Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1186/s41938-023-00746-4
Anik Majumdar
Abstract Biological control is a sustainable and ecologically effective method for bringing down pest population to an acceptable level. Implementing microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) to manage plant diseases necessitates the use of environmentally friendly practices that can increase global food production and guarantee the safety of food supply. Recent advancements in biotechnology have made it easier to find and characterize new beneficial microbes as well as to identify their genetic byproducts. These findings have made it possible to clone these microbes in plants in an effort to strengthen their resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The technological improvements have strengthened the symbiotic interaction between microbes and plants while also enabling the modification of the processes through which MBCAs exert their effects, ultimately enhancing their potential in managing plant diseases. The genome sequencing of MBCAs has yielded useful information about their genomes, which has helped to characterize them for efficiently. This article offers a thorough summary of the already existing and recent molecular advances used to increase the efficiency of MBCAs for managing plant diseases as well as to understand their biocontrol mechanisms through various omics technologies. These approaches are important for assuring food security and increasing agricultural outputs by minimizing yield loss due to plant diseases.
{"title":"Molecular techniques for the improvement of microbial biocontrol agents against plant pathogens","authors":"Anik Majumdar","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00746-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00746-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biological control is a sustainable and ecologically effective method for bringing down pest population to an acceptable level. Implementing microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) to manage plant diseases necessitates the use of environmentally friendly practices that can increase global food production and guarantee the safety of food supply. Recent advancements in biotechnology have made it easier to find and characterize new beneficial microbes as well as to identify their genetic byproducts. These findings have made it possible to clone these microbes in plants in an effort to strengthen their resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The technological improvements have strengthened the symbiotic interaction between microbes and plants while also enabling the modification of the processes through which MBCAs exert their effects, ultimately enhancing their potential in managing plant diseases. The genome sequencing of MBCAs has yielded useful information about their genomes, which has helped to characterize them for efficiently. This article offers a thorough summary of the already existing and recent molecular advances used to increase the efficiency of MBCAs for managing plant diseases as well as to understand their biocontrol mechanisms through various omics technologies. These approaches are important for assuring food security and increasing agricultural outputs by minimizing yield loss due to plant diseases.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136014399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1186/s41938-023-00747-3
Waleed Khalid Ahmed, Hutaf A. A. Alsalim, Ashwaq Talip Mohammed, Hiba Mohammed Youssef
Abstract Background The sunflower plants are attacked by serious seed and soil-borne pathogens including charcoal rot disease that caused by Macrophomina phaseolina . This disease has serious damages to sunflower crop. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus against charcoal rot disease as fungicide alternative. Results Morphological and molecular identification was done, using universal primers for molecular identification. Finally, a greenhouse experiment was conducted, and the length and weight of the plant shoot and root as well as disease incidence and severity percentages were estimated for the treatments infected with the M. phaseolina pathogen. The results showed that molecular identification indicates their subordination to Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Funneliformis mosseae . The greenhouse experiment showed that combined inoculation treatments ( C. etunicatum + F. mosseae and C. etunicatum + F. mosseae + M.phaseolina ) had the highest averages of length and weight of the plant shoot and root in the non-infected and pathogen-infected ( M. phaseolina ) treatments. F. mosseae and F. mosseae + M.phaseolina treatments had better effects on plant growth. M. phaseolina pathogen had suppression effects than the C. etunicatum inoculum ( C. etunicatum and C. etunicatum + M. phaseolina treatments). The disease incidence and severity percentages decreased significantly in the inoculated plants than in non-inoculated plants. F. mosseae inoculum showed more efficiency in reducing DI and DS than C. etunicatum inoculum, while adding both, resulting in an extra significant reduction. The combined inoculation, which functions as a biofungicide and a biofertilizer, presented a viable biocontrol technique for crop protection. Conclusions Such the AM fungi treatments are considered good and biological safe. The symbiotic relationship of AM fungi with plants can also be utilized to gain successful management of agricultural against soil-borne diseases for getting rid of the negative effects of pesticides.
