Energy technology最新文献

This study investigates the numerical modeling of lead-free CsSnCl₃-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator-1D simulation. The device structure features TiO₂ as the electron transport layer and Cu₂O as the hole transport layer. Key parameters such as absorber thickness, acceptor doping concentration, defect densities, electrode work function, and operating temperature are systematically optimized to improve performance. An ultrathin graphene (Grp) interfacial layer is introduced at the CsSnCl₃/Cu₂O interface, which enhances charge separation by reducing recombination and improving band alignment. The device efficiency increases from 23.18% (Au/Cu₂O/CsSnCl₃/TiO₂/FTO) to 23.26% with Grp, further to 31.45% with optimized metal contact (W/Cu₂O/CsSnCl₃/TiO₂/FTO), and finally reaches 31.52% by combining both strategies. This efficiency enhancement is attributed to structural optimization, Grp-enabled interface passivation, and improved charge extraction via metal contact engineering. Although Grp thickness has a limited influence, its presence effectively suppresses recombination losses. The optimized device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 31.52%, open-circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.25 V, short-circuit current density (J_sc) of 27.98 mA cm², and fill factor of 89.56%. These findings highlight the potential of Grp interface engineering to boost the performance and stability of CsSnCl₃ PSCs.

With the growing global demand for energy, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained significant attention as efficient energy storage systems. Among various anode materials, Ti₂Nb₁₀O₂₉ (TNO) offers promising electrochemical properties but suffers from limited rate capability and cycling stability. In this work, a series of Cl⁻-doped TNO samples (Cl_x%-TNO, x = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20) are synthesized using a one-step solid-phase method. Cl⁻ doping promotes the uniform growth and dispersion of primary TNO particles, expands the unit cell volume and interplanar spacing, and creates wider channels for lithium-ion transport. Due to its higher electronegativity, Cl⁻ optimizes charge distribution, improves electronic conductivity, and induces oxygen vacancies, providing more active reaction sites. The conductivity of Cl_12%-TNO reaches 1.67 × 10⁻⁷ S cm⁻¹, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of undoped TNO. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) tests reveal that Cl_12%-TNO maintains a higher lithium-ion diffusion coefficient throughout cycling. Electrochemical evaluation shows that Cl_12%-TNO delivers an initial charge-specific capacity of 303.4 mAh g⁻¹, retain 182.49 mAh g⁻¹ at 30 C, and maintains 146.64 mAh g⁻¹ after 300 cycles at 10 C, with a retention rate of 82.91%. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of Cl⁻ doping in enhancing TNO performance for LIB applications.

The present research focuses on the eco-friendly production of N-Doped Graphene-like Nanosheets (E-NG)/Nanosized NiCo Oxide Nanocomposite with remarkable electrochemical energy storage (EES) performance, as a highly-valuable electrode material for real supercapacitor applications. Distinctively, the nanocomposite has been prepared, starting from the constituents’ synthesis and ending with their compounding, via ecofriendly, facile, cost-competitive, and scalable techniques. Specifically, the nanocomposite compounding was carried out by a simple green ultrasound mixing in aqueous solution technique that has been first employed for the development of graphene/metal oxide nanocomposites as supercapacitors’ electrodes. The microstructural features of the produced E-NG/0.5NiCo(O) nanocomposite reveal intensive interference between E-NG nanosheets and NiCo(O) nanoparticles. The electrochemical evaluations disclose superb EES performance metrics of the nanocomposite in a 3-electrode configuration and both symmetric and asymmetric 2-electrode supercapacitor devices, as compared to literature. Thus, the asymmetric supercapacitor device based on E-NG/0.5NiCo(O) nanocomposite and E-NG electrodes gives outstanding EES performance, with a specific capacitance of 355 Fg⁻¹, an energy density of 52.3 Whkg⁻¹, and 90% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles, due to the synergistic combination of EDLC and pseudocapacitive mechanisms for charge storage as quantitatively estimated by Dunn's model. Overall, this study can greatly contribute towards substantial advancements in the global electrical power supply from renewable-energy sources, employing green material-manufacture technologies.

