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To the 100th anniversary of Irina Antonova 为伊琳娜·安东诺娃诞辰100周年干杯
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu27.2022.109
Irina V. Bakanova
Pushkin Museum was often ahead of its time, laying the groundwork for major changes. For example, with the opening of the Museum of Private Collections as part of the State Museum of Fine Arts, the rehabilitation of private collecting in the country took place. The December Nights festival created by Irina Antonova in collaboration with the brilliant pianist Svyatoslav Richter in 1981 became a matrix of art festivals that took place in various museums of the country during the following decades. The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts was charged with promoting Western art in the USSR, of which it brilliantly took the advantage when started displaying works by Picasso, Matisse, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, masterpieces of drawing from the Albertina Museum in Vienna, Western European and American paintings from American museums and others famous exhibitions. This is the visible part of Irina Antonova’s dynamic activity. She approached academic work no less thoroughly, as well as the organization of study and cataloguing of the collection of the State Museum of Fine Arts. And, of course, much credit must go to Irina Antonova for preparing the program for the development and reconstruction of the Pushkin Museum, which has been repeatedly revised and is being finalized before our very eyes under the direction of Marina Loshak.
普希金博物馆经常走在时代的前面,为重大变革奠定了基础。例如,随着作为国家美术博物馆一部分的私人收藏博物馆的开放,在该国恢复了私人收藏。1981年,伊琳娜·安东诺娃与杰出的钢琴家斯维亚托斯拉夫·里希特(Svyatoslav Richter)合作举办了“十二月之夜”艺术节,在接下来的几十年里,它成为了在俄罗斯各个博物馆举办的艺术节的典范。普希金国家美术博物馆负责在苏联推广西方艺术,它出色地利用了这一优势,开始展出毕加索、马蒂斯、达芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》的作品,维也纳阿尔贝蒂娜博物馆的绘画杰作,美国博物馆的西欧和美国绘画以及其他著名展览。这是Irina Antonova动态活动的可见部分。她对待学术工作的态度也毫不逊色,对国家美术博物馆藏品的研究组织和编目也是如此。当然,很大程度上要归功于伊琳娜·安东诺娃,她为普希金博物馆的发展和重建计划做了准备,在玛丽娜·洛沙克的指导下,这个计划经过多次修改,正在我们眼前完成。
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引用次数: 0
Visual image of the Mongols in the Battle of Legnica in visual monuments of the 14th–15th centuries 14 - 15世纪视觉纪念碑中列格尼察战役中蒙古人的视觉形象
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu27.2021.206
E. A. Shishka
The Western campaign of the Mongols in Eastern and Central Europe in 1236–1242, led by Batu and the military commander Subedei, has long been imprinted in the memory of contemporaries and descendants. The central place in the historical literary and visual monuments of the Late Middle Ages was occupied by the Battle of Legnica — a battle between the Polish-German army and the Mongols on April 9, 1241. This article examines the image of the Mongols in book min-iatures of the Shlakenwerter Codex, presented in the Getty Museum (USA), on an altar painting created in the 30–40s. The 15th century is currently in the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw and in the images of the Freytag Codex, stored in the collections of the library of the University of Wroclaw (Poland). The author notes the preserved interest of Europeans in the Gentiles and in the events of the past centuries. The corpus of ethnic markers used by European artists to designate “strangers” is highlighted. Also, an association is made between the creation of images with Mongols in regard to the invasions of Tatar and Hussite troops in Silesia in the 14th–15th centuries and the struggle with the Moors on the Iberian Peninsula as well as the need to consolidate Christian society in the fight against the enemies of the Catholic Church.
