A. Suryanto, Mustafiah Mustafiah, Maulidya Dwi Putri, Nurfadilah Nurfadilah
Population growth causes energy needs to increase. Energy needs in Indonesia currently still depend on petroleum fuel. This research aims to determine the effect of the concentration of adding catalyst from egg shells on the production of biodiesel and determine the quality of biodiesel produced using egg shell catalyst. This research was carried out in 2 stages, namely catalyst preparation and the biodiesel manufacturing process. In catalyst preparation, egg shells that have been washed clean are then dried and crushed, then calcined using a furnace at a temperature of 1000°C for 7 hours. Next is the stage of making biodiesel using the conventional method which is carried out with variations in catalyst concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% (w/w). The research results showed that the best product yield was 78% at a concentration of 3% in 2 hours with a specific gravity of 0.889 gr/cm3 and a viscosity of 5.74 cSt.
{"title":"Production Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils Using Duck Egg Shell Catalyst","authors":"A. Suryanto, Mustafiah Mustafiah, Maulidya Dwi Putri, Nurfadilah Nurfadilah","doi":"10.47191/etj/v9i02.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v9i02.12","url":null,"abstract":"Population growth causes energy needs to increase. Energy needs in Indonesia currently still depend on petroleum fuel. This research aims to determine the effect of the concentration of adding catalyst from egg shells on the production of biodiesel and determine the quality of biodiesel produced using egg shell catalyst. This research was carried out in 2 stages, namely catalyst preparation and the biodiesel manufacturing process. In catalyst preparation, egg shells that have been washed clean are then dried and crushed, then calcined using a furnace at a temperature of 1000°C for 7 hours. Next is the stage of making biodiesel using the conventional method which is carried out with variations in catalyst concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% (w/w). The research results showed that the best product yield was 78% at a concentration of 3% in 2 hours with a specific gravity of 0.889 gr/cm3 and a viscosity of 5.74 cSt.","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140415251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an innovative technology predicts to be used ever more in the next to future due to their data achievement and data processing capability. Security for WSN requires to be considered in order to defend the functionality of this network such as the information it communicate and the position of nodes. The safety models & protocols used in traditional networks are not appropriate to WSNs because of its limited resource constraints.
{"title":"The Network Security in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review","authors":"Dinesh Kumar Gupta, Dr. Deepika Pathak","doi":"10.47191/etj/v9i02.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v9i02.09","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an innovative technology predicts to be used ever more in the next to future due to their data achievement and data processing capability. Security for WSN requires to be considered in order to defend the functionality of this network such as the information it communicate and the position of nodes. The safety models & protocols used in traditional networks are not appropriate to WSNs because of its limited resource constraints.","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sugeng, S. F. Khristyson, Agas Arsy Taruma Panjalu
The maneuverability of tugboats is very necessary for narrow turning areas, so many tugboat maneuvering systems use motors which are currently applied with cam switches. It is important to plan a wiring system to anticipate disruptions to distribution electricity. Therefore, the electricity supply for the equipment can be met and run as expected. The aim of this research is to obtain rotary motor wiring diagram system for tugboat ship maneuvering system using cam switch control. The R&D (Research and Development) method combined with experiments was carried out to obtain an ideal rotary motor wiring diagram system based on the dimensions of the tugboat's engine room. In forward rotation for this motor is a decrease before stabilization occurs, the voltage is 18% meanwhile, reverse rotation experienced a decrease of 32%. This difference with motor if workload which is charged which also experiences variations, for forward rotation the increase is 48%, also for reverse rotation it is 43%.