{"title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of some mycorrhizal fungi isolates against charcoal rot disease","authors":"Waleed Khalid Ahmed, Hutaf A. A. Alsalim, Ashwaq Talip Mohammed, Hiba Mohammed Youssef","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00747-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00747-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background The sunflower plants are attacked by serious seed and soil-borne pathogens including charcoal rot disease that caused by Macrophomina phaseolina . This disease has serious damages to sunflower crop. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus against charcoal rot disease as fungicide alternative. Results Morphological and molecular identification was done, using universal primers for molecular identification. Finally, a greenhouse experiment was conducted, and the length and weight of the plant shoot and root as well as disease incidence and severity percentages were estimated for the treatments infected with the M. phaseolina pathogen. The results showed that molecular identification indicates their subordination to Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Funneliformis mosseae . The greenhouse experiment showed that combined inoculation treatments ( C. etunicatum + F. mosseae and C. etunicatum + F. mosseae + M.phaseolina ) had the highest averages of length and weight of the plant shoot and root in the non-infected and pathogen-infected ( M. phaseolina ) treatments. F. mosseae and F. mosseae + M.phaseolina treatments had better effects on plant growth. M. phaseolina pathogen had suppression effects than the C. etunicatum inoculum ( C. etunicatum and C. etunicatum + M. phaseolina treatments). The disease incidence and severity percentages decreased significantly in the inoculated plants than in non-inoculated plants. F. mosseae inoculum showed more efficiency in reducing DI and DS than C. etunicatum inoculum, while adding both, resulting in an extra significant reduction. The combined inoculation, which functions as a biofungicide and a biofertilizer, presented a viable biocontrol technique for crop protection. Conclusions Such the AM fungi treatments are considered good and biological safe. The symbiotic relationship of AM fungi with plants can also be utilized to gain successful management of agricultural against soil-borne diseases for getting rid of the negative effects of pesticides.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135968146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Agriculture is the backbone of developing countries, which plays an essential role in primary drivers of economy. The increasing use of chemical fertilizers and toxic insecticides endangers the health of human, plant soils, and the environment. Microbial insecticides have been implemented in current scenario for crop protection. Biological agents for pest control have gained more attention in recent year as substitutes for management of pests and pathogens. It provides a sustainable approach to plant health management and assists to minimize the excessive applications of toxic substances. The antagonistic microbes belong to six different phyla including Bacillota, Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota and Mucoromycota. Microbial pesticides have been developed through a number of processes, including extraction of pure culture and screening using effectiveness bioassays under controlled and natural conditions. Biological control agents (BCAs) are recognized to be the most sophisticated technology for environmentally friendly agriculture. The various beneficial BCAs have been reported for the management of plant health, but they required effective acceptance together with the standardization of bioformulation. The present review deals with the recent development of microbial control agents, mechanisms of actions, development of microbial pesticides and their potential applications for agricultural productivity.
{"title":"Microbial antagonists: diversity, formulation and applications for management of pest–pathogens","authors":"Rajeshwari Negi, Babita Sharma, Simranjeet Kaur, Tanvir Kaur, Sofia Sharief Khan, Sanjeev Kumar, Seema Ramniwas, Sarvesh Rustagi, Sangram Singh, Ashutosh Kumar Rai, Divjot Kour, Neelam Thakur, Ajar Nath Yadav","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00748-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00748-2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Agriculture is the backbone of developing countries, which plays an essential role in primary drivers of economy. The increasing use of chemical fertilizers and toxic insecticides endangers the health of human, plant soils, and the environment. Microbial insecticides have been implemented in current scenario for crop protection. Biological agents for pest control have gained more attention in recent year as substitutes for management of pests and pathogens. It provides a sustainable approach to plant health management and assists to minimize the excessive applications of toxic substances. The antagonistic microbes belong to six different phyla including Bacillota, Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota and Mucoromycota. Microbial pesticides have been developed through a number of processes, including extraction of pure culture and screening using effectiveness bioassays under controlled and natural conditions. Biological control agents (BCAs) are recognized to be the most sophisticated technology for environmentally friendly agriculture. The various beneficial BCAs have been reported for the management of plant health, but they required effective acceptance together with the standardization of bioformulation. The present review deals with the recent development of microbial control agents, mechanisms of actions, development of microbial pesticides and their potential applications for agricultural productivity.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135968440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.1186/s41938-023-00749-1