The intricate internal stresses within porous electrode coatings (PEC) are induced by charging and discharging of lithium-ion batteries. The incorporation of silicon-based particles in the anode further exacerbates the volume change of active particles and the microstructure change of PECs during battery cycling. This highlights the urgent need for a mechanical model of the PEC in electrochemically and mechanically coupled cell simulations. The first step to develop such a model is a layer-resolved, homogenized mechanical characterization of the PEC. In cylindrical cells, the mechanical properties of the PEC are highly nonlinear due to its multiphase granular microstructure combined with its thin, rolled geometry inside the cell housing. Herein, microindentation is employed and analyzed to extract the one-dimensional mechanical response of a single PEC-layer. Three major challenges of microindentation, thermal drift, substrate effect, and tip size effect are overcome. Quantification of short-term elasticity as well as long-term viscoelasticity is done for a silicon-containing dry anode sample by the proposed workflow. The results demonstrate that microindentation is a suitable and effective measurement method for characterizing PECs, thereby facilitating the development of mechanical models for multidisciplinary cell simulations.

Before lead-acid batteries are used, they undergo a crucial formation stage that involves charging positive and negative plates. The process requires the application of a constant voltage or current to plates immersed in sulfuric acid solution. There are different methods for the formation, tank and container formation, in lead-acid battery production. This study focuses on container formation, which includes three main techniques: air formation, water-bath formation, and closed-loop formation. This article explores differences between these methods and highlights distinctions between absorbent glass mat and traditional flooded lead-acid batteries. This article examines the theoretical aspects of the formation process, including chemical changes in active materials, electrolyte role, and temperature behavior. It discusses the formation reactions for negative and positive plates, offering insights into the formation types and current application methods. A notable advancement is advanced charging system (ACS) technology, which provides faster and more efficient formation, especially for batteries requiring high ampere-hour (Ah) capacity. By controlling the temperature and allowing a higher current input, ACS technology shortens the formation time while maintaining the battery characteristics. This study enhances the understanding of the formation process in lead-acid battery production. The introduction of ACS technology highlights ongoing advancements and promises greater efficiency in lead-acid battery manufacturing.

Due to the advantages of excellent thermal stability, high electronic conductivity, and high specific capacity, transition metal disulfides and their composites are the main cathode materials for thermal batteries. However, common methods for the preparation of disulfide composites are confronted with the problem of low production efficiency. Herein, Fe–Ni–Co ternary disulfide (a-FeNiCoS₂) is prepared via a simple high-temperature thermal sintering process using Fe–Ni–Co alloy as metal source. The present a-FeNiCoS₂ is composed by heteroatoms doped NiS₂ and FeS₂, which then form heterostructure. As a result, a-FeNiCoS₂ delivers low internal resistance, high specific capacity, and wide operating temperature range in thermal batteries. A high specific capacity of 562 mAh g⁻¹ is obtained at the current density of 200 mA cm⁻² and discharging temperature of 500 °C with a cutoff voltage of 1.5 V, which still remains at 441 mAh g⁻¹ with a cutoff voltage of 1.6 V. The result indicates that a-FeNiCoS₂ possesses greatly improved depth of the first discharge plateau, which is beneficial to enhance the energy density of thermal battery. This work provides a facile method for preparing ternary disulfide for high performance thermal batteries.