{"title":"Design of Rotary Motor Wiring Diagram for Tugboat Ship Maneuvering System Using Cam Switch ControlDesign of Rotary Motor Wiring Diagram for Tugboat Ship Maneuvering System Using Cam Switch Control","authors":"S. Sugeng, S. F. Khristyson, Agas Arsy Taruma Panjalu","doi":"10.47191/etj/v9i02.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v9i02.13","url":null,"abstract":"The maneuverability of tugboats is very necessary for narrow turning areas, so many tugboat maneuvering systems use motors which are currently applied with cam switches. It is important to plan a wiring system to anticipate disruptions to distribution electricity. Therefore, the electricity supply for the equipment can be met and run as expected. The aim of this research is to obtain rotary motor wiring diagram system for tugboat ship maneuvering system using cam switch control. The R&D (Research and Development) method combined with experiments was carried out to obtain an ideal rotary motor wiring diagram system based on the dimensions of the tugboat's engine room. In forward rotation for this motor is a decrease before stabilization occurs, the voltage is 18% meanwhile, reverse rotation experienced a decrease of 32%. This difference with motor if workload which is charged which also experiences variations, for forward rotation the increase is 48%, also for reverse rotation it is 43%.","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"1997 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. B. A., A. J., Sulaimon N. A., Abdul, M. T., Okafor, A., Ndaiji, A. U.
This study investigated the effect of crumb rubber on the workability of fresh concrete. Crumb rubber was used to replace fine aggregate at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 25%. Physical properties (particle size gradation, specific gravity, bulk density and aggregate impact value) of the aggregates: sharp sand, Bida natural stone and crumb rubber were determined. Furthermore, the sharp sand and Bida natural stone used for this research were characterized as normal weight aggregates while the crumb rubber was characterized as a light weight aggregate. Workability of the concrete in its fresh state was extensively studied. Generally, the workability of fresh concrete reduced as the crumb rubber increased from 0% to 25%. The reduction in slump values was adduced to the absorbent nature of the crumb rubber. Hence, the research recommended a water-to-cement ratio of 0.55 – 0.60 for use in the production of concrete containing crumb rubber. It was concluded that crumb rubber can be used to produce low workability concrete for use in mass concrete foundations, lightly reinforced concrete elements and roads.
{"title":"Experimental Study on Workability of Natural Aggregate Concrete Incorporated with Crumb Rubber","authors":"A. B. A., A. J., Sulaimon N. A., Abdul, M. T., Okafor, A., Ndaiji, A. U.","doi":"10.47191/etj/v9i02.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v9i02.17","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effect of crumb rubber on the workability of fresh concrete. Crumb rubber was used to replace fine aggregate at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 25%. Physical properties (particle size gradation, specific gravity, bulk density and aggregate impact value) of the aggregates: sharp sand, Bida natural stone and crumb rubber were determined. Furthermore, the sharp sand and Bida natural stone used for this research were characterized as normal weight aggregates while the crumb rubber was characterized as a light weight aggregate. Workability of the concrete in its fresh state was extensively studied. Generally, the workability of fresh concrete reduced as the crumb rubber increased from 0% to 25%. The reduction in slump values was adduced to the absorbent nature of the crumb rubber. Hence, the research recommended a water-to-cement ratio of 0.55 – 0.60 for use in the production of concrete containing crumb rubber. It was concluded that crumb rubber can be used to produce low workability concrete for use in mass concrete foundations, lightly reinforced concrete elements and roads.","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"732 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven Wijaya, Wilfredo Wesly, Kristina Ginting, Abdi Dharma
Credit card fraud is one example of data manipulation in the e-commerce industry. Because credit card fraud is so common, preventing it can be difficult. Therefore, it is important to identify credit card fraud as soon as it occurs. Determining the validity of a transaction is a fraud detection process. Credit/ Debit cards/ any financial services are small plastic cards given to members of certain financial organizations with proper identity and verification. This research is quantitative research that uses a dataset that has been verified and classified as fraudulent or non-fraudulent transactions. This research will limit itself to credit card fraud detection methods that use Neural Networks and Random Forest Classifier algorithms. Using publicly available credit card transaction data as a starting point, this study will examine how well machine learning algorithms do overall in identifying credit card fraud. First of all, we check for the presence of duplicate values in the data set. The result of this check shows that there are no duplicate values in the set, marked with the value ‘False’. Next, we focus on class in the target variable ‘Class’. The output of this check shows the wide variety of samples for each class in the goal variable ‘Class’. In this example, class 0 has 284.315 samples and class 1 has 284.315 samples. Based totally on the studies performed, it is possible to conclude that the usage of machine learning algorithms, together with Random Forest Classifier and Neural Networks, can be effective in detecting credit card fraud. The results of the algorithm performance analysis show that the model developed can identify fraudulent transactions accurately. In addition, the data preparation stages, correlation analysis, and model performance evaluation also contribute to understanding potentially fraudulent credit card transaction patterns.
