Pub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1177/87552930241257250
Saeed Towfighi
Building codes commonly accept inelastic deformations that inevitably occur due to seismic excursions in structures. To control the damage, limits on the inelastic deformations have been established. Standard passive energy dissipation systems have been used to reduce the damage, generally with some effectiveness. The damped rigid substructure (DRS) passive damping system, proposed in this article, geometrically amplifies the damper displacements and exerts a re-centering force, leading to effective discharge of the seismic energy to the extent that structural damage can be prevented. This is achieved using common damped and undamped diagonals arranged per implementation and design principles introduced in this article. The DRS system can considerably reduce material consumption and construction costs, leading to more sustainable structures when seismic forces govern the design. It can also benefit from the usage of high-strength materials to enhance its re-centering mechanism. The system is adaptable to the architectural needs and can be used for all categories of importance and height variation, made of steel or concrete.
{"title":"Damped rigid substructure system for seismic protection of structures","authors":"Saeed Towfighi","doi":"10.1177/87552930241257250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241257250","url":null,"abstract":"Building codes commonly accept inelastic deformations that inevitably occur due to seismic excursions in structures. To control the damage, limits on the inelastic deformations have been established. Standard passive energy dissipation systems have been used to reduce the damage, generally with some effectiveness. The damped rigid substructure (DRS) passive damping system, proposed in this article, geometrically amplifies the damper displacements and exerts a re-centering force, leading to effective discharge of the seismic energy to the extent that structural damage can be prevented. This is achieved using common damped and undamped diagonals arranged per implementation and design principles introduced in this article. The DRS system can considerably reduce material consumption and construction costs, leading to more sustainable structures when seismic forces govern the design. It can also benefit from the usage of high-strength materials to enhance its re-centering mechanism. The system is adaptable to the architectural needs and can be used for all categories of importance and height variation, made of steel or concrete.","PeriodicalId":11392,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Spectra","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.1177/87552930241247830
Patrick Bassal, Elena Papageorgiou, Diane M Moug, Jonathan D Bray, Kemal Onder Cetin, Arda Şahin, Ethan J Kubatko, Suranjan Nepal, Charles Toth, Sena B Kendır, Murat Bikçe
The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence produced extensive liquefaction-induced ground deformations and ongoing flooding along the shoreline of the Mediterranean port city of İskenderun, Türkiye. This study compiles field observations and analyses from cross-disciplinary perspectives to investigate whether earthquake-induced liquefaction was a significant factor for increasing the flood hazard in İskenderun. Geotechnical reconnaissance observations following the earthquakes included seaward lateral spreading, settlement beneath buildings, and failures of coastal infrastructure. Three presented lateral spreading case histories indicate consistent ground deformation patterns with areas of reclaimed land. Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) measurements from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery identify a noticeably greater rate of pre- and post-earthquake subsidence within the İskenderun coastal and urban areas relative to the surrounding regions. The PSI measurements also indicate subsidence rates accelerated following the earthquakes and were typically highest near the observed liquefaction manifestations. These evaluations suggest that while the liquefaction of coastal reclaimed fill caused significant ground deformations in the shoreline area, ongoing subsidence of İskenderun and other factors likely also exacerbated the flood hazard. Insights from this work suggest the importance of evaluating multi-hazard liquefaction and flood consequences for enhancing the resilience of coastal cities.