Nanxia Fu, Tiekuang Wang, Qiurong Li, Zongxiu Luo, Zhaoqun Li, Lei Bian, Chunli Xiu, Zongmao Chen, Xiaoming Cai
Abstract Background Tea weevil, Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important insect pest in Chinese tea plantations. The primary method for controlling tea weevils involves the use chemical pesticides. Hence, there is an urgent need for environmentally friendly control strategies. To screen for potential pathogenic strains useful for the biocontrol of tea weevils, a naturally occurring Metarhizium pingshaense strain was isolated from a field-collected infected tea weevil larva for the first time in China. Results Morphological features and molecular characteristics revealed the isolate was an M. pingshaense strain, herein referred to as Ma0628. At 22 °C (tea weevil pupation temperature), the inoculation with M. pingshaense Ma0628 resulted in a corrected cumulative late instar larval mortality rate exceeding 76% at 11 days after the inoculation with the 1 × 10 8 conidia/ml spore suspension using the immersion or soil-mixing method. Accordingly, the median lethal concentrations were 4.49 × 10 3 and 3.76 × 10 2 conidia/ml for the immersion and soil-mixing inoculation methods, respectively. Furthermore, the corrected cumulative adult mortality rate reached 83.33% at 14 days after the inoculation with the 1 × 10 8 conidia/ml spore suspension. Conclusion The study results indicate that M. pingshaense strain Ma0628 is an entomopathogenic fungus pathogenic to tea weevil larvae and adults, suggesting it may be a potentially useful biocontrol agent for preventing M. aurolineatus infestations.
{"title":"Identification and biocontrol potential evaluation of a naturally occurring Metarhizium pingshaense isolate infecting tea weevil Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","authors":"Nanxia Fu, Tiekuang Wang, Qiurong Li, Zongxiu Luo, Zhaoqun Li, Lei Bian, Chunli Xiu, Zongmao Chen, Xiaoming Cai","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00749-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00749-1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Tea weevil, Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important insect pest in Chinese tea plantations. The primary method for controlling tea weevils involves the use chemical pesticides. Hence, there is an urgent need for environmentally friendly control strategies. To screen for potential pathogenic strains useful for the biocontrol of tea weevils, a naturally occurring Metarhizium pingshaense strain was isolated from a field-collected infected tea weevil larva for the first time in China. Results Morphological features and molecular characteristics revealed the isolate was an M. pingshaense strain, herein referred to as Ma0628. At 22 °C (tea weevil pupation temperature), the inoculation with M. pingshaense Ma0628 resulted in a corrected cumulative late instar larval mortality rate exceeding 76% at 11 days after the inoculation with the 1 × 10 8 conidia/ml spore suspension using the immersion or soil-mixing method. Accordingly, the median lethal concentrations were 4.49 × 10 3 and 3.76 × 10 2 conidia/ml for the immersion and soil-mixing inoculation methods, respectively. Furthermore, the corrected cumulative adult mortality rate reached 83.33% at 14 days after the inoculation with the 1 × 10 8 conidia/ml spore suspension. Conclusion The study results indicate that M. pingshaense strain Ma0628 is an entomopathogenic fungus pathogenic to tea weevil larvae and adults, suggesting it may be a potentially useful biocontrol agent for preventing M. aurolineatus infestations.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136208573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.1186/s41938-023-00743-7
J. Karshanal, Vinay Kumari Kalia
Abstract Background Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae is an invasive polyphagous pest that causes severe damage to several agricultural crops. The use of pesticides is limited because of their mode of feeding and resistant development. Hence, the present work aimed to determine the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic bacteria ( Bacillus spp.) against FAW in terms of mortality and growth inhibition. In this study, initially 49 native Bacillus isolates, isolated from diverse habitats in India, along with five reference strains, were screened for their efficacy against neonates of S. frugiperda under controlled laboratory conditions, followed by virulence and combinatorial bioassays. Results Five native Bacillus isolates (VKK1, VKK5, S16C2, S25C1, and SOIL 20) showed mortality in the range of 35.49–65.52% against neonates of S. frugiperda at single concentration (1000 μg g −1 of diet). These five isolates, along with one reference strain Btk -HD1 ( Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki strain HD1), were further tested to find the median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) for neonates of S. frugiperda . Among these, native Bt strain VKK5 showed the lowest LC 50 (718.40 µg/g of diet) and HD1 showed the highest LC 50 (3352 µg/g of diet). Combinatorial bioassay against neonate and third instar larvae showed that the combination of VKK5 and VKK1 had an additive effect. Moreover, growth inhibition was also recorded. Conclusion The combination of Bt strains leads to an enhancement of pathogenicity toward FAW larvae at the initial stage of development, and in later stages, it affects their growth and development. Thus, biocontrol of FAW by entomopathogenic bacteria ( Bt ) can play a vital role in the effective management of FAW.
