Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0309003
C. ChombaInnocent.
Globally, 90% of the global water consumption is for agricultural purposes, and more than 40% of the crops are produced under irrigated conditions in order to support agricultural development due to increasing human population and uncertain climate. Irrigated agricultural land comprises less than a fifth of all cropped area but produces 40–45% of the world’s food. It is generally expected that irrigated agriculture will have to be considerably extended in the future in order to feed growing populations (an additional 1.5–2 billion people by 2025, according to United Nations population projections). However, it is not yet known whether there will be enough water available for the necessary extension. As it is very likely that water demands of the domestic and industrial sectors will increase in the future, even regions that do not have water scarcity problems today such as Zambia, will be restricted in their agricultural development and thus possibly their food security by a lack of water availability [1].
{"title":"An Assessment of Available Water for Livestock and Garden Irrigation in Dry Season for Subsistence Farmers in Zimba District","authors":"C. ChombaInnocent.","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0309003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0309003","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, 90% of the global water consumption is for agricultural purposes, and more than 40% of the crops are produced under irrigated conditions in order to support agricultural development due to increasing human population and uncertain climate. Irrigated agricultural land comprises less than a fifth of all cropped area but produces 40–45% of the world’s food. It is generally expected that irrigated agriculture will have to be considerably extended in the future in order to feed growing populations (an additional 1.5–2 billion people by 2025, according to United Nations population projections). However, it is not yet known whether there will be enough water available for the necessary extension. As it is very likely that water demands of the domestic and industrial sectors will increase in the future, even regions that do not have water scarcity problems today such as Zambia, will be restricted in their agricultural development and thus possibly their food security by a lack of water availability [1].","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"858 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134062792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0402004
B.Osundare, F. Fawole
{"title":"Evaluating Potentials of Integrated Application of Plant Residues and Inorganic Fertilizers in Enhancing Soil Fertility Status and Maize (Zea mays L.) yield","authors":"B.Osundare, F. Fawole","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0402004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0402004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133995263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0208002
A. SanusiW., N. AkinniranT., M. Akinyemi, Ige. D.A
This study investigates fish farming productivity by estimating the level of technical efficiency for a sample of fish farmers in Ido and Oluyole local government. Data was obtained from the respondents through a well structured questionnaires and interview schedule. In this study, a total of 60 fish farmers were selected using multistage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the socio economic characteristics of the farmers and constraints facing them. Gross margin analysis was used to analyze costs and return. DEA analysis was used to determine their efficiency, while tobit regression model was used to analyse determinants of efficiency. The study revealed that about 68.3% chose fish farming as their minor occupation, 63.3% engaged in fish farming for family consumption, 86.7% did it for sales. 70% have 1-5 years of fish farming experience, 66.67% have 1-10 years of farming experience, 75% operated only 1 pond each. 40% of the respondents acquire their land through inheritance, 46.7% used earthen pond, 76.7% are members of cooperative society and 66.7% had no access to credit. The finding shows that fish farming was profitable with net farm income of N374100.09 per fish farmers in the study area. Majority of the fish farmers are relatively technical efficient in their use of resources with mean technical efficiency of 84.9%, 89.0%, 95.5%, under CRS, VRS, and SE respectively. Farmers’ sex and fish farming experience had inverse relationship with the efficiency of fish farming in the study areas, farmers’ age had direct relationship under both CRS and VRS, while access to credit had direct relationship with efficiency under SE specification. The analysis shows a slack of 4.184kg, 2,972.091m,2,411.008kg, N112,119.49 and 2,284.597; in fish output, pond size, feed, labour and number of fingerlings respectively. Major problem facing the fish farmers were limited access to credit, marketing, transportation and access to quality feed. The study therefore concluded that measures should be taken to improve technical efficiency, in order to bridge the gap between fish demand and supply, to bring about self sufficiency in fish production.