{"title":"Liquefaction ground deformations and cascading coastal flood hazard in the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence","authors":"Patrick Bassal, Elena Papageorgiou, Diane M Moug, Jonathan D Bray, Kemal Onder Cetin, Arda Şahin, Ethan J Kubatko, Suranjan Nepal, Charles Toth, Sena B Kendır, Murat Bikçe","doi":"10.1177/87552930241247830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241247830","url":null,"abstract":"The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence produced extensive liquefaction-induced ground deformations and ongoing flooding along the shoreline of the Mediterranean port city of İskenderun, Türkiye. This study compiles field observations and analyses from cross-disciplinary perspectives to investigate whether earthquake-induced liquefaction was a significant factor for increasing the flood hazard in İskenderun. Geotechnical reconnaissance observations following the earthquakes included seaward lateral spreading, settlement beneath buildings, and failures of coastal infrastructure. Three presented lateral spreading case histories indicate consistent ground deformation patterns with areas of reclaimed land. Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) measurements from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery identify a noticeably greater rate of pre- and post-earthquake subsidence within the İskenderun coastal and urban areas relative to the surrounding regions. The PSI measurements also indicate subsidence rates accelerated following the earthquakes and were typically highest near the observed liquefaction manifestations. These evaluations suggest that while the liquefaction of coastal reclaimed fill caused significant ground deformations in the shoreline area, ongoing subsidence of İskenderun and other factors likely also exacerbated the flood hazard. Insights from this work suggest the importance of evaluating multi-hazard liquefaction and flood consequences for enhancing the resilience of coastal cities.","PeriodicalId":11392,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Spectra","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140935371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.1177/87552930241245720
Elisa Saler, Veronica Follador, Pietro Carpanese, Marco Donà, Francesca da Porto
This article presents the derivation of a fragility model for the Italian masonry school building asset, comprising 265 sets of fragility curves for as many building types, classified on the basis of few parameters: construction age, number of stories, plan area, and type of masonry (i.e. with regular or irregular pattern). The fragility assessment was carried out by means of parametric analyses, generating more than 7500 samples which were then analyzed through the mechanics-based procedure Vulnus. Sample fragilities were then linearly combined to obtain fragility curves consistent with the adopted taxonomy based on few parameters. A macroseismic–heuristic model from the literature was used to extend the fragility model to five damage states, according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98). The proposed model was compared to empirical information in terms of observed damage on three existing schools and fragility curves recently derived by processing data of school damaged by the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, showing a satisfactory agreement. In addition, a comparison with fragility sets for residential buildings was carried out. Both fragility models were developed with the same procedure, so as to point out differences between schools and ordinary buildings. Similar fragilities were observed for schools and residential buildings built before 1945, whereas for later periods, schools showed a higher fragility than the residential asset. Finally, seismic damage maps were developed at national scale showing the distribution of expected damage as a possible application of the derived model.
{"title":"Development of mechanics-based fragility curves for the Italian masonry school asset","authors":"Elisa Saler, Veronica Follador, Pietro Carpanese, Marco Donà, Francesca da Porto","doi":"10.1177/87552930241245720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241245720","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the derivation of a fragility model for the Italian masonry school building asset, comprising 265 sets of fragility curves for as many building types, classified on the basis of few parameters: construction age, number of stories, plan area, and type of masonry (i.e. with regular or irregular pattern). The fragility assessment was carried out by means of parametric analyses, generating more than 7500 samples which were then analyzed through the mechanics-based procedure Vulnus. Sample fragilities were then linearly combined to obtain fragility curves consistent with the adopted taxonomy based on few parameters. A macroseismic–heuristic model from the literature was used to extend the fragility model to five damage states, according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98). The proposed model was compared to empirical information in terms of observed damage on three existing schools and fragility curves recently derived by processing data of school damaged by the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, showing a satisfactory agreement. In addition, a comparison with fragility sets for residential buildings was carried out. Both fragility models were developed with the same procedure, so as to point out differences between schools and ordinary buildings. Similar fragilities were observed for schools and residential buildings built before 1945, whereas for later periods, schools showed a higher fragility than the residential asset. Finally, seismic damage maps were developed at national scale showing the distribution of expected damage as a possible application of the derived model.","PeriodicalId":11392,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Spectra","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140935369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.1177/87552930241240461
Sabrina N Martinez, Kate E Allstadt, Eric M Thompson, Sonia Ellison, Lauren N Schaefer, Kelli Baxstrom
The 30 November 2018, magnitude (Mw) 7.1 earthquake in Southcentral Alaska triggered substantial landslides, liquefaction, and ground cracking throughout the region, resulting in widespread geotechnical damage to buildings and infrastructure. Despite a challenging reconnaissance and remote-sensing environment, we constructed a detailed digital inventory of ground failure associated with the event from several sources. Sources included information derived from remotely sensed data, and data compiled from literature, social media postings, and earthquake damage information compiled by local, state, and federal agencies. Each instance of ground failure within the inventory contains information on the location and type of observed ground failure, and the methods and data used to document the occurrence. Where high-quality data, such as LIDAR or satellite imagery, were available and showed the ground-failure instance clearly, the extent is mapped as a polygon or polyline. All other locations are mapped as points. There are a total of 886 ground-failure instances documented within the inventory (400 landslides, 286 liquefaction features, and 200 features unattributed to specific processes). A semi-quantitative confidence scheme is used to describe mapping certainty associated with each ground-failure feature. This inventory represents a relatively moderate ground-failure-triggering event that occurred in a subarctic environment. This data paper describes the content within the inventory, the inventory data collection procedures, and limitations of the data. Events of this type are not often documented in detail; thus, adding the inventory data to the US Geological Survey Open Repository of Earthquake-Triggered Ground-Failure Inventories further diversifies the datasets available to the scientific community to be used to better understand and model earthquake-triggered ground failure.
