Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0041
Seyedeh Masoomeh Zamani, R. Hajihassani, Saman Ghahri
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana activity on physical and mechanical properties as well as biological resistance of heat-treated poplar wood. Two poplar wood species (Populus deltoids and Populus nigra) were heat-treated by thermo-wood (Thermo-D) method. Control and heat-treated specimens were exposed to brown rot fungus C. puteana for 16 weeks. Physical and mechanical characteristics of specimens including density, compression strength parallel to the grain and impact strength were evaluated before and after exposure to fungus. Mass loss of specimens caused by fungal activity (MLF) was also calculated. In addition, the effect of thermal modification on laccase production by C. puteana was assayed. The highest mass loss due to fungal deterioration was observed in control specimens, coinciding with the highest substrate-enzyme interactions and constant decrease in detectable laccase levels. According to the results, thermal modification can be used effectively to protect poplar wood against brown rot fungus attack.
本研究旨在评估褐腐真菌 Coniophora puteana 的活性对热处理杨木的物理和机械性能以及生物抗性的影响。采用热木（Thermo-D）法对两种杨木（三角杨和黑杨）进行了热处理。对照组和热处理过的样本在褐腐真菌 C. puteana 的作用下暴露 16 周。在接触真菌前后，对试样的物理和机械特性进行了评估，包括密度、平行于纹理的压缩强度和冲击强度。还计算了真菌活动造成的试样质量损失（MLF）。此外，还检测了热改性对 C. puteana 产生漆酶的影响。在对照试样中观察到，真菌退化造成的质量损失最大，同时底物与酶的相互作用也最大，可检测到的漆酶水平持续下降。结果表明，热改性可以有效地保护杨木免受褐腐真菌的侵袭。
{"title":"Bio-Durability and Engineering Characteristics of Heat-Treated Poplar Wood","authors":"Seyedeh Masoomeh Zamani, R. Hajihassani, Saman Ghahri","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0041","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana activity on physical and mechanical properties as well as biological resistance of heat-treated poplar wood. Two poplar wood species (Populus deltoids and Populus nigra) were heat-treated by thermo-wood (Thermo-D) method. Control and heat-treated specimens were exposed to brown rot fungus C. puteana for 16 weeks. Physical and mechanical characteristics of specimens including density, compression strength parallel to the grain and impact strength were evaluated before and after exposure to fungus. Mass loss of specimens caused by fungal activity (MLF) was also calculated. In addition, the effect of thermal modification on laccase production by C. puteana was assayed. The highest mass loss due to fungal deterioration was observed in control specimens, coinciding with the highest substrate-enzyme interactions and constant decrease in detectable laccase levels. According to the results, thermal modification can be used effectively to protect poplar wood against brown rot fungus attack.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"270 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138997272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0132
Sefa Durmaz, Ugur Aras, Erkan Avci, Y. Z. Erdil, Ilkay Atar, H. Kalaycioğlu
The interest in wood plastic composites (WPCs) has increased in recent years. The utilization of environmentally friendly materials has been of great significance due to the overwhelming pressure on nature. As a widely used material, plastic is, however, easily combustible due to its structure. In this study, WPCs were reinforced with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The effect of higher content of ZnO nanoparticles (1, 3, 5, 10 %) on WPCs thermal stability and fire performance was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) clearly demonstrated that nanoparticles acted as a shield, which inhibited heat transfer and increased the degradation temperature thanks to covering the surface of materials. Free radicals accelerated the thermal degradation of neat-HDPE (high-density polyethylene) by oxidative reactions, while ZnO nanoparticles reduced the degradation velocity. Moreover, the increase in nanoparticle content significantly affected the residue. The fire performance of WPCs was also investigated by the limit oxygen index (LOI) test. While neat-HDPE flamed with dripping, ZnO nanoparticles made flaming difficult for WPCs. Therefore, the LOI values increased with increasing nanoparticle content up to 28.5 %, which indicated the need for more oxygen. The improvement reached up to 54 % compared to neat HDPE. Moreover, the char forming was also improved, which helped enhance the fire resistance. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation indicated that nanoparticles were well dispersed in the matrix. However, the tendency to agglomerate increased with the increase of concentration. The ability of carbonization of wood fiber surface during the combustion also contributed to improving thermal stability and fire performance.
