Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0012
Lana Jarža, Anka Ozana Čavlović, S. Pervan, Nikola Španić, Miljenko Klarić, S. Prekrat
This paper deals with an overview of additive manufacturing and its segment - 3D printing, which is today rapidly and widely used (Agashe et al., 2020) for personal and high-capacity production. The paper discusses the possible positive factors such as small and personalized production series, cheaper design and production process, complex geometry, bionic structures (whose surfaces are complicated to make, and are copy of biological organisms) and negative factors such as lack of educated specialists and trainings. Those facts are affecting the implementation of these technologies in different segments of the design, product development and furniture production. The impacts of new technologies on the design and production of rapid prototypes and finished products in furniture industry are analyzed. The positive results of using additive manufacturing indicate that, in spite of minor obstacles and problems with connecting different production processes, additive production will have a significant place in the future of furniture design and production. The most important advantages of 3D printing is fast prototyping, one piece production, free form designing and the use of bio-based materials and their possibility of recycling.
{"title":"Additive Technologies and Their Applications in Furniture Design and Manufacturing","authors":"Lana Jarža, Anka Ozana Čavlović, S. Pervan, Nikola Španić, Miljenko Klarić, S. Prekrat","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with an overview of additive manufacturing and its segment - 3D printing, which is today rapidly and widely used (Agashe et al., 2020) for personal and high-capacity production. The paper discusses the possible positive factors such as small and personalized production series, cheaper design and production process, complex geometry, bionic structures (whose surfaces are complicated to make, and are copy of biological organisms) and negative factors such as lack of educated specialists and trainings. Those facts are affecting the implementation of these technologies in different segments of the design, product development and furniture production. The impacts of new technologies on the design and production of rapid prototypes and finished products in furniture industry are analyzed. The positive results of using additive manufacturing indicate that, in spite of minor obstacles and problems with connecting different production processes, additive production will have a significant place in the future of furniture design and production. The most important advantages of 3D printing is fast prototyping, one piece production, free form designing and the use of bio-based materials and their possibility of recycling.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43557565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0015
S. Hidayati, Subeki Subeki, M. M. Harahap, S. Hadi
Waste is generated in the form of black liquor during pulp processing. Furthermore, lignin, the main ingredient of black liquor, contains a phenylpropanoid compound with prebiotic and antimicrobial activity. Also, it is a component of lignocellulose that has prebiotic and antimicrobial activity effects due to its indigestible nature and it comprises phenylpropanoid components. Therefore, this study examines and identifies the lignin purification and test results of its prebiotic activity. The technique used to identify lignin fraction is called Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) plates. Prebiotic activity tests were performed using the calculation of total bacteria on the growth of Lactobacillus casei. The results showed that the purification process using CHCl3, 3 % MeOH:CHCl3, 20 % MeOH:CHCl3, and MeOH yielded 10.68 %, 6.34 %, 11.38 % 44.85 %, respectively. The 3 % MeOH:CHCl3 fraction contained benzaldehyde, 4- hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxy, 1-methylbutyl hexadecanoate, oleic acid, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. The 3 % MeOH:CHCl3 fractionate with a concentration of 15 % also showed a prebiotic activity for L. casei at 6.1 x 102 colonies/mL.
