relief (JDR) Expert Team and visit several damaged areas in Turkey from March 10 to 12, 2023. This article highlights damage cases of a road tunnel and several road bridges the authors observed around Antakya, Nurdağı, and Malatya. From the features of the observations, this article discusses the following three items for further study in the seismic design of road bridges: (1) seismic details for robustness, (2) seismic responses of bridges with longer natural periods, and (3) post-event inspection.
2 月 6 日,土耳其南部发生了一系列大规模地震。作者有幸加入了日本救灾(JDR)专家小组,并于 2023 年 3 月 10 日至 12 日访问了土耳其多个受损地区。本文重点介绍了作者在安塔基亚、努尔达吉和马拉蒂亚附近观察到的一条公路隧道和几座公路桥梁的受损情况。根据观测结果的特点,本文讨论了道路桥梁抗震设计中需要进一步研究的以下三个项目:(1)稳固性抗震细节;(2)自然周期较长的桥梁的地震响应;(3)事后检查。
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引用次数: 0
Horizontal ground-motion model for subduction slab earthquakes using offshore ground motions in the Japan Trench area 利用日本海沟地区离岸地面运动建立俯冲板块地震的水平地面运动模型
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241237546
Jingyang Tan, Jinjun Hu
The S-net, a large-scale network of permanent ocean-bottom seismographs in the Japan Trench, consisting of 150 stations, has recorded a large number of offshore ground motions that can be used to establish the empirical attenuation relationship of offshore ground motions in the subduction zone. Due to the different attenuation characteristics among different earthquake types in subduction zones, the earthquakes are classified into four tectonic types of subduction slab, interface, shallow crustal, and upper-mantle earthquakes according to the classification scheme of Zhao et al. (2015). Predictive models and uncertainties in offshore ground motions were investigated for different earthquake types. This study establishes a horizontal offshore subduction slab earthquake ground-motion model (GMM) and compares the offshore and onshore slab earthquake GMMs. As the site conditions at ocean-bottom stations are different from those at land stations, the effects of water depth and sediment thickness are taken into account in the offshore slab earthquake GMM. Due to differences in the burial methods of ocean-bottom stations, stations were divided into buried and unburied to investigate the effects of the burial methods. Therefore, regression analysis was used to propose an offshore slab earthquake GMM considering the magnitude, focal depth, distance, water depth, sediment thickness, and burial method. By separating the within-event residuals, the single-station standard deviation is presented. Compared to the onshore GMM, the predicted spectra of the offshore GMM are significantly larger at long periods. For the attenuation rate, the offshore attenuation rate is lower than that of the onshore attenuation rate for short periods, but is basically consistent with the onshore attenuation rate for long periods. The proposed GMM can be used to predict the offshore ground motions for slab earthquakes with rupture distances less than 300 km, focal depths less than 110 km, and moment magnitude between 4 and 7.4.
由 150 个台站组成的日本海沟大型永久海底地震仪网络 S 网记录了大量离岸地震动,可用于建立俯冲带离岸地震动的经验衰减关系。由于俯冲带内不同地震类型的衰减特征不同,根据 Zhao 等人(2015)的分类方案,将地震分为俯冲板块地震、界面地震、浅地壳地震和上地幔地震四种构造类型。研究了不同地震类型的离岸地动预测模型和不确定性。本研究建立了水平离岸俯冲板块地震地动模型(GMM),并对离岸和陆上板块地震地动模型进行了比较。由于海底台站的场地条件与陆地台站不同,离岸板块地震地动模型考虑了水深和沉积厚度的影响。由于海底台站的埋藏方式不同,为研究埋藏方式的影响,将台站分为埋藏台站和非埋藏台站。因此,利用回归分析提出了考虑震级、焦深、距离、水深、沉积厚度和埋藏方式的近海板状地震 GMM。通过分离事件内残差,提出了单站标准偏差。与陆上 GMM 相比,海上 GMM 的预测频谱在长周期时明显增大。在衰减率方面,短周期的离岸衰减率低于陆上衰减率,但长周期的离岸衰减率与陆上衰减率基本一致。所提出的 GMM 可用来预测破裂距离小于 300 千米、焦深小于 110 千米、矩震级介于 4 至 7.4 之间的板状地震的离岸地面运动。
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引用次数: 0
Basin effects from 3D simulated ground motions in the Greater Los Angeles region for use in seismic hazard analyses 大洛杉矶地区三维模拟地面运动的盆地效应,用于地震灾害分析
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241232372
Morgan P Moschetti, Eric M Thompson, Kyle Withers
We develop basin-depth-scaling models (i.e. “basin terms”) from the long-period ([Formula: see text]) simulated ground motions of the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) CyberShake project for use in seismic hazard analyses at sites within the sedimentary basins of southern California. Basin terms use the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)-West-2 ground-motion models (GMMs) as reference models and use their functional forms with slight modifications. We investigate the use of two approaches to incorporate the time-averaged shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m ([Formula: see text]) in these calculations and find that the use of site-specific and uniform [Formula: see text] has minor effects on the resulting basin terms for this data set. By centering the simulated ground motions on the basin terms, we separate the information from the simulations about absolute ground-motion level from information relating to the relative amplifications, such as the differences between shallow- and deep-basin sites. Recent observations from sedimentary basins of southern California indicate that additional amplification effect may persist at relatively shallow basin depths (i.e. the GMM basin terms should have positive values when differential depths, [Formula: see text], are near zero), and we present models for “centered” and “adjusted” basin-depth scaling models that reflect this potential. The simulation-modified GMMs are appropriate for crustal sources and for deep-basin sites ([Formula: see text]) within basins of the Greater Los Angeles region, for the magnitudes and distances defined by each of the reference NGA-West-2 GMMs.