{"title":"Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Flame Resistance in Wood Plastic Composites","authors":"Sefa Durmaz, Ugur Aras, Erkan Avci, Y. Z. Erdil, Ilkay Atar, H. Kalaycioğlu","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0132","url":null,"abstract":"The interest in wood plastic composites (WPCs) has increased in recent years. The utilization of environmentally friendly materials has been of great significance due to the overwhelming pressure on nature. As a widely used material, plastic is, however, easily combustible due to its structure. In this study, WPCs were reinforced with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The effect of higher content of ZnO nanoparticles (1, 3, 5, 10 %) on WPCs thermal stability and fire performance was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) clearly demonstrated that nanoparticles acted as a shield, which inhibited heat transfer and increased the degradation temperature thanks to covering the surface of materials. Free radicals accelerated the thermal degradation of neat-HDPE (high-density polyethylene) by oxidative reactions, while ZnO nanoparticles reduced the degradation velocity. Moreover, the increase in nanoparticle content significantly affected the residue. The fire performance of WPCs was also investigated by the limit oxygen index (LOI) test. While neat-HDPE flamed with dripping, ZnO nanoparticles made flaming difficult for WPCs. Therefore, the LOI values increased with increasing nanoparticle content up to 28.5 %, which indicated the need for more oxygen. The improvement reached up to 54 % compared to neat HDPE. Moreover, the char forming was also improved, which helped enhance the fire resistance. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation indicated that nanoparticles were well dispersed in the matrix. However, the tendency to agglomerate increased with the increase of concentration. The ability of carbonization of wood fiber surface during the combustion also contributed to improving thermal stability and fire performance.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"7 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0146
Mesut Uysal, Cagatay Tasdemir, Dogan Memis
The study aimed to increase the screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard and particleboard used in furniture strength by using epoxy resin in the screw pilot hole. Therefore, the effects of pilot hole diameters, screw diameter, and amount of epoxy resin on screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard and particleboard from face and edge were investigated. According to TS EN 13446, 50 mm × 50 mm specimens were cut from commercial medium density fiberboard and particleboard boards. A static load was applied parallel to the screw direction. The screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard was higher than the screw withdrawal strength of particleboard because of its density. Besides, the screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard and particleboard samples with a 3.5 mm screw diameter was higher compared to those with a 4.5 mm screw diameter. A decrease in pilot hole diameter and an increase in the amount of epoxy resin provided higher screw withdrawal strength of materials. Using 20 % epoxy resin of the volume of the pilot hole resulted in two times better screw withdrawal strength values. The study showed that a higher amount of epoxy resin, smaller pilot hole diameter, and smaller screw diameter contribute to better screw withdrawal strength of both medium density fiberboard and particleboard from the face and edge.
该研究旨在通过在螺钉导向孔中使用环氧树脂来提高家具强度中使用的中密度纤维板和刨花板的螺钉抽出强度。因此，研究了导向孔直径、螺钉直径和环氧树脂用量对中密度纤维板和刨花板从表面和边缘的螺钉抽出强度的影响。根据 TS EN 13446，从商用中密度纤维板和刨花板上切割出 50 mm × 50 mm 的试样。平行于螺钉方向施加静载荷。由于密度的原因，中密度纤维板的螺钉抽出强度高于刨花板的螺钉抽出强度。此外，螺钉直径为 3.5 毫米的中密度纤维板和刨花板样品的螺钉抽出强度也高于螺钉直径为 4.5 毫米的样品。减小导向孔直径和增加环氧树脂用量可提高材料的螺钉抽出强度。使用占导向孔体积 20% 的环氧树脂可使螺钉抽出强度值提高两倍。研究表明，环氧树脂用量越大、导向孔直径越小、螺钉直径越小，中密度纤维板和刨花板从表面和边缘的螺钉抽出强度就越高。
{"title":"Effect of Epoxy Resin Reinforcement on Screw Withdrawal Strength of Fiberboard and Particleboard Used in Furniture Industry","authors":"Mesut Uysal, Cagatay Tasdemir, Dogan Memis","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0146","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to increase the screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard and particleboard used in furniture strength by using epoxy resin in the screw pilot hole. Therefore, the effects of pilot hole diameters, screw diameter, and amount of epoxy resin on screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard and particleboard from face and edge were investigated. According to TS EN 13446, 50 mm × 50 mm specimens were cut from commercial medium density fiberboard and particleboard boards. A static load was applied parallel to the screw direction. The screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard was higher than the screw withdrawal strength of particleboard because of its density. Besides, the screw withdrawal strength of medium density fiberboard and particleboard samples with a 3.5 mm screw diameter was higher compared to those with a 4.5 mm screw diameter. A decrease in pilot hole diameter and an increase in the amount of epoxy resin provided higher screw withdrawal strength of materials. Using 20 % epoxy resin of the volume of the pilot hole resulted in two times better screw withdrawal strength values. The study showed that a higher amount of epoxy resin, smaller pilot hole diameter, and smaller screw diameter contribute to better screw withdrawal strength of both medium density fiberboard and particleboard from the face and edge.