{"title":"Efficacy of native Bacillus isolates against different larval instars of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda alone and in combination","authors":"J. Karshanal, Vinay Kumari Kalia","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00743-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00743-7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae is an invasive polyphagous pest that causes severe damage to several agricultural crops. The use of pesticides is limited because of their mode of feeding and resistant development. Hence, the present work aimed to determine the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic bacteria ( Bacillus spp.) against FAW in terms of mortality and growth inhibition. In this study, initially 49 native Bacillus isolates, isolated from diverse habitats in India, along with five reference strains, were screened for their efficacy against neonates of S. frugiperda under controlled laboratory conditions, followed by virulence and combinatorial bioassays. Results Five native Bacillus isolates (VKK1, VKK5, S16C2, S25C1, and SOIL 20) showed mortality in the range of 35.49–65.52% against neonates of S. frugiperda at single concentration (1000 μg g −1 of diet). These five isolates, along with one reference strain Btk -HD1 ( Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki strain HD1), were further tested to find the median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) for neonates of S. frugiperda . Among these, native Bt strain VKK5 showed the lowest LC 50 (718.40 µg/g of diet) and HD1 showed the highest LC 50 (3352 µg/g of diet). Combinatorial bioassay against neonate and third instar larvae showed that the combination of VKK5 and VKK1 had an additive effect. Moreover, growth inhibition was also recorded. Conclusion The combination of Bt strains leads to an enhancement of pathogenicity toward FAW larvae at the initial stage of development, and in later stages, it affects their growth and development. Thus, biocontrol of FAW by entomopathogenic bacteria ( Bt ) can play a vital role in the effective management of FAW.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136209205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-03DOI: 10.1186/s41938-023-00745-5
Toga Pangihotan Napitupulu
Abstract Background Fruits are the main important agricultural commodity, but very susceptible in terms of postharvest losses (PHL) due to diseases by microbial pathogens. Recently, there has been increased interest in countermeasure efforts to reduce PHL. As an alternative to chemical pesticides, fungal volatile organic compounds (FVOCs) are potential countermeasures because they are considered more environmentally friendly with less toxicity to human health. Main body FVOCs include wide diverse of organic chemical functional groups, but with low molecular weight (< C20) which possesses sufficient chemical, physical, and biological properties that can be clearly perceived by other organisms through intra- or inter-kingdom interactions, either mutualistic or antagonistic. Based on the antagonistic function, some beneficial FVOCs can be utilized as a biological control agent and biofumigant to combat microbial pathogens in postharvest fruit. Proposed mechanisms of the antagonistic effect of FVOCs toward their cell counterpart include alteration of the morphology of cell wall and cell membrane, influencing intracellular redox balance, elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and also possibly damaging DNA target. All these conditions potentially disrupt cell contents and then lead to cell death. In order to achieve this purpose, the suitable formulation of FVOC-loaded biofumigant is very crucial. Conclusion FVOCs have potential application as biofumigant to control microbial pathogens in postharvest fruits. However, for the development of a product, the formulation of FVOC-loaded biofumigant should consider the compatibility of the formula with fruits, toxicity effect to humans, and cost production to ensure the effectiveness of the formula.
