Eating behaviors最新文献

Emerging research suggests that modifying the presentation context of healthy food items can subtly ‘nudge’ individuals to make healthier choices. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of spatial separation between high and low nutritional value items on food and drink choices from an online fast-food menu. Participants (N = 210 women) were presented with one of three pictorial menus in which high nutritional value food and drink items were presented spatially mixed, grouped, or separate from low nutritional value items. Participants were asked to make one selection from each menu category (a main, drink, and dessert), and then completed a measure of dietary restraint. Overall, there was no main effect of menu condition. However, dietary restraint status moderated the effect of menu condition on healthy choices. In particular, women who scored low (but not those who scored high) on dietary restraint were positively influenced by the experimental manipulation, making approximately 14 % healthier selections when high nutritional value items were presented separately from low nutritional value items. This was principally the case for desserts, and to a lesser extent drinks. The findings have practical implications for the design of online fast-food menus to promote healthier food and drink selections.

Purpose

Intuitive Eating (IE) is an approach to eating characterised by attunement to intrinsic cues, and using those cues to guide behaviours related to food and eating. Tylka and Kroon Van Diest's (2008) Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2) is well-validated in adults, but not yet among early adolescents. The current study was designed to adapt and validate a version suited for use in early adolescence (IES-2-EA).

Methods

Data collected from two independent samples of adolescents aged 11 to 13 (N = 471) were structurally examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), with a subsequent confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm hypothesised model fit. Relationships between scores on the IES-2-EA and validated measures of actual-ideal body size discrepancy, body appreciation, interoceptive awareness, and psychological distress were also examined.

Results

The adapted 17-item IES-2-EA had a three-factor structure with several key differences from the original version developed for adults. Moderate-to-strong correlations were found between scores on the IES-2-EA, body appreciation, interoceptive awareness, actual-ideal body size discrepancy, and psychological distress in the first sample of adolescents (n = 245). Secondary CFA showed good model fit in the second sample of adolescents (n = 226).

Conclusion

The IES-2-EA is well-suited to measure intuitive eating behaviour among early adolescents. The 17 items reflect a three-component structure similar to that seen in adults completing the IES-2. These early data suggest the adapted IES-2-EA has evidence of reliability and validity; it may be an effective measure for research and clinical use.

Objective

Weight discrimination, defined as mistreatment of people based on body weight, is associated with body image concerns and eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Military veterans are particularly vulnerable to developing ED symptoms, which may be due to experiences of weight discrimination resulting from the military's strict weight and fitness requirements. However, no previous study has examined these associations among veterans. We investigated relationships between weight discrimination during and after military service and shape/weight concerns and ED symptoms in post-9/11 veterans. Based on evidence for gender differences in weight discrimination, body image, and ED symptoms, we also examined whether gender moderated these associations.

Method

Participants were randomly selected from the population of post-9/11 U.S. veterans who had been discharged from the military within the previous 18 months. A total of 1494 veterans completed the Everyday Discrimination Scale, Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire, and the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale-5.

Result

Women were more likely to report weight discrimination and had higher levels of ED symptoms and shape/weight concerns than men. Weight discrimination in and after leaving the military were positively associated with shape/weight concerns and ED symptoms in the full sample and among men and women. Gender moderated the association between weight discrimination after leaving the military and shape/weight concerns such that the association was stronger among men.

Discussion

Both male and female veterans may be vulnerable to developing ED symptoms, in part due to weight discrimination experienced during and after military service. Our findings emphasize the need to address weight discrimination and its consequences in veterans.

Background

College food environments provide wide access to hyper-palatable foods (HPF). Palatable eating motives and craving are individual factors that may impact HPF intake. Nevertheless, no study to date has examined the relationship between these factors and frequency of HPF intake in a dormitory all-you-can-eat-style cafeteria meal, a typical college food setting.

Methods

College students (N = 218) self-reported frequency of HPF intake at a college cafeteria meal and their frequency of HPF intake in the overall diet. Quasipoisson and logistic regression models tested whether palatable eating motives (assessed via the Palatable Eating Motives Scale) and craving (assessed via the Food Craving Inventory) were associated with the rate of HPF intake during the cafeteria meal and excess frequency of HPF intake in the overall diet.

Results

Craving was associated with a 19% higher rate of HPF intake during the cafeteria meal (RR = 1.19; p = .015) and a >2-fold higher likelihood of excess frequency of HPF intake the overall diet (OR = 2.69; p < .001). Coping motive was associated with an 87% higher likelihood of excess frequency of HPF intake in the overall diet (OR = 1.87; p = .002), but not in the cafeteria meal. Reward enhancement, social and conformity motives were not significantly associated with the frequency of HPF intake in either setting.

Conclusions

Results highlight the role of craving and coping motive in the frequency of HPF intake among college students. Prevention efforts may consider targeting craving and eating to cope to potentially address frequency of HPF intake among college students.