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"40 160","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0096
Cebrail Açik
Today, handcrafted furniture surface treatment techniques are less used due to application difficulties and high costs. Recently, the use of CNC router processing machines has resulted in a revival of these techniques. However, since this method is insufficient in micro-processes and color modifications that require precision, these processes have started to be performed with lasers. In this research, the beech wood surface was processed using a CNC laser processing machine with a carbon dioxide gas tube by applying different engraving power and engraving speeds. Product design and manufacturing parameters were determined in the CIE L*a*b* color system using the regression modeling method. A sample application was made by applying laser engraving to a furniture surface designed according to the obtained parameters. As a result of the study, it has been explained that using L* color group regression modeling method and CAD/CAM supported laser technology in furniture top surface color design processes is suitable for industrial engineering approach. It has been determined that many surface color design techniques can be applied with laser to furniture designed for CNC laser production.
{"title":"Modeliranje dizajna boje površine namještaja CNC laserskom modifikacijom","authors":"Cebrail Açik","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0096","url":null,"abstract":"Today, handcrafted furniture surface treatment techniques are less used due to application difficulties and high costs. Recently, the use of CNC router processing machines has resulted in a revival of these techniques. However, since this method is insufficient in micro-processes and color modifications that require precision, these processes have started to be performed with lasers. In this research, the beech wood surface was processed using a CNC laser processing machine with a carbon dioxide gas tube by applying different engraving power and engraving speeds. Product design and manufacturing parameters were determined in the CIE L*a*b* color system using the regression modeling method. A sample application was made by applying laser engraving to a furniture surface designed according to the obtained parameters. As a result of the study, it has been explained that using L* color group regression modeling method and CAD/CAM supported laser technology in furniture top surface color design processes is suitable for industrial engineering approach. It has been determined that many surface color design techniques can be applied with laser to furniture designed for CNC laser production.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0125
Yang Li, Tao Yao, Yong Zhu, Zuju Shu, Shengquan Liu, Redžo Hasanagić, Fathi Leila, Demiao Chu
Wood heat treatment is an environmentally friendly method, and the heat-treated wood properties are closely related to thermal modification intensity. This study focuses on the 0-3 mm surface layer (SL) of poplar wood heat treated at 160~220 °C. The modification intensity, including surface color, hardness, chemical component and morphological changes of the SL, was evaluated. The findings of this research showed that the color difference of the poplar wood before and after heat treatment (ΔE*1) increased; the color difference between up-surface and down-surface of the SL (ΔE*2) also increased with the treatment temperature. Consequently, the surface hardness (HR) decreased with the increase of treatment intensity. When the treatment temperature was higher than 160 °C, the up-surface and down-surface of the SL were statistically different in color. Chemical component analysis revealed that the heat treatment degrades wood components, especially the hemicellulose, and correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the change rate of hemicellulose and the ΔE*1 or HR value; the prediction functions have been established at a high confidence level of 0.99. Overall, the thermal modification intensity of the heat-treated surface layer (SL) of poplar wood varies, and the HR and ΔE*1 value could be used to characterize and predict the modification intensity and degree of thermal degradation of the surface layer of heat-treated poplar wood.