{"title":"Production Efficiency of Fish Farming in Ibadan-Ibarapa Zone of Oyo State, Nigeria.","authors":"A. SanusiW., N. AkinniranT., M. Akinyemi, Ige. D.A","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0208002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0208002","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates fish farming productivity by estimating the level of technical efficiency for a sample of fish farmers in Ido and Oluyole local government. Data was obtained from the respondents through a well structured questionnaires and interview schedule. In this study, a total of 60 fish farmers were selected using multistage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the socio economic characteristics of the farmers and constraints facing them. Gross margin analysis was used to analyze costs and return. DEA analysis was used to determine their efficiency, while tobit regression model was used to analyse determinants of efficiency. The study revealed that about 68.3% chose fish farming as their minor occupation, 63.3% engaged in fish farming for family consumption, 86.7% did it for sales. 70% have 1-5 years of fish farming experience, 66.67% have 1-10 years of farming experience, 75% operated only 1 pond each. 40% of the respondents acquire their land through inheritance, 46.7% used earthen pond, 76.7% are members of cooperative society and 66.7% had no access to credit. The finding shows that fish farming was profitable with net farm income of N374100.09 per fish farmers in the study area. Majority of the fish farmers are relatively technical efficient in their use of resources with mean technical efficiency of 84.9%, 89.0%, 95.5%, under CRS, VRS, and SE respectively. Farmers’ sex and fish farming experience had inverse relationship with the efficiency of fish farming in the study areas, farmers’ age had direct relationship under both CRS and VRS, while access to credit had direct relationship with efficiency under SE specification. The analysis shows a slack of 4.184kg, 2,972.091m,2,411.008kg, N112,119.49 and 2,284.597; in fish output, pond size, feed, labour and number of fingerlings respectively. Major problem facing the fish farmers were limited access to credit, marketing, transportation and access to quality feed. The study therefore concluded that measures should be taken to improve technical efficiency, in order to bridge the gap between fish demand and supply, to bring about self sufficiency in fish production.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134393539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0608004
Melkamu Hordofa Sigaye
: Balanced use of inorganic fertilizers has been the important tools to overcome soil fertility problems and enhance crop production and productivity. The experiment was conducted validate blended fertilizer to develop site and crop specific optimum rate recommendations based on Ethio-SIS soil fertility map in Halaba, southern Ethiopia, during the 2019 cropping season. The experiment was consisted of six treatments levels: (1) control or unfertilized, (2) farmers’ practice (100 kg ha -1 of NPSB + 50 kg ha -1 of Urea), (3) 100% of the recommended rates of N and P which is-138 N and 92 P, (4) 50% of the recommended rates of N and P from blended (NPSB) fertilizer and urea, (5) 100% of the recommended rates of N and P from blended (NPSB) fertilizer and urea and (6) 150% of the recommended rates of N and P from blended (NPSB) fertilizer and urea. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The result revealed that the maximum grain yield (8,240 kg ha -1 ), straw yield (18,435 kg ha -1 ) and biomass yield (25,858 kg ha -1 ) of maize was obtained from application 150% of recommended rate nitrogen and phosphorous from NPSB blended fertilizer plus urea source. The economic analysis indicated that the application of 150% of recommended rate nitrogen and phosphorous from NPSB blended fertilizer and urea source were gives net benefit value of (107113.50 ETB ha -1 ) with MRR of (9%). These results suggest that an appropriate use balanced fertilizer based on site and crop specific not only provides enough nutrients to the soil but also improves crop production and productivity. There for application of 150% of recommended rate nitrogen and phosphorous from NPSB blended fertilizer and urea source based on Ethio-SIS soil fertility map can be recommended to farmers for maize producers, that with assurance of economic returns in Halaba, Southerm Ethiopia and areas with similar agro-ecological and soil conditions. Finally, further investigation should be undertaken across years and different locations to confirm the current finding and for wider applicability.
平衡使用无机肥料已成为克服土壤肥力问题、提高作物产量和生产力的重要手段。该试验是在2019年种植季节，根据埃塞俄比亚南部哈拉巴的埃塞俄比亚- sis土壤肥力图，对混合肥料进行验证，以制定针对场地和作物的最佳配比建议。实验是由六个治疗水平:(1)控制或未孕,(2)农民的实践(100公斤公顷的第1 NPSB尿素+ 50公斤ha - 1)、(3)推荐率的100% N和P - 138 N和92 P,(4) 50%的N和P的推荐率混合肥料和尿素(NPSB),(5) 100%的N和P的推荐率(NPSB)混合肥料,尿素和(6)150%的N和P的推荐率(NPSB)混合肥料,尿素。处理采用随机完全区组设计，3个重复。结果表明，氮磷肥与尿素混合施用150%推荐用量时，玉米籽粒产量最高(8240 kg ha -1)，秸秆产量最高(18435 kg ha -1)，生物量产量最高(25858 kg ha -1)。经济分析表明，氮磷肥和尿素源按150%推荐用量施用氮磷肥，净效益值为(107113.50 ETB ha -1)， MRR为(9%)。这些结果表明,适当的使用基于网站和作物特定平衡施肥不仅为土壤提供足够的营养,还提高了作物生产和生产力。因此，根据埃塞俄比亚- sis土壤肥力图，在哈拉巴、埃塞俄比亚南部和具有类似农业生态和土壤条件的地区，可以向玉米生产者推荐按150%推荐用量施用NPSB混合肥料和尿素源的氮磷，以保证经济效益。最后，应该在不同的年份和不同的地点进行进一步的调查，以确认目前的发现和更广泛的适用性。