在纸浆加工过程中，废物以黑液的形式产生。此外，黑液的主要成分木质素含有一种具有益生元和抗菌活性的苯丙烷类化合物。此外，它是木质纤维素的一种成分，由于其不易消化的性质而具有益生元和抗菌活性，并且它包括苯丙烷类成分。因此，本研究对木质素的纯化及其益生元活性的测试结果进行了检验和鉴定。用于鉴定木质素组分的技术被称为薄层色谱法（TLC）和气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）板。使用对干酪乳杆菌生长的总细菌的计算进行益生元活性测试。结果表明，使用CHCl3、3%MeOH:CHCl3、20%MeOH:CCHl3和MeOH的纯化过程分别产生10.68%、6.34%、11.38%和44.85%。3%MeOH:CHCl3馏分含有苯甲醛、4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基、十六烷酸1-甲基丁酯、油酸和邻苯二甲酸二-2-乙基己酯。浓度为15%的3%MeOH:CHCl3分馏物对干酪乳杆菌也显示出6.1 x 102菌落/mL的益生元活性。
{"title":"Upotreba izoliranog monomera lignina iz crnog luga dobivenoga od praznih grozdova palmina ploda kao prebiotika","authors":"S. Hidayati, Subeki Subeki, M. M. Harahap, S. Hadi","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Waste is generated in the form of black liquor during pulp processing. Furthermore, lignin, the main ingredient of black liquor, contains a phenylpropanoid compound with prebiotic and antimicrobial activity. Also, it is a component of lignocellulose that has prebiotic and antimicrobial activity effects due to its indigestible nature and it comprises phenylpropanoid components. Therefore, this study examines and identifies the lignin purification and test results of its prebiotic activity. The technique used to identify lignin fraction is called Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) plates. Prebiotic activity tests were performed using the calculation of total bacteria on the growth of Lactobacillus casei. The results showed that the purification process using CHCl3, 3 % MeOH:CHCl3, 20 % MeOH:CHCl3, and MeOH yielded 10.68 %, 6.34 %, 11.38 % 44.85 %, respectively. The 3 % MeOH:CHCl3 fraction contained benzaldehyde, 4- hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxy, 1-methylbutyl hexadecanoate, oleic acid, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. The 3 % MeOH:CHCl3 fractionate with a concentration of 15 % also showed a prebiotic activity for L. casei at 6.1 x 102 colonies/mL.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47506734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0048
Daniel Koynov, Miglena Valyova, Emiliyan Parzhov, Lee Seng Hua
This study presents opportunities for the utilization of timber by-products with defects for manufacturing engineered wood panels. Three gluing methods were proposed for this waste raw material derived from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. The methods used for combining and gluing enabled a more complete and complex utilization of wood with defects. The physical properties (density and moisture content) and mechanical properties (bending strength and modulus of elasticity) of the laboratory-fabricated engineered wood panels were evaluated in accordance with the European standards. The highest density of 643 kg/m3 and bending strength values (28.6 N/mm2) were obtained from the panels manufactured using method 3 and veneered with beech veneer sheets. The modulus of elasticity of the laboratory-made engineered wood panels reached values of up to 5580 N/mm2. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the utilization of defective wood pieces in the manufacturing of engineered wood panels.
{"title":"Iskorištavanje borovine (Pinus sylvestris L.) s greškama za proizvodnju kompozitnog drva","authors":"Daniel Koynov, Miglena Valyova, Emiliyan Parzhov, Lee Seng Hua","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0048","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents opportunities for the utilization of timber by-products with defects for manufacturing engineered wood panels. Three gluing methods were proposed for this waste raw material derived from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. The methods used for combining and gluing enabled a more complete and complex utilization of wood with defects. The physical properties (density and moisture content) and mechanical properties (bending strength and modulus of elasticity) of the laboratory-fabricated engineered wood panels were evaluated in accordance with the European standards. The highest density of 643 kg/m3 and bending strength values (28.6 N/mm2) were obtained from the panels manufactured using method 3 and veneered with beech veneer sheets. The modulus of elasticity of the laboratory-made engineered wood panels reached values of up to 5580 N/mm2. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the utilization of defective wood pieces in the manufacturing of engineered wood panels.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48888507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0037
Çağrı Olgun, S. Ates, Emre Uzer
In this study, different methods, including acid hydrolysis (phosphoric and formic acid), thermohydrolysis, and microwave methods were tested for recycling of fiberboards made of 100 % beech and 70 % beech + 30 % pine wood fibers, which are widely sold in the market. The impacts of the using methods on the fibers were investigated with the help of a device that determines the fiber dimensions according to optical principles. In a laboratory setting, test boards were constructed using recycled fibers, and the changes in certain physical and mechanical qualities were studied. As a result, it was determined that recycled fibers obtained from microwave and thermo-hydrolysis fibers could be effectively used in fiberboard production. However, the proportion of fibers, longer than 1.24 mm, was decreased by about 30 % with the phosphoric acid method for MDF samples composed of 100 % beech fiber. The fiberboards could not be obtained from fibers recycled through acid hydrolysis except for phosphoric acid method with 100 % beech fibers.