To date, psychosocial and interpersonal protective factors such as family connectedness have received little attention in studies of eating behaviors among sexual minority Asian Americans. Therefore, we investigated associations of family connectedness and two types of eating behavior regulation motives and the moderating role of individualism in these associations among 134 sexual minority Asian American young adults. Linear regression models assessed the main and interaction effects of family connectedness and individualism on introjected and identified eating behavior regulation motives. We observed a significant interaction effect between family connectedness and individualism only on introjected regulation. For participants with low levels of individualism, those who reported high levels of family connectedness had lower scores for introjected regulation of eating behavior. The findings of this study highlight the importance of examining strengths related to sexual minority Asian Americans by demonstrating the important role family connectedness plays in eating behavior regulation motives, particularly for those with lower individualism.

Fitspiration, or imagery of thin muscular individuals that displays their physiques while posing or exercising, is a popular type of content on Instagram which ostensibly exists to encourage individuals to engage in a healthy lifestyle. A subtype of fitspiration imagery, “transformation” imagery, depicts physical changes following a “lifestyle change” involving diet and exercise. Despite its intentions, fitspiration imagery largely promotes one idealized body type (the fit ideal) and can be accompanied by messages encouraging restrained eating. Viewing fitspiration imagery has been associated with body dissatisfaction and appearance comparison in women, but the impact of transformation imagery specifically on women's body image has not yet been studied, nor has the impact of the broader fitspiration category and the transformation subtype on women's body image been compared. The current study aimed to clarify the relations between fitspiration and transformation imagery, appearance comparison, and body satisfaction using an experimental design. Female participants (N = 161) completed a measure of body satisfaction and then were randomly assigned to view one of three types of images: fit ideal only, body transformation, or travel (control). Participants then completed measures of appearance comparison and body satisfaction. Viewing fit ideal only and body transformation imagery was associated with lower body satisfaction and higher appearance comparison. The relation between image type and changes in body satisfaction was mediated by appearance comparison. Findings suggest that individuals may benefit from limiting exposure to fit ideal and body transformation imagery, particularly if they are vulnerable to engaging in appearance comparison.

The effects of photo-based platforms on body image concerns are well documented, yet it is unknown whether these effects replicate across video-based platforms such as TikTok. Thus, this experimental study aimed to examine the relationship between video-based platform use and body image. Women aged 18 to 21 (n = 421) were randomly assigned to watch two brief, consecutive TikTok videos in one of three conditions: (1) diet culture, (2) anti-diet, (3) neutral. Participants allocated to the anti-diet condition reported greater increases in weight and shape satisfaction as compared to the diet culture condition, and greater increases in state body appreciation and state intuitive eating as compared to the neutral condition. In addition, those allocated to the diet culture condition reported greater increases in restriction and urges to exercise, and smaller gains in positive mood, as compared to those in the neutral condition. Social media related rumination and thin-ideal internalization potentiated these effects.

Background

Several studies have reported the beneficial role of social support on adolescent health. However, few studies have explored the role of peer support on the cycle of weight teasing, psychological distress, and disordered eating.

Methods

A total of 689 adolescents aged between 13 and 16 years recruited from 37 classes in three middle schools in New Taipei City from March to June 2019 were included for analysis. Path analysis was performed using Hayes' PROCESS module.

Results

The study found that weight teasing is directly and indirectly associated with disordered eating through psychological distress. Peer support plays a role in moderating the relationship between weight teasing and psychological distress; however, it is not significantly associated with decreased risk of disordered eating among adolescents experiencing weight teasing.

Conclusion

While peer support can be used against the adverse effects of weight teasing, it is not the absolute solution, and additional interventions are warranted.

Objective

We sought to (1) compare self-concept clarity (SCC; the degree to which a person possesses a confidently defined, internally consistent, and stable sense of self) between female participants with and without eating disorders, (2) examine associations between SCC deficits and severity of eating disorder specific and related psychopathology in individuals with eating disorders, and (3) determine if there is a unique association between SCC deficits and eating disorder severity, controlling for related psychopathology.

Method

Participants (M age = 23.16 years) with eating disorders (n = 121) and controls (n = 63) completed semi-structured clinical interviews and self-report assessments.

Results

SCC deficits were significantly greater in the eating disorder compared to the control group. In the eating disorder group, greater SCC deficits were significantly associated with greater severity of eating pathology, depression, impulsivity, and trait anxiety. In a hierarchical regression analysis, significant associations between SCC deficits and Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) Global scores were better accounted for by shared variance with anxiety.

Discussion

SCC deficits may reflect a transdiagnostic feature related to the severity of a range of mental health problems, suggesting potential benefit of transdiagnostic interventions.

There are many common stereotypes related to food consumption and eating behaviors that are considered indicative of one's personal character. Negative evaluations of an individual based on their eating behaviors may lead to stigmatization and other harmful psychosocial outcomes. Using vignette scenarios, we examined 582 participants' attitudes towards two target characters who exhibited bitter food dislike and high reward-based eating drive respectively. In open-ended text responses, participants were more likely to respond negatively and use stigmatizing language when describing the character with high reward-based eating drive versus the character with bitter food dislike. In addition, empathic responses depended on whether participants believed they, themselves, exhibited reward-based eating drive. Participants tended to be more empathetic and more positive towards the target who shared their own reward-based eating behaviors. Interestingly, the same was not true for those who shared bitter food distaste. These results suggest that eating behaviors that are perceived as more controllable and unusual may be more negatively perceived. Targeted education or support to reduce negative attitudes about such traits may be beneficial.