{"title":"Antagonistic fungal volatiles as potential biocontrol countermeasure for microbial postharvest fruit diseases","authors":"Toga Pangihotan Napitupulu","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00745-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00745-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Fruits are the main important agricultural commodity, but very susceptible in terms of postharvest losses (PHL) due to diseases by microbial pathogens. Recently, there has been increased interest in countermeasure efforts to reduce PHL. As an alternative to chemical pesticides, fungal volatile organic compounds (FVOCs) are potential countermeasures because they are considered more environmentally friendly with less toxicity to human health. Main body FVOCs include wide diverse of organic chemical functional groups, but with low molecular weight (< C20) which possesses sufficient chemical, physical, and biological properties that can be clearly perceived by other organisms through intra- or inter-kingdom interactions, either mutualistic or antagonistic. Based on the antagonistic function, some beneficial FVOCs can be utilized as a biological control agent and biofumigant to combat microbial pathogens in postharvest fruit. Proposed mechanisms of the antagonistic effect of FVOCs toward their cell counterpart include alteration of the morphology of cell wall and cell membrane, influencing intracellular redox balance, elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and also possibly damaging DNA target. All these conditions potentially disrupt cell contents and then lead to cell death. In order to achieve this purpose, the suitable formulation of FVOC-loaded biofumigant is very crucial. Conclusion FVOCs have potential application as biofumigant to control microbial pathogens in postharvest fruits. However, for the development of a product, the formulation of FVOC-loaded biofumigant should consider the compatibility of the formula with fruits, toxicity effect to humans, and cost production to ensure the effectiveness of the formula.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135695641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Background The susceptibility of pests and natural enemies to conventional insecticides is a critical element in judging the success of integrated pest management programs implementing biological control as a tactic. In this study, the susceptibility of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was evaluated through field applications during two successive sugar beet seasons. The populations of the coccinellid, chrysopid, and formicid predators were estimated to indicate pesticide risk assessment strategy. The root and sugar yields were compared during the whole experiment to emphasize the impact of both control strategies on the pre-harvest loss in this strategic crop. Results Results indicated that over the course of the two seasons of the investigation, chlorpyrifos significantly reduced the population density of S. littoralis and its associated predators. It showed a detrimental effect on S. littoralis larval population than untreated areas, causing an overall reduction of 97 and 92% during the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. The biopesticide based on entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana caused an overall reduction of S. littoralis , reaching 96 and 65% during the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, B. bassiana slightly affects the population of predators compared to insecticide-free areas, so it was recommended for application in sugar beet fields without providing considerable risk to the associated insect predators. The sugar beetroot production and its sugar content increased significantly in both treatments during the two growing seasons compared to non-treated plots. Conclusion Chlorpyrifos is not recommended for pest control; instead, B. bassiana is considered an effective biopesticide in the Egyptian sugar beet fields infested with S. littoralis as part of an integrated pest management program. Their effect was direct through reducing pest population and indirectly increasing the sugar beetroot production and increasing its total sugar content. Hence, both the sugar beetroot quality and quantity were improved favoring the microbial agent over the chemical insecticide in application for mitigating the chemical hazards toward the associated predators.