{"title":"Earthquake-triggered ground-failure inventory associated with the M7.1 2018 Southcentral Alaska earthquake","authors":"Sabrina N Martinez, Kate E Allstadt, Eric M Thompson, Sonia Ellison, Lauren N Schaefer, Kelli Baxstrom","doi":"10.1177/87552930241240461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241240461","url":null,"abstract":"The 30 November 2018, magnitude (Mw) 7.1 earthquake in Southcentral Alaska triggered substantial landslides, liquefaction, and ground cracking throughout the region, resulting in widespread geotechnical damage to buildings and infrastructure. Despite a challenging reconnaissance and remote-sensing environment, we constructed a detailed digital inventory of ground failure associated with the event from several sources. Sources included information derived from remotely sensed data, and data compiled from literature, social media postings, and earthquake damage information compiled by local, state, and federal agencies. Each instance of ground failure within the inventory contains information on the location and type of observed ground failure, and the methods and data used to document the occurrence. Where high-quality data, such as LIDAR or satellite imagery, were available and showed the ground-failure instance clearly, the extent is mapped as a polygon or polyline. All other locations are mapped as points. There are a total of 886 ground-failure instances documented within the inventory (400 landslides, 286 liquefaction features, and 200 features unattributed to specific processes). A semi-quantitative confidence scheme is used to describe mapping certainty associated with each ground-failure feature. This inventory represents a relatively moderate ground-failure-triggering event that occurred in a subarctic environment. This data paper describes the content within the inventory, the inventory data collection procedures, and limitations of the data. Events of this type are not often documented in detail; thus, adding the inventory data to the US Geological Survey Open Repository of Earthquake-Triggered Ground-Failure Inventories further diversifies the datasets available to the scientific community to be used to better understand and model earthquake-triggered ground failure.","PeriodicalId":11392,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Spectra","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140941864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-10DOI: 10.1177/87552930241247478
Alan Poulos, Eduardo Miranda
Horizontal earthquake ground motion intensity, and specifically response spectral ordinates, vary with orientation. This phenomenon is usually referred to as ground motion directionality and can be separated into two aspects: the orientation where the maximum spectral response occurs and the variation of response spectral ordinates as the orientation moves away from the orientation of maximum spectral response. This work studies both aspects using the recent 2022 Mw 6.9 Chihshang, Taiwan earthquake, which was recorded by a dense network of strong motion stations with various geological and topographical settings. The mean variation of response spectral ordinates with orientation is found to be slightly more significant than that of previous shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regimes. Moreover, the orientation of maximum spectral response is found to be close to the transverse orientation, which is perpendicular to the orientation at a given site that points to the earthquake epicenter, confirming prior observations made for strike-slip earthquakes. These results suggest that the location of a site relative to the seismic source could be used to modify the outputs of ground motion models to estimate spectral responses at specific horizontal orientations.