我们从南加州地震中心(SCEC)CyberShake 项目的长周期([公式:见正文])模拟地动中开发了盆地深度尺度模型(即 "盆地项"),用于南加州沉积盆地内的地震危险性分析。盆地术语使用下一代衰减(NGA)-West-2 地动模型(GMM)作为参考模型,并使用其功能形式,但稍作修改。我们研究了使用两种方法将上 30 米处的时间平均剪切波速度([公式:见正文])纳入这些计算的情况,发现使用特定场址和统一[公式:见正文]对该数据集的盆地项结果影响较小。通过将模拟地动以盆地项为中心,我们将模拟地动绝对水平的信息与有关相对放大的信息(如浅盆地和深盆地站点之间的差异)分离开来。南加州沉积盆地的最新观测结果表明,在相对较浅的盆地深度可能会持续存在额外的放大效应(即当差异深度[公式:见正文]接近于零时,GMM 盆地项应具有正值),我们提出了反映这种可能性的 "居中 "和 "调整 "盆地深度比例模型。模拟修改后的 GMM 适用于大洛杉矶地区盆地内的地壳源和深盆地点([公式:见正文]),其大小和距离由 NGA-West-2 GMM 各参考模式确定。
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引用次数: 0
Ranking and developing ground-motion models for Southeastern Africa 非洲东南部地动模型的排序和开发
IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1177/87552930241236765
Joanna M Holmgren, Maximilian J Werner, Katsuichiro Goda, Manuela Villani, Vitor Silva, Patrick Chindandali
The southern East African Rift System (EARS) is an early-stage continental rift with a deep seismogenic zone. It is associated with a low-to-moderate seismic hazard, but due to its short and sparse instrumental record, there is a lack of ground-motion studies in the region. Instead, seismic hazard assessments have commonly relied on a combination of active crustal and stable continental ground-motion models (GMMs) from other regions without accounting for the unusual geological setting of this region and evaluating their suitability. Here, we use a newly compiled southern EARS ground-motion database to compare six active crustal GMMs and four stable continental GMMs. We find that the active crustal GMMs tend to underestimate the ground-motion intensities observed, while the stable continental GMMs overestimate them. This is particularly pronounced in the high-frequency intensity measures (>5 Hz). We also use the referenced empirical approach and develop a new region-specific GMM for southern EARS. Both the ranked GMMs and our new GMM result in large residual variabilities, highlighting the need for local geotechnical information to better constrain site conditions.
东非大裂谷系统(EARS)南部是一个具有深地震带的早期大陆裂谷。它具有中低度地震危险,但由于其时间短、仪器记录稀少,该地区缺乏地动研究。相反,地震灾害评估通常依赖于其他地区的活动地壳和稳定大陆地动模型(GMMs)的组合,而没有考虑到该地区不同寻常的地质环境并评估其适用性。在这里,我们使用新编制的南部 EARS 地动数据库,比较了六个活动地壳 GMM 和四个稳定大陆 GMM。我们发现,活动地壳 GMMs 往往低估了观测到的地动强度,而稳定大陆 GMMs 则高估了地动强度。这在高频强度测量(5 赫兹)中尤为明显。我们还使用了参考的经验方法,并为 EARS 南部开发了一种新的特定地区 GMM。排序的 GMM 和我们的新 GMM 都会产生较大的残差,这突出表明需要当地的岩土工程信息来更好地约束现场条件。
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Earthquake Spectra
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