{"title":"Evaluation of chlorpyrifos and Beauveria bassiana as a strategy in the Egyptian sugar beet fields: impact on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and its associated predators populations and the sugar beetroot yield","authors":"Yasmin Adel Fergani, Elsayed Abd Elhameed Refaei, Neven Mohamed Faiz, Heba Mohamed Hamama","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00744-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00744-6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background The susceptibility of pests and natural enemies to conventional insecticides is a critical element in judging the success of integrated pest management programs implementing biological control as a tactic. In this study, the susceptibility of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was evaluated through field applications during two successive sugar beet seasons. The populations of the coccinellid, chrysopid, and formicid predators were estimated to indicate pesticide risk assessment strategy. The root and sugar yields were compared during the whole experiment to emphasize the impact of both control strategies on the pre-harvest loss in this strategic crop. Results Results indicated that over the course of the two seasons of the investigation, chlorpyrifos significantly reduced the population density of S. littoralis and its associated predators. It showed a detrimental effect on S. littoralis larval population than untreated areas, causing an overall reduction of 97 and 92% during the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. The biopesticide based on entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana caused an overall reduction of S. littoralis , reaching 96 and 65% during the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, B. bassiana slightly affects the population of predators compared to insecticide-free areas, so it was recommended for application in sugar beet fields without providing considerable risk to the associated insect predators. The sugar beetroot production and its sugar content increased significantly in both treatments during the two growing seasons compared to non-treated plots. Conclusion Chlorpyrifos is not recommended for pest control; instead, B. bassiana is considered an effective biopesticide in the Egyptian sugar beet fields infested with S. littoralis as part of an integrated pest management program. Their effect was direct through reducing pest population and indirectly increasing the sugar beetroot production and increasing its total sugar content. Hence, both the sugar beetroot quality and quantity were improved favoring the microbial agent over the chemical insecticide in application for mitigating the chemical hazards toward the associated predators.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135833787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1186/s41938-023-00742-8
P. Likhitha, D. B. Undirwade, U. S. Kulkarni, A. V. Kolhe, M. P. Moharil
Abstract Background Compared to Bollgard-I, the utilization of Cry2Ab protein in Bollgard-II cotton cultivars enhances insect control. Field and laboratory studies demonstrated reduction in the numbers of bollworm-infested terminals, squares, and bolls in Bollgard-II cotton lines when compared to both Bollgard-I and non-Bollgard cotton cultivars. This indicates that the combination of Cry2Ab with Cry1Ac increased the overall expression of proteins. The expression of Cry protein varied across different plant parts, such as leaves, bracts, squares, and bolls. As the season progresses, the expression of Cry protein decreased in these plant parts. Leaves exhibited the highest levels of Cry protein expression, followed by squares, flowers, and bolls. Variation in the expression levels of delta endotoxins in different plant parts was one of the contributing factors to the survival of pest populations on Bt cotton. Results Using a commercially available QL 96 ELISA plate kit, the concentration of delta endotoxin in various plant parts at different phenological stages was determined in twelve BG-II cotton hybrids, namely Ajeet-155, JKCH-2245, RCH-3863, NCS-866, MRC-7373, JKCH-99, MRC-7387, NCEH-21, ANKR-3324, NCSI-1904, and NCHB 9902. Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab protein levels were determined from samples of flowers and fruiting parts (Rind, locule, seed, locule wall and seed) at 40, 75, 100 and 125 days after sowing (DAS) over two consecutive years 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. Cry1Ac protein content and expression was the highest at 100DAS in locule, seed and rind; followed by rind and locule wall and seed in green bolls at 125 DAS; followed by seed, locule, rind and flowers at 75 DAS; followed by flowers at 40 DAS in all the tested twelve Bollgard-II hybrids. Cry2Ab protein content and expression was the highest at 125DAS in locule wall and seed and rind, followed by seed, locule and rind in green bolls at 100 DAS, followed by seed, locule, rind and flowers at 75 DAS, then by flowers at 40 DAS in all the tested twelve Bollgard-II hybrids. Cry1Ac protein expression was less in comparison with Cry2Ab. Conclusions The research findings indicate that the locule of BG-II cotton plants exhibited the highest expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab proteins, followed by the seeds, rind, locule wall, and flowers. These results provide valuable insights into the distribution of Cry protein expression in different plant parts, which can contribute to a better understanding of insect control in Bt cotton cultivars.