{"title":"Directionality characteristics of horizontal response spectra from the 2022 Mw 6.9 Chihshang, Taiwan earthquake","authors":"Alan Poulos, Eduardo Miranda","doi":"10.1177/87552930241247478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241247478","url":null,"abstract":"Horizontal earthquake ground motion intensity, and specifically response spectral ordinates, vary with orientation. This phenomenon is usually referred to as ground motion directionality and can be separated into two aspects: the orientation where the maximum spectral response occurs and the variation of response spectral ordinates as the orientation moves away from the orientation of maximum spectral response. This work studies both aspects using the recent 2022 M<jats:sub>w</jats:sub> 6.9 Chihshang, Taiwan earthquake, which was recorded by a dense network of strong motion stations with various geological and topographical settings. The mean variation of response spectral ordinates with orientation is found to be slightly more significant than that of previous shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regimes. Moreover, the orientation of maximum spectral response is found to be close to the transverse orientation, which is perpendicular to the orientation at a given site that points to the earthquake epicenter, confirming prior observations made for strike-slip earthquakes. These results suggest that the location of a site relative to the seismic source could be used to modify the outputs of ground motion models to estimate spectral responses at specific horizontal orientations.","PeriodicalId":11392,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Spectra","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140935607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.1177/87552930241235487
Eyitayo A Opabola, Kenneth J Elwood
Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that code-conforming modern (i.e. post-1970s) reinforced concrete (RC) buildings can satisfy life safety performance objectives. However, the accumulated earthquake damage in these modern buildings raised concerns about their performance in future events, contributing to widespread demolition and long-term closure of damaged buildings. The economic and environmental impacts associated with the demolition and long-term closure of modern buildings led to societal demands for improved design procedures to limit damage and shorten recovery time after earthquakes. To address societal demands, this study proposes a damage-control-oriented seismic design approach that targets functional recovery by ensuring structural component demands do not exceed the damage-control limit state (DLS) under design-level events. Herein, DLS is defined as the post-earthquake state beyond which the strength and deformation capacity of a structural component is compromised, and its performance in a future event cannot be relied upon without safety-critical repair. This study proposes a methodology to determine component deformation limits for the design of structures for damage control. Using the developed methodology, we propose component rotation limits for RC beams, columns, and walls. The seismic performance and capability of buildings designed using the proposed design approach to satisfy recovery-based performance objectives is demonstrated through nonlinear response history and recovery analyses (using the ATC-138 methodology) of four archetype frame buildings, designed per New Zealand standards to different beam deformation limits. The analyses show that building codes can achieve functional recovery using the proposed component deformation limits without the need for sophisticated recovery analyses.
{"title":"Seismic design of concrete structures for damage control","authors":"Eyitayo A Opabola, Kenneth J Elwood","doi":"10.1177/87552930241235487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241235487","url":null,"abstract":"Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that code-conforming modern (i.e. post-1970s) reinforced concrete (RC) buildings can satisfy life safety performance objectives. However, the accumulated earthquake damage in these modern buildings raised concerns about their performance in future events, contributing to widespread demolition and long-term closure of damaged buildings. The economic and environmental impacts associated with the demolition and long-term closure of modern buildings led to societal demands for improved design procedures to limit damage and shorten recovery time after earthquakes. To address societal demands, this study proposes a damage-control-oriented seismic design approach that targets functional recovery by ensuring structural component demands do not exceed the damage-control limit state (DLS) under design-level events. Herein, DLS is defined as the post-earthquake state beyond which the strength and deformation capacity of a structural component is compromised, and its performance in a future event cannot be relied upon without safety-critical repair. This study proposes a methodology to determine component deformation limits for the design of structures for damage control. Using the developed methodology, we propose component rotation limits for RC beams, columns, and walls. The seismic performance and capability of buildings designed using the proposed design approach to satisfy recovery-based performance objectives is demonstrated through nonlinear response history and recovery analyses (using the ATC-138 methodology) of four archetype frame buildings, designed per New Zealand standards to different beam deformation limits. The analyses show that building codes can achieve functional recovery using the proposed component deformation limits without the need for sophisticated recovery analyses.","PeriodicalId":11392,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Spectra","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140935307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-06DOI: 10.1177/87552930241247031
Baran Bozyigit, Anil Ozdemir, Kokcan Donmez, Korhan Deniz Dalgic, Elif Durgut, Cennet Yesilyurt, Yavuz Dizgin, Canan Yıldeniz, Medine Ispir, Idris Bedirhanoglu, Yasemin Didem Aktas, Sinan Acikgoz
This article reports on the findings of an investigation on 29 historic stone masonry buildings located in the cities of Hatay and Osmaniye following the 2023 Turkey earthquake sequence. The earthquake couplet on 6 February (with moment magnitudes 7.8 and 7.5) and the following events (including another earthquake which occurred on 20 February with a moment magnitude of 6.3) resulted in significant damage to the buildings. To understand why, the examined buildings were assigned an EMS-98 damage level (ranging from 1 to 5) and descriptive response categories (masonry disaggregation, local mechanism, and global response). Overall damage statistics indicated that masonry disaggregation was common and coterminous with local mechanism response. Wall geometry and construction quality indices were then investigated to explore why these were the dominant damage mechanisms. Wall geometry indices highlighted insufficient amount of walls to resist the local seismic demands, particularly in the transverse (e.g. short) direction of buildings. This deficit promoted the formation of local mechanisms. Construction quality indices suggested that stone layouts did not enable interlocking and that the walls were prone to disaggregation. To further investigate the role of material properties on the observed damage, materials were characterized using three non-destructive testing techniques: ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements to estimate the static elastic modulus of stones, Schmidt rebound hammer (SRH) tests to estimate the compressive strength of stones, and the mortar penetrometer (MP) tests to estimate the compressive strength of mortar. The measurements indicated poor mortar quality, which may have expedited failures. Using established correlations, various other important material parameters (e.g. mortar cohesion and homogenized masonry strength) are derived. It is envisioned that the damage observations and the material measurements in this article will inform detailed modeling efforts on the behavior of historic masonry buildings during the earthquakes.