1236年至1242年,蒙古人在东欧和中欧的西部战役,由拔图和军事指挥官苏别代伊领导,长期以来一直铭刻在同时代人和后代的记忆中。列格尼卡战役(Battle of Legnica)占据了中世纪晚期历史文学和视觉古迹的中心位置——1241年4月9日,波兰-德国军队与蒙古人之间的一场战役。本文考察了在盖蒂博物馆(美国)展出的Shlakenwerter手抄本的书籍小图中蒙古人的形象,这是一幅创作于30 - 40年代的祭坛画。15世纪的作品目前在华沙国家博物馆收藏,在弗罗茨瓦夫大学图书馆收藏的弗莱塔格抄本图像中保存。作者注意到欧洲人对外邦人和过去几个世纪的事件保持着浓厚的兴趣。欧洲艺术家用来称呼“陌生人”的种族标记的语料库被突出显示。此外,还将14 - 15世纪在西里西亚的鞑靼和胡斯军队的入侵与伊比利亚半岛上与摩尔人的斗争以及在与天主教会的敌人的斗争中巩固基督教社会的需要与蒙古人的形象创作联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
The Dunhuang and Yulin cave museum complexes 敦煌和玉林洞穴博物馆群
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu27.2021.212
Y. Elikhina
The article examines the caves of Dunhuang and Yulin — world famous Buddhist complexes. The tradition of cave temples with wall paintings and sculpture came from India. The Dunhuang and Yulin caves were decorated in this manner. The highest peak in the development of Dunhuang art falls on the period of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), it was at this time that numerous murals appeared depicting the Pure Land of Buddha Amitabha, the Lord of the West, where the souls of the righteous dwell, the Pure Land of Buddha of healing Bhaishajyaguru and other subjects. The main source for the creation of works of art in Dunhuang was Chinese Buddhism, which was formed under the influence of local cults and beliefs and was reflected in the sutras. A certain influence on the painting of Dunhuang was exerted by the art of the cave complexes of the Great Silk Road, and later by the artistic and iconographic traditions of the Tanguts and Mongols. The findings from Dunhuang in the collection of the State Hermitage Museum includes three hundred items. In 1914–1915, the Second Russian Turkestan Expedition under the leadership of academician S. F. Oldenburg worked there and brought these artifacts back. In addition, the expedition acquired a large number of manuscripts in Sanskrit, Chinese, Uyghur, Sogdian, Tibetan and Tangut. Currently, these priceless monuments are kept at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St. Petersburg. The Dunhuang and Yulin cave complexes are a monument of world culture in terms of their size, quantity and quality of paintings, as well as in the variety of subjects, which constitute an encyclopedia of Buddhism in pictorial and sculptural images.
本文考察了世界著名的佛教建筑群敦煌和玉林的石窟。洞穴寺庙的壁画和雕塑传统来自印度。敦煌和玉林石窟就是用这种方式装饰的。敦煌艺术发展的最高峰出现在唐代(618-907年),在这个时期出现了许多壁画,描绘了西方的主阿弥陀佛净土,那里是正义的灵魂居住,佛陀净土治疗bhahajyaguru和其他主题。敦煌艺术作品创作的主要来源是中国佛教,它是在当地邪教信仰的影响下形成的,并体现在佛经中。丝绸之路大窟群的艺术对敦煌绘画产生了一定的影响,后来又受到唐古特人和蒙古人的艺术和肖像传统的影响。国家冬宫博物馆收藏的敦煌考古发现包括300件物品。1914-1915年,第二次俄国突厥斯坦考察队在s.f. Oldenburg院士的带领下在那里工作,并带回了这些文物。此外,探险队还获得了大量的梵文、汉语、维吾尔语、粟特语、藏语和唐特语的手稿。目前,这些无价的纪念碑保存在圣彼得堡的东方手稿研究所。敦煌、玉林石窟群无论在规模、数量、质量上,还是在题材上,都是世界文化的丰碑,构成了一部绘画和雕塑意象的佛教百科全书。
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引用次数: 0
Oil paintings of the 18th century in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev: problems of research, dating and attribution 基辅圣索菲亚大教堂18世纪油画:研究、年代和归属问题
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu27.2019.103
Lyubov V. Stromilyuk
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引用次数: 0
Russia and Finland: Petrographic collections of N.G.Nordenskiöld in the collection of the Mining Museum 俄罗斯和芬兰:采矿博物馆收藏的N.G.Nordenskiöld岩石学藏品
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu27.2022.208
K. Tumanova
The collection of the Mining Museum of the Mining University in St Petersburg contains a variety of minerals, ores and rocks from almost all corners of the globe. Mineralogical and petrographic collections collected by the outstanding Finnish scientist Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld are always of particular interest. His petrographic collection, which was received by the museum in 1836 and 1841 from Finland, remained for a long time without due attention. The first collection was delivered to the Mining Museum from N.G.Nordenskiöld in 1836. Now there are 80 items in the petrographic collection of the Mining Museum (two items are missing): basically, these are minerals, various rocks, distributed by the places of finds — the provinces of the Grand Duchy of Finland. Some complexity of linking the sample to a specific place is due to the fact that it is difficult to make out the spelling of a particular locality on the label due to poor handwriting, as well as the use of Latin and Cyrillic letters in one word. Besides, in Finland, many localities still have equal Finnish and Swedish names. It is impossible to predict which option will be used for naming a particular place. There are slightly more than half of petrographic samples in the collection — 49 items, the rest (31 samples) are minerals and ores. It is actually a mixed, combined, author’s collection. The second petrographic collection from N.G.Nordenskiöld entered the museum in 1841. The research of the collection recorded as “Finnish marbles” including 23 items was carried out. The “marbles” were selected on a regional basis. Materials were taken for the manufacture of grinds in order to more thoroughly study their petrographic composition. As a result of the research of the grinds, it was not possible to unambiguously determine the “marble”. The collection identified: 10 items of marble, 9 items of limestones, 2 items of sandstones. Single samples of dolomite and slate were also identified. The author concludes that the collections of N.G.Nordenskiöld, the father of Finnish mineralogy, the founder of the Finnish Scientific Society, head of the Mining Department, must be preserved in the Mining Museum in its entirety, “without fragmentation”.