{"title":"Intenzitet toplinske modifikacije topolovine. Dio 1","authors":"Yang Li, Tao Yao, Yong Zhu, Zuju Shu, Shengquan Liu, Redžo Hasanagić, Fathi Leila, Demiao Chu","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0125","url":null,"abstract":"Wood heat treatment is an environmentally friendly method, and the heat-treated wood properties are closely related to thermal modification intensity. This study focuses on the 0-3 mm surface layer (SL) of poplar wood heat treated at 160~220 °C. The modification intensity, including surface color, hardness, chemical component and morphological changes of the SL, was evaluated. The findings of this research showed that the color difference of the poplar wood before and after heat treatment (ΔE*1) increased; the color difference between up-surface and down-surface of the SL (ΔE*2) also increased with the treatment temperature. Consequently, the surface hardness (HR) decreased with the increase of treatment intensity. When the treatment temperature was higher than 160 °C, the up-surface and down-surface of the SL were statistically different in color. Chemical component analysis revealed that the heat treatment degrades wood components, especially the hemicellulose, and correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the change rate of hemicellulose and the ΔE*1 or HR value; the prediction functions have been established at a high confidence level of 0.99. Overall, the thermal modification intensity of the heat-treated surface layer (SL) of poplar wood varies, and the HR and ΔE*1 value could be used to characterize and predict the modification intensity and degree of thermal degradation of the surface layer of heat-treated poplar wood.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138996277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0093
Kenan Kiliç, Kürşat Kiliç, B. Sinaice, Uğur Özcan
The woodworking industry’s recognition and classification of timber is essential for trade, production and timber science. Traditional methods of identifying wood types are complex, time-consuming, costly and require expertise in wood science. Traditional techniques have been replaced by convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a deep learning tool to better identify wood species. In contrast to earlier studies that used pretrained models, a novel architecture designed explicitly for the WOOD-AUTH dataset was proposed in this study to develop a new 2D CNN model. The data collection encompasses high-level visual representations of 12 distinct types of timber. It is aimed to create a simpler and faster model as an alternative to time-consuming and heavy wood classification models. Compared to previous studies, this research worked with a newly structured 2D CNN network based on 12 wood species. High accuracy and fast computation time were achieved using fewer numbers (three layers) of the convolutional neural network. The proposed model achieved 94 % accuracy, 87 % precision, 81 % recall, 80 % F1 score and 112 minutes 27 seconds computation time. The 2D CNN model performed better than the transfer learning models regarding training epochs. The primary benefit of the model is its ability to achieve high accuracy with lower computation time, even at high epochs compared to other models. The introduced 2D CNN model produced satisfactory outcomes for wood species classification.
{"title":"Klasifikacija vrsta drva prema slikama uz pomoć dvodimenzionalne konvolucijske neuronske mreže","authors":"Kenan Kiliç, Kürşat Kiliç, B. Sinaice, Uğur Özcan","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0093","url":null,"abstract":"The woodworking industry’s recognition and classification of timber is essential for trade, production and timber science. Traditional methods of identifying wood types are complex, time-consuming, costly and require expertise in wood science. Traditional techniques have been replaced by convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a deep learning tool to better identify wood species. In contrast to earlier studies that used pretrained models, a novel architecture designed explicitly for the WOOD-AUTH dataset was proposed in this study to develop a new 2D CNN model. The data collection encompasses high-level visual representations of 12 distinct types of timber. It is aimed to create a simpler and faster model as an alternative to time-consuming and heavy wood classification models. Compared to previous studies, this research worked with a newly structured 2D CNN network based on 12 wood species. High accuracy and fast computation time were achieved using fewer numbers (three layers) of the convolutional neural network. The proposed model achieved 94 % accuracy, 87 % precision, 81 % recall, 80 % F1 score and 112 minutes 27 seconds computation time. The 2D CNN model performed better than the transfer learning models regarding training epochs. The primary benefit of the model is its ability to achieve high accuracy with lower computation time, even at high epochs compared to other models. The introduced 2D CNN model produced satisfactory outcomes for wood species classification.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"9 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0105
T. Kočetov Mišulić, Aleksandra Radujković, Zdravko Popović, Ksenija Hiel
Classification of timber for various commercial purposes is essential for its proper application in order to ensure the reliability and economic use. Visual grading of structural timber is commonly used in a number of EU countries, with different grading national standards optimized for locally available wood. Countries in the ex-YU region are traditional partners in wood trade and had the same standards for visual grading, but in most of the regions these standards are not completely compliant with EN requirements. Consequently, that leads to the fact that the most of regionally available structural timber is not assigned into strength classes, which is the starting point for the limit-state concept in design of timber structures. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the lack of strength classification of structural timber in the ex-YU region, which is a prerequisite for the design of timber structures made by civil engineers. Based on an overview of visual classification types with regional experience in grading, relevant EN standards, and differences in design concepts with possible consequences of grading approach, it can be concluded that “quality” grades and “strength” classes are not easily comparable.