{"title":"Damage to monumental masonry buildings in Hatay and Osmaniye following the 2023 Turkey earthquake sequence: The role of wall geometry, construction quality, and material properties","authors":"Baran Bozyigit, Anil Ozdemir, Kokcan Donmez, Korhan Deniz Dalgic, Elif Durgut, Cennet Yesilyurt, Yavuz Dizgin, Canan Yıldeniz, Medine Ispir, Idris Bedirhanoglu, Yasemin Didem Aktas, Sinan Acikgoz","doi":"10.1177/87552930241247031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241247031","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on the findings of an investigation on 29 historic stone masonry buildings located in the cities of Hatay and Osmaniye following the 2023 Turkey earthquake sequence. The earthquake couplet on 6 February (with moment magnitudes 7.8 and 7.5) and the following events (including another earthquake which occurred on 20 February with a moment magnitude of 6.3) resulted in significant damage to the buildings. To understand why, the examined buildings were assigned an EMS-98 damage level (ranging from 1 to 5) and descriptive response categories (masonry disaggregation, local mechanism, and global response). Overall damage statistics indicated that masonry disaggregation was common and coterminous with local mechanism response. Wall geometry and construction quality indices were then investigated to explore why these were the dominant damage mechanisms. Wall geometry indices highlighted insufficient amount of walls to resist the local seismic demands, particularly in the transverse (e.g. short) direction of buildings. This deficit promoted the formation of local mechanisms. Construction quality indices suggested that stone layouts did not enable interlocking and that the walls were prone to disaggregation. To further investigate the role of material properties on the observed damage, materials were characterized using three non-destructive testing techniques: ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements to estimate the static elastic modulus of stones, Schmidt rebound hammer (SRH) tests to estimate the compressive strength of stones, and the mortar penetrometer (MP) tests to estimate the compressive strength of mortar. The measurements indicated poor mortar quality, which may have expedited failures. Using established correlations, various other important material parameters (e.g. mortar cohesion and homogenized masonry strength) are derived. It is envisioned that the damage observations and the material measurements in this article will inform detailed modeling efforts on the behavior of historic masonry buildings during the earthquakes.","PeriodicalId":11392,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Spectra","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140882161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1177/87552930241246235
David McCallen, Arben Pitarka, Houjun Tang, Ramesh Pankajakshan, N Anders Petersson, Mamun Miah, Junfei Huang
Continuous advancements in scientific and engineering understanding of earthquake phenomena, combined with the associated development of representative physics-based models, is providing a foundation for high-performance, fault-to-structure earthquake simulations. However, regional-scale applications of high-performance models have been challenged by the computational requirements at the resolutions required for engineering risk assessments. The EarthQuake SIMulation (EQSIM) framework, a software application development under the US Department of Energy (DOE) Exascale Computing Project, is focused on overcoming the existing computational barriers and enabling routine regional-scale simulations at resolutions relevant to a breadth of engineered systems. This multidisciplinary software development—drawing upon expertise in geophysics, engineering, applied math and computer science—is preparing the advanced computational workflow necessary to fully exploit the DOE’s exaflop computer platforms coming online in the 2023 to 2024 timeframe. Achievement of the computational performance required for high-resolution regional models containing upward of hundreds of billions to trillions of model grid points requires numerical efficiency in every phase of a regional simulation. This includes run time start-up and regional model generation, effective distribution of the computational workload across thousands of computer nodes, efficient coupling of regional geophysics and local engineering models, and application-tailored highly efficient transfer, storage, and interrogation of very large volumes of simulation data. This article summarizes the most recent advancements and refinements incorporated in the workflow design for the EQSIM integrated fault-to-structure framework, which are based on extensive numerical testing across multiple graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated platforms, and demonstrates the computational performance achieved on the world’s first exaflop computer platform through representative regional-scale earthquake simulations for the San Francisco Bay Area in California, USA.