圣彼得堡矿业大学的矿业博物馆收藏了几乎来自世界各个角落的各种矿物、矿石和岩石。杰出的芬兰科学家Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld收集的矿物学和岩石学收藏品总是特别有趣。他的岩画收藏于1836年和1841年由博物馆从芬兰收到,但在很长一段时间里没有得到应有的重视。第一批藏品于1836年从N.G.Nordenskiöld送到矿业博物馆。现在矿业博物馆的岩石学藏品有80件(缺少两件):基本上,这些是矿物,各种岩石,按发现地点分布-芬兰大公国的省份。将样品与特定地点联系起来的一些复杂性是由于这样一个事实,即由于手写不佳,很难辨认出标签上特定地点的拼写,以及在一个单词中使用拉丁和西里尔字母。此外,在芬兰,许多地方仍然有相同的芬兰语和瑞典语名称。无法预测将使用哪个选项来命名特定的位置。藏品中略多于一半的岩石样品(49件),其余的(31件)是矿物和矿石。它实际上是一个混合的,组合的,作者的集合。来自N.G.Nordenskiöld的第二批岩画收藏于1841年进入博物馆。对记录为“芬兰弹珠”的23件藏品进行了研究。“弹珠”是按地区选出的。为了更彻底地研究它们的岩石组成,人们取了一些材料来制造研磨。由于对研磨的研究,不可能明确地确定“大理石”。经鉴定的藏品有:10件大理石,9件石灰石,2件砂岩。白云岩和板岩的单一样品也被鉴定出来。发件人的结论是,芬兰矿物学之父、芬兰科学学会创始人、矿业部部长N.G.Nordenskiöld的藏品必须完整地保存在矿业博物馆,“不得破碎”。
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引用次数: 0
Phaleristics as a part of museum collections 作为博物馆藏品的一部分
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu27.2019.105
M. Kruglova, Vasilina I. Trubilko
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引用次数: 0
On the question on the necessity of forming school museum space in the regions (for example Irkutsk city) 关于在地区(如伊尔库茨克市)形成学校博物馆空间的必要性问题
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu27.2019.112
Ekaterina V. Sayaparova
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引用次数: 0
Postwar socialist city: reconstruction of its image based on materials from the collection of the Kstovo Museum of Local Lore and History (1950s–1960s) 战后社会主义城市:基于克斯托沃地方文化与历史博物馆收藏资料(1950 - 1960)的城市形象重建
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu27.2019.107
A. Trusov, historyˮ, M. P. Gracheva
This article analyzes the structure of the collection of the Kstovo Museum of Local Lore and History, which is located at the exposition “The Heroic Chronicle of Kstovo citizens”, which tells about the construction of Kstovo and the Novogorkovsky oil refinery in the Gorky region in the 1950s–1960s. The purpose of the analysis is to evaluate the potential of museum items in the solution of the task of reconstructing the image of the post-war socialist city and the daily life of its citizens. Various museum items — photographs, documents, prints, memorial objects, combined in the exposition — reveal the specific features of the socialist city of the period: the presence of a large industrial plant, the transition to standard housing and industrial development, the young population manifesting itself in labor, social and political life, preferring active forms of leisure. In the course of the research, earlier unpublished photo-graphs and documents from the museum’s collection are introduced into scientific circulation. Attention is paid to both museological and cultural aspects of the subject matter. The concept of a socialist city has been analyzed, and it has also been studied how completely the museum’s collection is capable of embodying the everyday reality of Soviet Kstov. Using the example of individual exhibits, authors demonstrated how the information content of each of the con-sidered types of objects influences the creation of a holistic image of the city in the museum’s exhibition space. At the same time, the article also shows a broader historical context in order to highlight the common and specific features of the construction of the city of Kstovo, as reflected in the exhibits. The article focuses on the ways of representing Soviet everyday life in the museum space.