为确保木材的可靠性和经济性，对各种商业用途的木材进行分级对其正确应用至关重要。结构木材的目测分级在许多欧盟国家得到了普遍使用，并针对当地现有的木材优化了不同的分级国家标准。前欧盟地区的国家是木材贸易的传统合作伙伴，拥有相同的目视分级标准，但在大多数地区，这些标准并不完全符合 EN 要求。因此，这导致该地区大部分可用的结构木材没有划分强度等级，而强度等级是木结构设计中极限状态概念的起点。本文旨在强调前乌克兰地区缺乏结构木材强度分类的问题，这是土木工程师进行木结构设计的先决条件。根据对地区分级经验的视觉分级类型、相关 EN 标准以及分级方法可能导致的设计概念差异的概述，可以得出结论："质量 "等级和 "强度 "等级不易比较。
{"title":"Timber Strength Grading as Necessary Basis for Structural Design in Ex-YU Region","authors":"T. Kočetov Mišulić, Aleksandra Radujković, Zdravko Popović, Ksenija Hiel","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0105","url":null,"abstract":"Classification of timber for various commercial purposes is essential for its proper application in order to ensure the reliability and economic use. Visual grading of structural timber is commonly used in a number of EU countries, with different grading national standards optimized for locally available wood. Countries in the ex-YU region are traditional partners in wood trade and had the same standards for visual grading, but in most of the regions these standards are not completely compliant with EN requirements. Consequently, that leads to the fact that the most of regionally available structural timber is not assigned into strength classes, which is the starting point for the limit-state concept in design of timber structures. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the lack of strength classification of structural timber in the ex-YU region, which is a prerequisite for the design of timber structures made by civil engineers. Based on an overview of visual classification types with regional experience in grading, relevant EN standards, and differences in design concepts with possible consequences of grading approach, it can be concluded that “quality” grades and “strength” classes are not easily comparable.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"7 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138970714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0117
S. K. Hosseinihashemi, Mohammad-Ali Akhoundi, Younes Shirmohammadli, Nadir Ayrilmiş
This research aimed to assess the influence of different pre-impregnation times (PITs) (60, 180, and 300 min), heating or reaction times (H/RTs) (60, 90, and 120 min), and chemical modification of wood flour (WF) on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-plastic composites (WPCs). The study employed acetylated beech (Fagus orientalis L.) flour as the filler and polypropylene (PP) as the matrix phase producing of WPC samples through melt compounding and injection molding. The resulting composites underwent testing for their physical and mechanical properties. The findings revealed that WPCs derived from acetylated wood with PITs of 60 min and H/RTs of 60 min exhibited the highest mechanical properties, except for the bending modulus. Moreover, the lowest water absorption (WA) was observed in the PITs-H/RTs combination of 60-120 min, while the lowest thickness swelling (TS) occurred in the PITs-H/RTs combination of 300-60 min. The simultaneous utilization of pre-impregnation and reaction times demonstrated a synergistic effect on the physical and mechanical properties. Consequently, the chemical modification of wood flour and the application of suitable reaction times improved the interfacial adhesion, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the WPCs.