{"title":"Analysis of Credit Card Fraud Detection Performance Using Random Forest Classifier & Neural Networks Model","authors":"Steven Wijaya, Wilfredo Wesly, Kristina Ginting, Abdi Dharma","doi":"10.47191/etj/v9i02.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v9i02.11","url":null,"abstract":"Credit card fraud is one example of data manipulation in the e-commerce industry. Because credit card fraud is so common, preventing it can be difficult. Therefore, it is important to identify credit card fraud as soon as it occurs. Determining the validity of a transaction is a fraud detection process. Credit/ Debit cards/ any financial services are small plastic cards given to members of certain financial organizations with proper identity and verification. This research is quantitative research that uses a dataset that has been verified and classified as fraudulent or non-fraudulent transactions. This research will limit itself to credit card fraud detection methods that use Neural Networks and Random Forest Classifier algorithms. Using publicly available credit card transaction data as a starting point, this study will examine how well machine learning algorithms do overall in identifying credit card fraud. First of all, we check for the presence of duplicate values in the data set. The result of this check shows that there are no duplicate values in the set, marked with the value ‘False’. Next, we focus on class in the target variable ‘Class’. The output of this check shows the wide variety of samples for each class in the goal variable ‘Class’. In this example, class 0 has 284.315 samples and class 1 has 284.315 samples. Based totally on the studies performed, it is possible to conclude that the usage of machine learning algorithms, together with Random Forest Classifier and Neural Networks, can be effective in detecting credit card fraud. The results of the algorithm performance analysis show that the model developed can identify fraudulent transactions accurately. In addition, the data preparation stages, correlation analysis, and model performance evaluation also contribute to understanding potentially fraudulent credit card transaction patterns.","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"2001 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.30684/etj.2024.144383.1630
Omer Mahmood
{"title":"Effect of carbonization on the mechanical properties of mild steel utilizing oak charcoal as a carbon source","authors":"Omer Mahmood","doi":"10.30684/etj.2024.144383.1630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2024.144383.1630","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"23 52","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140408872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the development of BLDC (Brushless DC) motor control based on dsPIC30F4012. The system is designed to control motor rotation in clockwise (CW) and counter clockwise (CCW) directions. There are 3 input pins used to facilitate the control interface, namely ground (GND) pin, control (CTRL) pin and enable (EN) pin. An analog input was assigned as command input for rotation in CW/CCW direction. The CTRL pin input has full-scale of analog input that comprises of three regions, namely CCW rotation input (0V~2.4V), CW rotation input (2.6V~5V), and neutral input (2.5±0.1)V as the deadband. The commutation sequences of six steps for direction of motor rotation, while P-I (Proportional-Integral) controller is used to control the motor current. The control law and commutation sequences are implemented in single chip dsPIC30F4012 microcontroller. To verify the system performance, we test the system implementation to drive BLDC motor and measured current are sent to the host PC through serial communication. From the experimental results it is shown that the realizing P-I controller is good performance in small frequency where the bldc motor current can follow the input commands. The bandwidth of motor control to characterize the performance of designed system is also presented.