{"title":"Effects of Medium Density Fiberboards (MDF) Recycling Methods on Fiber Dimensions and Some Reconstructed Board Properties","authors":"Çağrı Olgun, S. Ates, Emre Uzer","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0037","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, different methods, including acid hydrolysis (phosphoric and formic acid), thermohydrolysis, and microwave methods were tested for recycling of fiberboards made of 100 % beech and 70 % beech + 30 % pine wood fibers, which are widely sold in the market. The impacts of the using methods on the fibers were investigated with the help of a device that determines the fiber dimensions according to optical principles. In a laboratory setting, test boards were constructed using recycled fibers, and the changes in certain physical and mechanical qualities were studied. As a result, it was determined that recycled fibers obtained from microwave and thermo-hydrolysis fibers could be effectively used in fiberboard production. However, the proportion of fibers, longer than 1.24 mm, was decreased by about 30 % with the phosphoric acid method for MDF samples composed of 100 % beech fiber. The fiberboards could not be obtained from fibers recycled through acid hydrolysis except for phosphoric acid method with 100 % beech fibers.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44732407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2023.0010
M. Acar, E. Balikci, T. Kuşkun, Ali Kasal, Y. Z. Erdil
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wood species, heat treatment, adhesive type and joint technique on shear force capacity of H-type furniture joints. For this purpose, an experimental design that consisted of 3 wood species, 2 treatment processes (untreated, heat-treated), 2 adhesive types (polyurethane (PUR), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)) and 2 joint techniques (dowel, mortise-tenon (MT)) and 5 replications for each group were prepared, and accordingly, a total of 120 specimens were tested under static shear loads. Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica), Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), and common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), which are commonly used in furniture constructions, were used as wood species. In general, iroko showed the highest shear force capacity between the wood species. The specimens constructed of heat-treated wood species showed lower shear force capacity by approximately 15 % in comparison to the same untreated specimens. MT joints showed better performance than dowel joints higher by approximately 21 %. PVAc adhesive gave higher values than PU adhesive by around 5 %. According to the results of four-way interactions, highest shear force capacities of H-type joints were obtained from “Common ash-PVAc-MT” combination in groups of untreated specimens and from “Iroko-PU-MT” combination in groups of heat-treated specimens.
{"title":"Shear Force Capacities of H-Type Furniture Joints Constructed of Various Heat-Treated Wood Species","authors":"M. Acar, E. Balikci, T. Kuşkun, Ali Kasal, Y. Z. Erdil","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2023.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wood species, heat treatment, adhesive type and joint technique on shear force capacity of H-type furniture joints. For this purpose, an experimental design that consisted of 3 wood species, 2 treatment processes (untreated, heat-treated), 2 adhesive types (polyurethane (PUR), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)) and 2 joint techniques (dowel, mortise-tenon (MT)) and 5 replications for each group were prepared, and accordingly, a total of 120 specimens were tested under static shear loads. Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica), Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), and common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), which are commonly used in furniture constructions, were used as wood species. In general, iroko showed the highest shear force capacity between the wood species. The specimens constructed of heat-treated wood species showed lower shear force capacity by approximately 15 % in comparison to the same untreated specimens. MT joints showed better performance than dowel joints higher by approximately 21 %. PVAc adhesive gave higher values than PU adhesive by around 5 %. According to the results of four-way interactions, highest shear force capacities of H-type joints were obtained from “Common ash-PVAc-MT” combination in groups of untreated specimens and from “Iroko-PU-MT” combination in groups of heat-treated specimens.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42155760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2022.2119