{"title":"Utjecaj predimpregnacije anhidridom octene kiseline i vremena zagrijavanja na mehanička i fizička svojstva drvno-plastičnih kompozita","authors":"S. K. Hosseinihashemi, Mohammad-Ali Akhoundi, Younes Shirmohammadli, Nadir Ayrilmiş","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0117","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to assess the influence of different pre-impregnation times (PITs) (60, 180, and 300 min), heating or reaction times (H/RTs) (60, 90, and 120 min), and chemical modification of wood flour (WF) on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-plastic composites (WPCs). The study employed acetylated beech (Fagus orientalis L.) flour as the filler and polypropylene (PP) as the matrix phase producing of WPC samples through melt compounding and injection molding. The resulting composites underwent testing for their physical and mechanical properties. The findings revealed that WPCs derived from acetylated wood with PITs of 60 min and H/RTs of 60 min exhibited the highest mechanical properties, except for the bending modulus. Moreover, the lowest water absorption (WA) was observed in the PITs-H/RTs combination of 60-120 min, while the lowest thickness swelling (TS) occurred in the PITs-H/RTs combination of 300-60 min. The simultaneous utilization of pre-impregnation and reaction times demonstrated a synergistic effect on the physical and mechanical properties. Consequently, the chemical modification of wood flour and the application of suitable reaction times improved the interfacial adhesion, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the WPCs.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0123
Sevinç Kaz, Saim Ateş, Tuba Külçe
This study aims to analyze the reaction wood samples for some industrial tree species naturally grown in Kastamonu province in Turkey and compare them with the relevant standards. Some anatomical, chemical, fiber morphological, optical properties, and color changes before and after drying were analyzed for the reaction wood (RW) samples. While the holocellulose content of fir and pine compression wood (CW) was found to be lesser (~3-4 %), the lignin content was higher than those of the opposite wood (OW) (~34 % for pine and 12 % for fir). On the contrary, the amount of holocellulose was found to be higher (~1-4 %), and the lignin was lower (at about 6-15 %) in the tension wood (TW) samples. It was observed that average lengths are more extended in TW(~50-54 %) and shorter in CW (~13-17 %) than those of OW. Significant differences were observed between the anatomical structures of the coniferous and deciduous species studied. Although, the greatest color differences in wet and oven-dried samples of coniferous trees were measured in CW (~15-17 %), it has been found as about 0.7-3 % in TW for deciduous species. Some differences were observed in the anatomical, optical, fiber morphological, and chemical properties of the RW for the studied wood species. Due to its higher lignin content and better physical properties, CW can be used for producing small households and hand tools, ornaments, toys, etc. It will also be appropriate for use in milling and turning work. It is recommended that, because of the lower lignin content and higher polysaccharide ratio, TW should be primarily used for the cellulose, pulp, and paper industries, where high mechanical resistance values are required. Consequently, RW formation causes some physical, chemical, mechanical, anatomical, and optical differences compared to OW in deciduous and coniferous species.
{"title":"Usporedba reakcijskoga i normalnog drva nekih komercijalnih vrsta drva","authors":"Sevinç Kaz, Saim Ateş, Tuba Külçe","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0123","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to analyze the reaction wood samples for some industrial tree species naturally grown in Kastamonu province in Turkey and compare them with the relevant standards. Some anatomical, chemical, fiber morphological, optical properties, and color changes before and after drying were analyzed for the reaction wood (RW) samples. While the holocellulose content of fir and pine compression wood (CW) was found to be lesser (~3-4 %), the lignin content was higher than those of the opposite wood (OW) (~34 % for pine and 12 % for fir). On the contrary, the amount of holocellulose was found to be higher (~1-4 %), and the lignin was lower (at about 6-15 %) in the tension wood (TW) samples. It was observed that average lengths are more extended in TW(~50-54 %) and shorter in CW (~13-17 %) than those of OW. Significant differences were observed between the anatomical structures of the coniferous and deciduous species studied. Although, the greatest color differences in wet and oven-dried samples of coniferous trees were measured in CW (~15-17 %), it has been found as about 0.7-3 % in TW for deciduous species. Some differences were observed in the anatomical, optical, fiber morphological, and chemical properties of the RW for the studied wood species. Due to its higher lignin content and better physical properties, CW can be used for producing small households and hand tools, ornaments, toys, etc. It will also be appropriate for use in milling and turning work. It is recommended that, because of the lower lignin content and higher polysaccharide ratio, TW should be primarily used for the cellulose, pulp, and paper industries, where high mechanical resistance values are required. Consequently, RW formation causes some physical, chemical, mechanical, anatomical, and optical differences compared to OW in deciduous and coniferous species.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0085
A. Atılgan, Sait Dündar Sofuoğlu
In this study, specimens from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) tree species, prepared according to ISO 3129, were conditioned according to TS ISO 13061-1. Cellulosic varnish, water-based varnish, and glass polish varnish were applied to their surfaces in accordance with ASTM-D 3023 principles. In the study, roughness (TS 2495 EN ISO 3274 and TS EN ISO 21920-3) and gloss (according to TS EN ISO 2813) values of the samples were calculated after hot and cold check test. Varnished test specimens prepared in 100 mm × 100 mm ×10 mm dimensions were first kept in drying oven at (50±5) °C for 1 hour, then were kept in conditioning room for 1 hour, and then at (-20±2) °C for 1 hour, according to ASTM D1211-97. These processes were accepted as one cycle, and tests were continued until 15 cycles. Afterward, glossiness was measured as perpendicular and parallel to fibers at 60º with a gloss measurement device, and surface roughness values of Ra and Rz were determined with a surface roughness measuring device. According to the results obtained, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Eastern beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky), and Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) varnish-coated wood material surfaces all showed a decrease in gloss values after hot-cold shock effect. While an increase occurred in Rz values of roughness for all wooden surfaces, Ra values roughness increased for Scots pine and chestnut and decreased for eastern beech. Gloss and roughness values of surface-treated wood materials against changing weather conditions can determine usefulness of the surface material used. The findings obtained in this study can be useful to manufacturers who use wooden products in the design of marine vehicles and those who export furniture to countries in different climatic conditions.