本文分析了位于“克斯托沃公民的英雄编年史”博览会上的克斯托沃地方传说和历史博物馆的藏品结构,这些藏品讲述了20世纪50年代至60年代高尔基地区克斯托沃和诺沃戈尔科夫斯基炼油厂的建设。分析的目的是评估博物馆项目在解决重建战后社会主义城市形象及其公民日常生活的任务中的潜力。各种各样的博物馆物品——照片、文件、印刷品、纪念物品,在展览中结合起来——揭示了这个时期社会主义城市的具体特征:大型工业工厂的存在,向标准住房和工业发展的过渡,年轻人口在劳动、社会和政治生活中表现出来,更喜欢积极的休闲形式。在研究过程中,博物馆收藏的早期未发表的照片和文件被引入科学流通。博物馆学和文化两个方面的主题都得到了关注。对社会主义城市的概念进行了分析,并研究了博物馆的藏品如何能够完全体现苏维埃克斯托夫的日常现实。作者以单个展品为例,展示了每一种被考虑的对象类型的信息内容如何影响博物馆展览空间中城市整体形象的创造。与此同时,文章还展示了更广泛的历史背景,以突出展览中反映的克斯托沃市建设的共同和具体特征。本文着重探讨了苏联日常生活在博物馆空间中的表现方式。
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引用次数: 0
The actor-network theory of B. Latur and porcelain services of classicism: the relevance of a museological discussion 拉图尔的行动者网络理论与古典主义瓷器服务:博物馆学讨论的相关性
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu27.2019.101
Tatiana A. Litvin
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引用次数: 1
Avant-garde heritage of the regions: Use and development prospects in a museum context (on the example of the museums of Saratov and Smolensk) 地区先锋遗产:在博物馆背景下的使用和发展前景(以萨拉托夫和斯摩棱斯克博物馆为例)
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21638/spbu27.2022.108
Sofia A. Pushenkova, Dmitriy E. Lavrov
In the wake of the growing interest in the history of the Russian avant-garde, leading Russian museums become initiators, organizers and partners of large-scale exhibition projects dedicated to both individual personalities of the avant-garde era and iconic cultural institutions. In this regard, it is also important to understand how the museum community in Russia reacts to the given trend of turning to the heritage of the avant-garde era, and how regional museums are involved in this process. The artistic avant-garde was never limited to capitals, new trends penetrated all cities of the country, one way or another leaving a mark on the appearance of the city, its history and, of course, in museum collections. This is why researchers need to see the fullest possible picture of how regions are using their avant-garde heritage. The article is devoted to the study of the experience of using the avant-garde heritage in Russian regions on the example of the Saratov State Art Museum named after A.N.Radishchev and the Art Gallery of the Smolensk State Museum-Reserve. Based on sources of museum origin, electronic catalogs of museums, texts by regional authors, Internet sources (in particular, the State Catalog of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation, and the Constructivist Project portal), as well as local news sources the article reviews the avant-garde collections of these museums, considers cultural and educational activity of urban cultural institutions and independent curatorial projects on this topic. An important part of this study is the assessment of the development prospects in the actualization of the avant-garde heritage of the regions, as well as the role of independent cultural institutions of cities in the actualization and use of the avant-garde heritage of these regions.
随着人们对俄罗斯先锋派艺术历史的兴趣日益浓厚,俄罗斯的主要博物馆成为大型展览项目的发起者、组织者和合作伙伴,这些大型展览项目致力于先锋派时代的个人个性和标志性的文化机构。在这方面,了解俄罗斯博物馆社区如何应对转向前卫时代遗产的给定趋势,以及地区博物馆如何参与这一过程也很重要。艺术先锋派从不局限于首都,新的潮流渗透到全国所有的城市,以这样或那样的方式在城市的外观、历史,当然还有博物馆的收藏上留下了印记。这就是为什么研究人员需要尽可能全面地了解各个地区是如何利用其先锋派遗产的。本文致力于研究俄罗斯地区先锋派遗产的使用经验,以以a.n.r radishchev命名的萨拉托夫国家艺术博物馆和斯摩棱斯克国家博物馆保护区的艺术画廊为例。基于博物馆起源的来源、博物馆的电子目录、地区作者的文本、互联网资源(特别是俄罗斯联邦博物馆基金的国家目录和构成主义项目门户网站)以及当地新闻来源,文章回顾了这些博物馆的前卫收藏品,考虑了城市文化机构的文化和教育活动以及关于这一主题的独立策展项目。本研究的一个重要部分是评估地区先锋遗产的实现发展前景,以及城市独立文化机构在这些地区先锋遗产的实现和利用中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
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The Issues of Museology
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