{"title":"Cry toxin expression in different plant parts of Bt cotton at different phenological stages","authors":"P. Likhitha, D. B. Undirwade, U. S. Kulkarni, A. V. Kolhe, M. P. Moharil","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00742-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00742-8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Compared to Bollgard-I, the utilization of Cry2Ab protein in Bollgard-II cotton cultivars enhances insect control. Field and laboratory studies demonstrated reduction in the numbers of bollworm-infested terminals, squares, and bolls in Bollgard-II cotton lines when compared to both Bollgard-I and non-Bollgard cotton cultivars. This indicates that the combination of Cry2Ab with Cry1Ac increased the overall expression of proteins. The expression of Cry protein varied across different plant parts, such as leaves, bracts, squares, and bolls. As the season progresses, the expression of Cry protein decreased in these plant parts. Leaves exhibited the highest levels of Cry protein expression, followed by squares, flowers, and bolls. Variation in the expression levels of delta endotoxins in different plant parts was one of the contributing factors to the survival of pest populations on Bt cotton. Results Using a commercially available QL 96 ELISA plate kit, the concentration of delta endotoxin in various plant parts at different phenological stages was determined in twelve BG-II cotton hybrids, namely Ajeet-155, JKCH-2245, RCH-3863, NCS-866, MRC-7373, JKCH-99, MRC-7387, NCEH-21, ANKR-3324, NCSI-1904, and NCHB 9902. Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab protein levels were determined from samples of flowers and fruiting parts (Rind, locule, seed, locule wall and seed) at 40, 75, 100 and 125 days after sowing (DAS) over two consecutive years 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. Cry1Ac protein content and expression was the highest at 100DAS in locule, seed and rind; followed by rind and locule wall and seed in green bolls at 125 DAS; followed by seed, locule, rind and flowers at 75 DAS; followed by flowers at 40 DAS in all the tested twelve Bollgard-II hybrids. Cry2Ab protein content and expression was the highest at 125DAS in locule wall and seed and rind, followed by seed, locule and rind in green bolls at 100 DAS, followed by seed, locule, rind and flowers at 75 DAS, then by flowers at 40 DAS in all the tested twelve Bollgard-II hybrids. Cry1Ac protein expression was less in comparison with Cry2Ab. Conclusions The research findings indicate that the locule of BG-II cotton plants exhibited the highest expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab proteins, followed by the seeds, rind, locule wall, and flowers. These results provide valuable insights into the distribution of Cry protein expression in different plant parts, which can contribute to a better understanding of insect control in Bt cotton cultivars.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135200135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1186/s41938-023-00740-w
Trung Quang Do, Tri Trong Nguyen, Van Mai Dinh
Abstract Background Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ) is one of the most destructive pathogens responsible for severe yield losses in rice. Application of bacterial biocontrol agent (BCA) with plant growth promotion (PGP) abilities is a promising method that alternates current conventional practices to manage BLB disease and increase crop yield. Hence, this study aimed to isolate and identify BCA with PGP abilities from internal plant tissues and rhizosphere soil of healthy and Xoo -infected rice and evaluate their antagonistic and PGP properties under greenhouse and field conditions. Results A total of 14 bacterial isolates were isolated and presented in vitro antagonistic ability against the Xoo. The rice endophytic bacterium strain Bacillius velezensis ( BTR11) had the highest antagonistic activity against the Xoo , produced indole acetic acid (IAA), and mineralized nutrients (K and P). The greenhouse experiment revealed that culture broth of strain BTR11 had a high protective effect (72.1%) against the BLB when applied at the protective-fighting mode, i.e., before and after the Xoo infection. Preliminary results of the field experiment showed that a protective effect against the bacterial blight disease was obtained as high as 75–85%, if the strain was used as an additive to the soil for the seedlings in combination with spraying when the disease began in the field. In addition, using the strain BTR11 also increased the rice yield to about 12% more than the un-treatment control. Conclusions The study showed a significant potential for the application of endophytic bacteria in controlling BLB disease, while stimulating plant growth, thus reducing the use of agrochemicals in rice cultivation.