Solar energy is increasingly recognized as a clean, sustainable solution to fuel scarcity and greenhouse gas emissions. Solar parabolic dish collector (PDC)systems have shown great potential for efficiently harnessing solar energy. This study proposes a novel rectangular–pyramid cavity receiver with graphite powder for a solar PDC system. The experiments are performed considering water as the heat transfer fluid at different flow rates of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L min⁻¹. The study investigates the effect of flow rate on the fluid temperature difference, energy, and exergy efficiency of the PDC system. The highest temperature difference of 38.7 °C, 34.75 °C, and 31.11 °C is observed at flow rates of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L min⁻¹, respectively. The temperature difference increases with solar intensity and decreases with flow rate, as the heat transfer fluid retains more heat at lower flow rates. The maximum thermal efficiency of 58.79%, 62.29%, and 64.5% and exergy efficiency of 6.7%, 6.4%, & 5.9% is obtained at the mass flow rates of 0.5, 1, & 1.5 L min⁻¹ respectively. The thermal efficiency increases with flow rate whereas the exergy efficiency decreased with an increase in flow rate. The temperature distribution is improved by the inclusion of graphite powder inside the pyramid-shaped housing.

Lithium–air batteries (LABs) are a promising technology for high-energy-density battery storage. However, their open-cell structure for oxygen exchange leads to electrolyte evaporation, which limits cycling performance under ambient conditions. Herein, volatile amide-based electrolytes for LABs using gravimetric analysis are evaluated. The cell weight change during discharge–charge cycles confirms the two-electron oxygen reduction/evolution reactions while also revealing that electrolyte evaporation correlates with the solvent vapor pressure. This behavior significantly compromises the cycle performance of low-viscosity amide electrolyte cells. Despite this, rate-dependent cycling experiments demonstrate the superior cyclability of the low-viscosity amide electrolyte cells at high current rates (0.8 mA cm⁻² or higher), conditions under which cells with a conventional tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEG)-based LAB electrolyte fail. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses show that these cells exhibit improved rechargeability at high-rate cycles, with discharge product morphology changing to a more easily decomposable form. This electrolyte design strategy marks a significant advancement toward developing high-power, high-energy rechargeable LABs.

This study investigates rock fracturing mechanisms and 3D crack propagation dynamics in underwater high-voltage electric pulse-assisted hydraulic fracturing. The study develops a multiphysics model by integrating circuit theory, plasma dynamics, and fluid–solid coupling principles. This model quantifies the interplay between plasma channel evolution, electrohydraulic shock wave (EHS) generation, and mechanical responses of rock. The model combines Kirchhoff's circuit equations with time-varying plasma impedance and energy conservation laws to resolve spatiotemporal distributions of plasma pressure and shock wave energy conversion. A 3D fracture mechanics framework reveals critical insights: Increased principal stress difference (1–4 MPa) reduces crack width by 15.7% and fracture area by 18.9%, while higher injection rates (0.25–0.75 m³ s⁻¹) expand fracture zones; and simulations involving multiple cracks demonstrate that enhanced stress shadowing elevates the initiation pressures of two cracks by 13.48%. Experimental validation confirms model reliability (<5% error), demonstrating EHS's capacity to enhance fracture connectivity and energy transfer efficiency. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for optimizing EHS-hydraulic fracturing in deep low-permeability coal seams, addressing challenges of conventional techniques through improved controllability and reduced environmental impact.

With the advancement of energy structure reform, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in new energy vehicles due to their advantages of high energy density, low self-discharge rates, and long cycle life. As a crucial component of these vehicles, real-time monitoring of the health and operational status of lithium-ion batteries is essential. Battery management systems play a key role in intelligently managing battery status, with state of charge (SOC) serving as a critical parameter that reflects the remaining energy of lithium-ion batteries. Accurate SOC estimation enables efficient trip planning and prolongs battery life. This paper discusses the SOC estimation technology, introduces several important methods, and compares their advantages and disadvantages, operating temperature range, and errors. The main focus is on the application of data-driven methods in SOC estimation, and the characteristics, parameters, dataset size, and accuracy of different support vector machine (SVM) models are compared. At the same time, four new methods of combining traditional models with data-driven models are introduced. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for future directions in this field are pointed out.