H. Ozturk, Aydin Demir, Cenk Demirkir
The objective of this study is to predict the optimum expanded polystyrene (EPS) densities for the best insulation properties of the particleboards manufactured with waste EPS instead of formaldehyde-based adhesives used in particleboard production with artificial neural network (ANN). For this purpose, the waste EPS particles of five different densities were used in the production of composite particleboards. The experimental dana used in the study were obtained from the previous study. Half of the beech, poplar, alder, pine and spruce chips were dried in a drying oven and the other half were naturally conditioned at room temperature, and then 18 mm thick three-layer composite particleboards were produced. The thermal conductivity of panels was determined according to ASTM C 518. The prediction model with the best performance and acceptable deviations was determined by using statistical and graphical comparisons between the experimental data and the prediction values obtained as a result of ANN analysis. Then, using this prediction model, the thermal conductivity coefficient values were estimated for the intermediate EPS densities that were not experimentally tested. According to the analysis findings, the thermal insulation performance for both beech and spruce polystyrene composite particleboards (PCP) panels increased with using of waste EPS foams with a density of 30 kg/m3. The lowest thermal conductivity values were obtained from the EPS waste foams with the density of 18, 13 and 22 kg/m3 for the PCP panels produced with poplar, alder and pine in the natural drying, respectively. In the technical drying, these values were found to be 15, 14 and 11-13 kg/m3, respectively. Technical drying showed much better thermal performance than natural drying while poplar indicated the best performance among the wood species.
本研究的目的是利用人工神经网络(ANN)预测用废聚苯乙烯(EPS)代替甲醛基胶粘剂生产的刨花板的最佳绝缘性能的最佳密度。为此，利用五种不同密度的废EPS颗粒生产复合刨花板。本研究中使用的实验dana来自于之前的研究。山毛榉、杨树、桤木、松木和云杉的木屑，其中一半在干燥箱中干燥，另一半在室温下自然调理，然后制作18mm厚的三层复合刨花板。面板的导热系数根据ASTM C 518测定。通过将实验数据与人工神经网络分析得到的预测值进行统计和图形比较，确定性能最佳、偏差可接受的预测模型。然后，利用该预测模型，对未经过实验测试的中间EPS密度进行了导热系数估算。根据分析结果，山毛榉和云杉聚苯乙烯复合刨花板(PCP)板的隔热性能随着使用密度为30 kg/m3的废EPS泡沫而提高。以杨木、桤木和松木为原料的PCP板，在自然干燥条件下，密度分别为18、13和22 kg/m3的EPS废泡沫的导热系数最低。在技术干燥中，这些值分别为15、14和11-13 kg/m3。技术干燥的热工性能明显优于自然干燥，其中杨木的热工性能最好。
{"title":"Prediction of Optimum Expanded Polystyrene Densities for Best Thermal Insulation Performances of Polystyrene Composite Particleboards by Using Artificial Neural Network","authors":"H. Ozturk, Aydin Demir, Cenk Demirkir","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2022.2119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2022.2119","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to predict the optimum expanded polystyrene (EPS) densities for the best insulation properties of the particleboards manufactured with waste EPS instead of formaldehyde-based adhesives used in particleboard production with artificial neural network (ANN). For this purpose, the waste EPS particles of five different densities were used in the production of composite particleboards. The experimental dana used in the study were obtained from the previous study. Half of the beech, poplar, alder, pine and spruce chips were dried in a drying oven and the other half were naturally conditioned at room temperature, and then 18 mm thick three-layer composite particleboards were produced. The thermal conductivity of panels was determined according to ASTM C 518. The prediction model with the best performance and acceptable deviations was determined by using statistical and graphical comparisons between the experimental data and the prediction values obtained as a result of ANN analysis. Then, using this prediction model, the thermal conductivity coefficient values were estimated for the intermediate EPS densities that were not experimentally tested. According to the analysis findings, the thermal insulation performance for both beech and spruce polystyrene composite particleboards (PCP) panels increased with using of waste EPS foams with a density of 30 kg/m3. The lowest thermal conductivity values were obtained from the EPS waste foams with the density of 18, 13 and 22 kg/m3 for the PCP panels produced with poplar, alder and pine in the natural drying, respectively. In the technical drying, these values were found to be 15, 14 and 11-13 kg/m3, respectively. Technical drying showed much better thermal performance than natural drying while poplar indicated the best performance among the wood species.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42273546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2022.2115