{"title":"Design and Implementation of Sensored Brushless DC Motor Control Using dsPIC30F4012 for CW/CCW Bidirectional Rotation","authors":"Yusie Rizal, S. Sarifudin","doi":"10.47191/etj/v9i02.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v9i02.14","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the development of BLDC (Brushless DC) motor control based on dsPIC30F4012. The system is designed to control motor rotation in clockwise (CW) and counter clockwise (CCW) directions. There are 3 input pins used to facilitate the control interface, namely ground (GND) pin, control (CTRL) pin and enable (EN) pin. An analog input was assigned as command input for rotation in CW/CCW direction. The CTRL pin input has full-scale of analog input that comprises of three regions, namely CCW rotation input (0V~2.4V), CW rotation input (2.6V~5V), and neutral input (2.5±0.1)V as the deadband. The commutation sequences of six steps for direction of motor rotation, while P-I (Proportional-Integral) controller is used to control the motor current. The control law and commutation sequences are implemented in single chip dsPIC30F4012 microcontroller. To verify the system performance, we test the system implementation to drive BLDC motor and measured current are sent to the host PC through serial communication. From the experimental results it is shown that the realizing P-I controller is good performance in small frequency where the bldc motor current can follow the input commands. The bandwidth of motor control to characterize the performance of designed system is also presented.","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"18 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140412145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The topic "Decentralized Architectures: A Paradigm for Scalable, Fault-Tolerant, and Efficient Distributed Systems" explores the foundational principles and advantages of decentralized architectures in the context of distributed systems. In essence, decentralized architectures represent a paradigm shift in designing systems that offer scalability, fault tolerance, and efficiency. Scalability is addressed through the distribution of computing tasks across a network of nodes, allowing the system to handle increasing workloads by adding more nodes. This modular approach enables seamless expansion without compromising performance. Additionally, fault tolerance is achieved by decentralizing control, reducing the impact of individual node failures on the overall system. This robustness enhances system reliability and ensures uninterrupted operation, crucial in mission-critical applications. Efficiency is a key focus, as decentralized architectures streamline communication pathways and minimize bottlenecks. Peer-to-peer communication models, consensus algorithms, and distributed databases play pivotal roles in optimizing resource utilization and response times. The abstract emphasizes how decentralization aligns with the demands of contemporary distributed systems, addressing challenges posed by the ever-growing scale and complexity of modern applications. In conclusion, the abstract underscores the significance of decentralized architectures as a transformative paradigm, offering a robust foundation for building scalable, fault-tolerant, and efficient distributed systems in the face of evolving technological landscapes.
{"title":"Decentralized Architectures: A Paradigm for Scalable, Fault-Tolerant, and Efficient Distributed Systems","authors":"Rizalyn T. Maderazo, Jerry I. Teleron","doi":"10.47191/etj/v9i02.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v9i02.16","url":null,"abstract":"The topic \"Decentralized Architectures: A Paradigm for Scalable, Fault-Tolerant, and Efficient Distributed Systems\" explores the foundational principles and advantages of decentralized architectures in the context of distributed systems. In essence, decentralized architectures represent a paradigm shift in designing systems that offer scalability, fault tolerance, and efficiency. Scalability is addressed through the distribution of computing tasks across a network of nodes, allowing the system to handle increasing workloads by adding more nodes. This modular approach enables seamless expansion without compromising performance. Additionally, fault tolerance is achieved by decentralizing control, reducing the impact of individual node failures on the overall system. This robustness enhances system reliability and ensures uninterrupted operation, crucial in mission-critical applications. Efficiency is a key focus, as decentralized architectures streamline communication pathways and minimize bottlenecks. Peer-to-peer communication models, consensus algorithms, and distributed databases play pivotal roles in optimizing resource utilization and response times. The abstract emphasizes how decentralization aligns with the demands of contemporary distributed systems, addressing challenges posed by the ever-growing scale and complexity of modern applications. In conclusion, the abstract underscores the significance of decentralized architectures as a transformative paradigm, offering a robust foundation for building scalable, fault-tolerant, and efficient distributed systems in the face of evolving technological landscapes.","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"2008 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indexing and abstracting play pivotal roles in organizing and retrieving information within libraries. This paper delves into the intricate landscape of optimal indexing practices and their profound implications on the efficiency of information retrieval systems. By scrutinizing the methodologies employed in creating high-quality abstracts, this study aims to shed light on their substantial influence on the accessibility and usability of information resources within library collections. The investigation focuses on the multifaceted aspects of indexing excellence, exploring its direct correlation with improved information retrieval mechanisms. It examines in detail the methodologies, standards, and tools utilized in the creation and application of high-quality abstracts. Furthermore, it critically evaluates the utilization of controlled vocabularies and adherence to established indexing guidelines, highlighting their indispensable roles in ensuring the precision and relevance of indexed content. Analyzing the intersection of indexing practices and their impact on information retrieval, this study aims to provide valuable insights into enhancing the efficacy of library abstracting. Recognizing the importance of streamlined access to information resources, this research endeavors to contribute to the continual evolution of information science and user-centered library services.