{"title":"Application of endophytic bacterium Bacillus velezensis BTR11 to control bacterial leaf blight disease and promote rice growth","authors":"Trung Quang Do, Tri Trong Nguyen, Van Mai Dinh","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00740-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00740-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ) is one of the most destructive pathogens responsible for severe yield losses in rice. Application of bacterial biocontrol agent (BCA) with plant growth promotion (PGP) abilities is a promising method that alternates current conventional practices to manage BLB disease and increase crop yield. Hence, this study aimed to isolate and identify BCA with PGP abilities from internal plant tissues and rhizosphere soil of healthy and Xoo -infected rice and evaluate their antagonistic and PGP properties under greenhouse and field conditions. Results A total of 14 bacterial isolates were isolated and presented in vitro antagonistic ability against the Xoo. The rice endophytic bacterium strain Bacillius velezensis ( BTR11) had the highest antagonistic activity against the Xoo , produced indole acetic acid (IAA), and mineralized nutrients (K and P). The greenhouse experiment revealed that culture broth of strain BTR11 had a high protective effect (72.1%) against the BLB when applied at the protective-fighting mode, i.e., before and after the Xoo infection. Preliminary results of the field experiment showed that a protective effect against the bacterial blight disease was obtained as high as 75–85%, if the strain was used as an additive to the soil for the seedlings in combination with spraying when the disease began in the field. In addition, using the strain BTR11 also increased the rice yield to about 12% more than the un-treatment control. Conclusions The study showed a significant potential for the application of endophytic bacteria in controlling BLB disease, while stimulating plant growth, thus reducing the use of agrochemicals in rice cultivation.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135816903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-23DOI: 10.1186/s41938-023-00741-9
Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Muqadas Qadeer, Muhammad Arshad, Samina Khalid, Usman Saleem, Muhammad Asam Riaz, Amina Mumtaz, Muhammad Rizwan, Samy M. Sayed, Seham Sater Alhelaify, Ohoud Muslat Alharthy, Muntazir Mushtaq
Abstract Background Entomopathogenic fungi are an important biological agent in integrated pest management, playing a critical role in controlling insect populations. In the present study, the sublethal effects of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), were investigated on the biotic potential of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is a major pest of economically important crops. Results Obtained results revealed that exposure to LC 50 concentration of M. anisopliae resulted in a significantly longer larval developmental time (3.25–6.45 days) than the control group (2.42–5.49 days). Similarly, pupal duration was longer in the LC 50 treatment (8.24 days) than in the control (6.91 days). Adult longevity was also significantly reduced in the LC 50 (9.64 days) and LC 30 (10.49 days) treatments compared to the control group (11.7 days). The number of eggs laid by female S. frugiperda exposed to LC 50 value of M. anisopliae during the immature stages was significantly lower (464.79 eggs) than that in the control groups (696.93 eggs). Furthermore, all population and age-stage-specific parameters were significantly affected by the sublethal exposure to M. anisopliae at LC 30 and LC 50 values. Conclusion These results suggest that sublethal exposure to M. anisopliae negatively impacts the life table parameters of S. frugiperda . However, the use of M. anisopliae at sublethal levels may have potential benefits for integrated pest management strategies seeking to reduce the use of chemicals.
{"title":"Insights into sublethal effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on the biotic potentials of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize","authors":"Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Muqadas Qadeer, Muhammad Arshad, Samina Khalid, Usman Saleem, Muhammad Asam Riaz, Amina Mumtaz, Muhammad Rizwan, Samy M. Sayed, Seham Sater Alhelaify, Ohoud Muslat Alharthy, Muntazir Mushtaq","doi":"10.1186/s41938-023-00741-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00741-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Entomopathogenic fungi are an important biological agent in integrated pest management, playing a critical role in controlling insect populations. In the present study, the sublethal effects of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), were investigated on the biotic potential of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is a major pest of economically important crops. Results Obtained results revealed that exposure to LC 50 concentration of M. anisopliae resulted in a significantly longer larval developmental time (3.25–6.45 days) than the control group (2.42–5.49 days). Similarly, pupal duration was longer in the LC 50 treatment (8.24 days) than in the control (6.91 days). Adult longevity was also significantly reduced in the LC 50 (9.64 days) and LC 30 (10.49 days) treatments compared to the control group (11.7 days). The number of eggs laid by female S. frugiperda exposed to LC 50 value of M. anisopliae during the immature stages was significantly lower (464.79 eggs) than that in the control groups (696.93 eggs). Furthermore, all population and age-stage-specific parameters were significantly affected by the sublethal exposure to M. anisopliae at LC 30 and LC 50 values. Conclusion These results suggest that sublethal exposure to M. anisopliae negatively impacts the life table parameters of S. frugiperda . However, the use of M. anisopliae at sublethal levels may have potential benefits for integrated pest management strategies seeking to reduce the use of chemicals.","PeriodicalId":11514,"journal":{"name":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135959884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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