I. Bektas
One of the most important indicators for using wooden materials as a building material is safety stress (SS). Site index is also an essential criterion for construction materials. This research was planned with the aim to reveal the relationship between safety stress and site index classes (I, II, III) of red pine wood, which is an important tree species of Turkey and the Mediterranean basin. Also, the safety coefficient was calculated. The safety stress tests for compression, bending, and tensile, tensile perpendicular to fibers, cleavage, and shearing strengths were calculated as 9.2, 9.7, 8.9, 0.35, 0.10, and 1.4 N/mm2, respectively. The statistical analyses indicated that the site index difference had a significant effect on the safety stress in red pine wood as mentioned above. Again, the safety coefficient was calculated as 5.27 for red pine wood. In addition, it was determined that the safety stress values of red pine wood provided the desired lower limit values according to the standard (TS 647 and EN 1995-1-1), excluding class I. As a result of the regression and correlation analyses, the presence of a moderately increasing linear relationship (R2 values equal to 0.41-0.68) was found between the density and safety stress values for all site indexes.
{"title":"Safety Stresses of Red Pine Wood According to Site Index Grade","authors":"I. Bektas","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2022.2115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2022.2115","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important indicators for using wooden materials as a building material is safety stress (SS). Site index is also an essential criterion for construction materials. This research was planned with the aim to reveal the relationship between safety stress and site index classes (I, II, III) of red pine wood, which is an important tree species of Turkey and the Mediterranean basin. Also, the safety coefficient was calculated. The safety stress tests for compression, bending, and tensile, tensile perpendicular to fibers, cleavage, and shearing strengths were calculated as 9.2, 9.7, 8.9, 0.35, 0.10, and 1.4 N/mm2, respectively. The statistical analyses indicated that the site index difference had a significant effect on the safety stress in red pine wood as mentioned above. Again, the safety coefficient was calculated as 5.27 for red pine wood. In addition, it was determined that the safety stress values of red pine wood provided the desired lower limit values according to the standard (TS 647 and EN 1995-1-1), excluding class I. As a result of the regression and correlation analyses, the presence of a moderately increasing linear relationship (R2 values equal to 0.41-0.68) was found between the density and safety stress values for all site indexes.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48833967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2022.2135
Arif Caglar Konukcu
The aim of this study was to determine the fracture behavior of southern yellow pine (Pinus taeda L.) and red oak (Quercus falcata) wood under mode I loading in the tangential-radial and tangential-longitudinal crack propagation systems by a compact tension test method. The results of the study indicated that, in general, red oak had a significantly different fracture behavior than southern yellow pine for each of the two crack propagation systems. The fracture toughness was higher in the tangential-radial crack propagation system than that in the tangential-longitudinal crack system, but there was no significant difference between the two crack propagation systems for southern yellow pine. The specific fracture energy of the tangential-longitudinal crack propagation system for both wood species was significantly lower than that of the tangential-radial crack propagation system. It means that more energy per unit area for the tangential-radial crack propagation system was needed to separate a wood sample into two halves. The difference in the fracture behavior of wood by the crack propagation system can be explained by the structural features of the tested samples since the crack propagation of the tangentialradial system crosses the annual ring and wood fibers can bridge the crack surface.