{"title":"Indexing Excellence: Best Practices in Library Abstracting for Information Retrieval","authors":"Vanessa Gay Retita Liabor, Virginia Mollaneda","doi":"10.47191/etj/v9i02.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v9i02.15","url":null,"abstract":"Indexing and abstracting play pivotal roles in organizing and retrieving information within libraries. This paper delves into the intricate landscape of optimal indexing practices and their profound implications on the efficiency of information retrieval systems. By scrutinizing the methodologies employed in creating high-quality abstracts, this study aims to shed light on their substantial influence on the accessibility and usability of information resources within library collections. The investigation focuses on the multifaceted aspects of indexing excellence, exploring its direct correlation with improved information retrieval mechanisms. It examines in detail the methodologies, standards, and tools utilized in the creation and application of high-quality abstracts. Furthermore, it critically evaluates the utilization of controlled vocabularies and adherence to established indexing guidelines, highlighting their indispensable roles in ensuring the precision and relevance of indexed content. Analyzing the intersection of indexing practices and their impact on information retrieval, this study aims to provide valuable insights into enhancing the efficacy of library abstracting. Recognizing the importance of streamlined access to information resources, this research endeavors to contribute to the continual evolution of information science and user-centered library services.","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"2 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated into the effect of Styrofoam used as partial replacement for fine aggregate on properties of concrete bricks such as absorption, density and compressive strength. Furthermore, the optimum Styrofoam content in concrete bricks which meet minimum values specified by local codes was recommended afterwards. Styrofoam content at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1% and 2% were used in this research. Other constituents of the concrete bricks include: water, cement, sand and Bida Natural Gravel (BNG) in the ratio: 0.5:1:4:2 respectively. Absorption of concrete bricks were taking after 24 hours, 7 days and 28 days. Absorption increased with increasing Styrofoam content but decreased with increasing curing days. For density, there was a significant decrease in weight as the Styrofoam increased in the concrete bricks. Also, compressive strength was inversely proportional to Styrofoam content. At 28 days, absorption of concrete bricks was 2.5%, 5.6% and 8.5% for 0%, 0.2% and 0.4% Styrofoam content respectively. For compressive strength at 7 days, the values were 6.7, 2.9 and 2.0 N/mm2 at 0%, 0.2% and 0.4% Styrofoam content respectively. Furthermore, at 28 days, compressive strength improved to 9.9, 3.8 and 2.1 N/mm2 at 0%, 0.2% and 0.4% Styrofoam content respectively. In conclusion, this research recommended Styrofoam content ranging from 0.2% to 0.4% for use in concrete bricks production as the values for absorption and compressive strength were within minimum requirement as specified by local codes.
{"title":"Experimental Study on Light Weight Concrete Bricks by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Styrofoam","authors":"A. B. A., A. J., Sulaimon N. A., Ahmadu A. N.","doi":"10.47191/etj/v9i02.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v9i02.07","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated into the effect of Styrofoam used as partial replacement for fine aggregate on properties of concrete bricks such as absorption, density and compressive strength. Furthermore, the optimum Styrofoam content in concrete bricks which meet minimum values specified by local codes was recommended afterwards. Styrofoam content at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1% and 2% were used in this research. Other constituents of the concrete bricks include: water, cement, sand and Bida Natural Gravel (BNG) in the ratio: 0.5:1:4:2 respectively. Absorption of concrete bricks were taking after 24 hours, 7 days and 28 days. Absorption increased with increasing Styrofoam content but decreased with increasing curing days. For density, there was a significant decrease in weight as the Styrofoam increased in the concrete bricks. Also, compressive strength was inversely proportional to Styrofoam content. At 28 days, absorption of concrete bricks was 2.5%, 5.6% and 8.5% for 0%, 0.2% and 0.4% Styrofoam content respectively. For compressive strength at 7 days, the values were 6.7, 2.9 and 2.0 N/mm2 at 0%, 0.2% and 0.4% Styrofoam content respectively. Furthermore, at 28 days, compressive strength improved to 9.9, 3.8 and 2.1 N/mm2 at 0%, 0.2% and 0.4% Styrofoam content respectively. In conclusion, this research recommended Styrofoam content ranging from 0.2% to 0.4% for use in concrete bricks production as the values for absorption and compressive strength were within minimum requirement as specified by local codes.","PeriodicalId":11630,"journal":{"name":"Engineering and Technology Journal","volume":"78 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140433518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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