{"title":"Regional-scale fault-to-structure earthquake simulations with the EQSIM framework: Workflow maturation and computational performance on GPU-accelerated exascale platforms","authors":"David McCallen, Arben Pitarka, Houjun Tang, Ramesh Pankajakshan, N Anders Petersson, Mamun Miah, Junfei Huang","doi":"10.1177/87552930241246235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241246235","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous advancements in scientific and engineering understanding of earthquake phenomena, combined with the associated development of representative physics-based models, is providing a foundation for high-performance, fault-to-structure earthquake simulations. However, regional-scale applications of high-performance models have been challenged by the computational requirements at the resolutions required for engineering risk assessments. The EarthQuake SIMulation (EQSIM) framework, a software application development under the US Department of Energy (DOE) Exascale Computing Project, is focused on overcoming the existing computational barriers and enabling routine regional-scale simulations at resolutions relevant to a breadth of engineered systems. This multidisciplinary software development—drawing upon expertise in geophysics, engineering, applied math and computer science—is preparing the advanced computational workflow necessary to fully exploit the DOE’s exaflop computer platforms coming online in the 2023 to 2024 timeframe. Achievement of the computational performance required for high-resolution regional models containing upward of hundreds of billions to trillions of model grid points requires numerical efficiency in every phase of a regional simulation. This includes run time start-up and regional model generation, effective distribution of the computational workload across thousands of computer nodes, efficient coupling of regional geophysics and local engineering models, and application-tailored highly efficient transfer, storage, and interrogation of very large volumes of simulation data. This article summarizes the most recent advancements and refinements incorporated in the workflow design for the EQSIM integrated fault-to-structure framework, which are based on extensive numerical testing across multiple graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated platforms, and demonstrates the computational performance achieved on the world’s first exaflop computer platform through representative regional-scale earthquake simulations for the San Francisco Bay Area in California, USA.","PeriodicalId":11392,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Spectra","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140827428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-02DOI: 10.1177/87552930241243069
Sanaz Rezaeian, Peter M Powers, Jason Altekruse, Sean K Ahdi, Mark D Petersen, Allison M Shumway, Arthur D Frankel, Erin A Wirth, James A Smith, Morgan P Moschetti, Kyle B Withers, Julie A Herrick
The US Geological Survey National Seismic Hazard Models (NSHMs) are used to calculate earthquake ground-shaking intensities for design and rehabilitation of structures in the United States. The most recent 2014 and 2018 versions of the NSHM for the conterminous United States included major updates to ground-motion models (GMMs) for active and stable crustal tectonic settings; however, the subduction zone GMMs were largely unchanged. With the recent development of the next generation attenuation-subduction (NGA-Sub) GMMs, and recent progress in the utilization of “M9” Cascadia earthquake simulations, we now have access to improved models of ground shaking in the US subduction zones and the Seattle basin. The new NGA-Sub GMMs support multi-period response spectra calculations. They provide global models and regional terms specific to Cascadia and terms that account for deep-basin effects. This article focuses on the updates to subduction GMMs for implementation in the 2023 NSHM and compares them to the GMMs of previous NSHMs. Individual subduction GMMs, their weighted averages, and their impact on the estimated mean hazard relative to the 2018 NSHM are discussed. The updated logic trees include three of the new NGA-Sub GMMs and retain two older models to represent epistemic uncertainty in both the median and standard deviation of ground-shaking intensities at all periods of interest. Epistemic uncertainty is further represented by a three-point logic tree for the NGA-Sub median models. Finally, in the Seattle region, basin amplification factors are adjusted at long periods based on the state-of-the-art M9 Cascadia earthquake simulations. The new models increase the estimated mean hazard values at short periods and short source-to-site distances for interface earthquakes, but decrease them otherwise, relative to the 2018 NSHM. On softer soils, the new models cause decreases to the estimated mean hazard for long periods in the Puget Lowlands basin but increases within the deep Seattle portion of this basin for short periods relative to the 2018 NSHM.
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