{"title":"Fracture Behavior of Wood Under Mode I Loading in Tangential Direction","authors":"Arif Caglar Konukcu","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2022.2135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2022.2135","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the fracture behavior of southern yellow pine (Pinus taeda L.) and red oak (Quercus falcata) wood under mode I loading in the tangential-radial and tangential-longitudinal crack propagation systems by a compact tension test method. The results of the study indicated that, in general, red oak had a significantly different fracture behavior than southern yellow pine for each of the two crack propagation systems. The fracture toughness was higher in the tangential-radial crack propagation system than that in the tangential-longitudinal crack system, but there was no significant difference between the two crack propagation systems for southern yellow pine. The specific fracture energy of the tangential-longitudinal crack propagation system for both wood species was significantly lower than that of the tangential-radial crack propagation system. It means that more energy per unit area for the tangential-radial crack propagation system was needed to separate a wood sample into two halves. The difference in the fracture behavior of wood by the crack propagation system can be explained by the structural features of the tested samples since the crack propagation of the tangentialradial system crosses the annual ring and wood fibers can bridge the crack surface.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47851249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2022.2114
M. Karamanoğlu, Önder Tor
This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of screw driving torques in heat-treated Anatolian black pine and sessile oak wood. The wood samples were subjected to heat under atmospheric pressure at three different temperatures (130, 180 and 230 °C) and two different exposure time levels (2 and 8 h). Screw driving torques of seating and stripping torque (SET and STT) was performed on all samples. The process of screw driving had two main torques, one of which was the seating torque defined as the torque required to clamp parts and the other one was the stripping torque defined as the maximum torque right before the screw strips in the material and the torque drops suddenly because of the formed screw threads being stripped in wood material. Results show that, in both wood species, the SET and STT values decreased due to the increase in heat treatment temperature and exposure time compared to the control groups.
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Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.5552/drvind.2022.2127
A. Gençer, M. Akyüz, F. Yurdakurban, D. Aydemir
The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of lignin obtained from black liquors of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) woods cooked by Kraft method. In the study, the cooking process was carried out according to parameters such as: 1/4 of wood/liquor ratio, cooking temperature at (170±2) °C, and cooking time of 90 min. After the cooking process, the black liquor was taken to a beaker from the digester, and lignin was recovered in different ways from the black liquor with methyl alcohol (MeOH) and ethyl alcohol (EtOH). The material properties of the recovered lignin were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Commercial lignin (cml-lignin) was used to compare the properties of lignin obtained from black liquor. SEM images showed that the particle sizes of lignin obtained with EtOH and MeOH were similar. In FT-IR, it was detected that the recovered lignin types have similar functional groups, while some differences were observed in intensities of the peaks. XRD results revealed that all lignin types were found to have a similar structure with the cml-lignin, and that alcohol types used during the recovery process of lignin do not have an important effect on the structural properties of lignin. The TGA results indicated that the thermal stability of recovered lignin has better thermal stability than cml-lignin. The results showed that the recovered lignin was similar to commercial lignin and that it can be recovered from the liquor leftover from Kraft pulping by the method described and used in industry.
{"title":"Characterization and Separation of Lignin from Kraft Black Liquor with Different Alcohols","authors":"A. Gençer, M. Akyüz, F. Yurdakurban, D. Aydemir","doi":"10.5552/drvind.2022.2127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2022.2127","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of lignin obtained from black liquors of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) woods cooked by Kraft method. In the study, the cooking process was carried out according to parameters such as: 1/4 of wood/liquor ratio, cooking temperature at (170±2) °C, and cooking time of 90 min. After the cooking process, the black liquor was taken to a beaker from the digester, and lignin was recovered in different ways from the black liquor with methyl alcohol (MeOH) and ethyl alcohol (EtOH). The material properties of the recovered lignin were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Commercial lignin (cml-lignin) was used to compare the properties of lignin obtained from black liquor. SEM images showed that the particle sizes of lignin obtained with EtOH and MeOH were similar. In FT-IR, it was detected that the recovered lignin types have similar functional groups, while some differences were observed in intensities of the peaks. XRD results revealed that all lignin types were found to have a similar structure with the cml-lignin, and that alcohol types used during the recovery process of lignin do not have an important effect on the structural properties of lignin. The TGA results indicated that the thermal stability of recovered lignin has better thermal stability than cml-lignin. The results showed that the recovered lignin was similar to commercial lignin and that it can be recovered from the liquor leftover from Kraft pulping by the method described and used in industry.","PeriodicalId":11427,"journal":{"name":"Drvna Industrija","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49460771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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