在这项研究中，根据 ISO 3129 标准制备了苏格兰松树（Pinus sylvestris L.）、安纳托利亚栗树（Castanea sativa Mill.）和东方山毛榉（Fagus orientalis Lipsky）树种的标本，并根据 TS ISO 13061-1 标准对其进行了养护。根据 ASTM-D 3023 原则在其表面涂上纤维素清漆、水性清漆和玻璃抛光清漆。在研究中，经过冷热检查测试后，计算了样品的粗糙度（TS 2495 EN ISO 3274 和 TS EN ISO 21920-3）和光泽度（根据 TS EN ISO 2813）值。根据 ASTM D1211-97 标准，将制备好的尺寸为 100 mm × 100 mm × 10 mm 的上光试样先在 (50±5) ℃的烘箱中保持 1 小时，然后在调节室中保持 1 小时，再在 (-20±2) ℃的环境中保持 1 小时。这些过程被视为一个周期，测试一直持续到 15 个周期。之后，用光泽度测量仪测量与纤维垂直和平行 60º 的光泽度，并用表面粗糙度测量仪测定 Ra 和 Rz 的表面粗糙度值。结果表明，苏格兰松木（Pinus sylvestris L.）、东方榉木（Fagus Orientalis Lipsky）和安纳托利亚栗木（Castanea sativa Mill.）涂有清漆的木质材料表面在经过冷热冲击后，光泽度值都有所下降。虽然所有木质表面的粗糙度 Rz 值都有所增加，但苏格兰松木和栗木的粗糙度 Ra 值有所增加，而东榉木的粗糙度 Ra 值则有所下降。经过表面处理的木质材料在不断变化的天气条件下的光泽度和粗糙度值可以决定所使用的表面材料是否有用。这项研究的结果对在设计海洋交通工具时使用木制品的制造商和向气候条件不同的国家出口家具的制造商很有帮助。
{"title":"The Effect of Hot and Cold Check Tests on Surface Roughness and Glossiness in Varnished Wood Material","authors":"A. Atılgan, Sait Dündar Sofuoğlu","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0085","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, specimens from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) tree species, prepared according to ISO 3129, were conditioned according to TS ISO 13061-1. Cellulosic varnish, water-based varnish, and glass polish varnish were applied to their surfaces in accordance with ASTM-D 3023 principles. In the study, roughness (TS 2495 EN ISO 3274 and TS EN ISO 21920-3) and gloss (according to TS EN ISO 2813) values of the samples were calculated after hot and cold check test. Varnished test specimens prepared in 100 mm × 100 mm ×10 mm dimensions were first kept in drying oven at (50±5) °C for 1 hour, then were kept in conditioning room for 1 hour, and then at (-20±2) °C for 1 hour, according to ASTM D1211-97. These processes were accepted as one cycle, and tests were continued until 15 cycles. Afterward, glossiness was measured as perpendicular and parallel to fibers at 60º with a gloss measurement device, and surface roughness values of Ra and Rz were determined with a surface roughness measuring device. According to the results obtained, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Eastern beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky), and Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) varnish-coated wood material surfaces all showed a decrease in gloss values after hot-cold shock effect. While an increase occurred in Rz values of roughness for all wooden surfaces, Ra values roughness increased for Scots pine and chestnut and decreased for eastern beech. Gloss and roughness values of surface-treated wood materials against changing weather conditions can determine usefulness of the surface material used. The findings obtained in this study can be useful to manufacturers who use wooden products in the design of marine vehicles and those who export furniture to countries in different climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":"19 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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