{"title":"Validation of Blended Fertilizers Based on Ethio-Sis Soil Fertility Map to Develop Site Specific and Crop at Halaba, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Melkamu Hordofa Sigaye","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0608004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0608004","url":null,"abstract":": Balanced use of inorganic fertilizers has been the important tools to overcome soil fertility problems and enhance crop production and productivity. The experiment was conducted validate blended fertilizer to develop site and crop specific optimum rate recommendations based on Ethio-SIS soil fertility map in Halaba, southern Ethiopia, during the 2019 cropping season. The experiment was consisted of six treatments levels: (1) control or unfertilized, (2) farmers’ practice (100 kg ha -1 of NPSB + 50 kg ha -1 of Urea), (3) 100% of the recommended rates of N and P which is-138 N and 92 P, (4) 50% of the recommended rates of N and P from blended (NPSB) fertilizer and urea, (5) 100% of the recommended rates of N and P from blended (NPSB) fertilizer and urea and (6) 150% of the recommended rates of N and P from blended (NPSB) fertilizer and urea. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The result revealed that the maximum grain yield (8,240 kg ha -1 ), straw yield (18,435 kg ha -1 ) and biomass yield (25,858 kg ha -1 ) of maize was obtained from application 150% of recommended rate nitrogen and phosphorous from NPSB blended fertilizer plus urea source. The economic analysis indicated that the application of 150% of recommended rate nitrogen and phosphorous from NPSB blended fertilizer and urea source were gives net benefit value of (107113.50 ETB ha -1 ) with MRR of (9%). These results suggest that an appropriate use balanced fertilizer based on site and crop specific not only provides enough nutrients to the soil but also improves crop production and productivity. There for application of 150% of recommended rate nitrogen and phosphorous from NPSB blended fertilizer and urea source based on Ethio-SIS soil fertility map can be recommended to farmers for maize producers, that with assurance of economic returns in Halaba, Southerm Ethiopia and areas with similar agro-ecological and soil conditions. Finally, further investigation should be undertaken across years and different locations to confirm the current finding and for wider applicability.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131623062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0401002
S. Deivasigamani, C. Swaminathan
Test weight is an important predictor for milling of yield; test weights are measured on grain loads by weighing a known volume of grain, which is used to compare grain densities. If lower test weights than the accepted standard are recorded than more grain volume is needed for storage or transportation. If high test weights are recorded than less grain volume is needed. Low test weights tend to result from poor grain fill and environmental conditions in the field before harvest. The 1000 grain weight is a very important measure of seed quality, which is effective on sprouting, seed potential, seedling growth, and plant performance (Hossein Afshari et al., 2011). This quality is dependent on the size of embryo and reserved nutrients quantity used for sprouting and growth (Ebadi and Hisoriev, 2011; Cao et al., 2011).
试验重量是铣削成品率的重要预测指标;测试重量是通过称重已知体积的谷物来测量谷物负荷，这是用来比较谷物密度的。如果记录的试验重量低于公认的标准，则需要更多的谷物体积用于储存或运输。如果记录的试验重量较高，则需要较少的颗粒体积。试验重量低往往是由于籽粒灌浆不良和收获前田间环境条件所致。千粒重是衡量种子质量的重要指标，对发芽、种子势、幼苗生长和植株性能都有影响(Hossein Afshari et al.， 2011)。这种品质取决于胚胎的大小和用于发芽和生长的营养储备量(Ebadi和Hisoriev, 2011;曹等人，2011)。
{"title":"Evaluation of Seed Test Weight on Major Field Crops","authors":"S. Deivasigamani, C. Swaminathan","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0401002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0401002","url":null,"abstract":"Test weight is an important predictor for milling of yield; test weights are measured on grain loads by weighing a known volume of grain, which is used to compare grain densities. If lower test weights than the accepted standard are recorded than more grain volume is needed for storage or transportation. If high test weights are recorded than less grain volume is needed. Low test weights tend to result from poor grain fill and environmental conditions in the field before harvest. The 1000 grain weight is a very important measure of seed quality, which is effective on sprouting, seed potential, seedling growth, and plant performance (Hossein Afshari et al., 2011). This quality is dependent on the size of embryo and reserved nutrients quantity used for sprouting and growth (Ebadi and Hisoriev, 2011; Cao et al., 2011).","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131700547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0505002
G. Negash, Wagar Raga, Biruk Alemu
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L) (2n = 2x = 14) is one of the most important staple food crops in the highlands of Ethiopia. It is a cool season crop, the most dependable and early maturing cereal grain with relatively high yield potential including in marginal areas where other cereal crops cannot have adapted [14, 31]. The major barley production areas of the world include: Europe, the Mediterranean fringe of North Africa, Ethiopia and the Middle East, former USSR, China, India, Canada and USA [16]. Ethiopia is the second largest barley producer in Africa, next to Morocco, accounting for about 25 % of the total barley production in the continent [10]. However, there is great yield gap between national average yield (2.11 t/ha -1 ) [7] and world average yield (3.04 t/ha -1 ) (Foreign Agricultural Service/USDA April 2017 Office of Global Analysis). This production limitation may be attributed to primarily the low yielding ability of farmers’ cultivars, which are the dominant varieties in use; the influence of several biotic and a biotic stresses; and poor promotion of improved barley production package technologies [1].
{"title":"Multi-Location Evaluation of Yield and Yield Related Trait Performance in Food Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Genotypes at Western Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"G. Negash, Wagar Raga, Biruk Alemu","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0505002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0505002","url":null,"abstract":"Barley (Hordeum vulgare L) (2n = 2x = 14) is one of the most important staple food crops in the highlands of Ethiopia. It is a cool season crop, the most dependable and early maturing cereal grain with relatively high yield potential including in marginal areas where other cereal crops cannot have adapted [14, 31]. The major barley production areas of the world include: Europe, the Mediterranean fringe of North Africa, Ethiopia and the Middle East, former USSR, China, India, Canada and USA [16]. Ethiopia is the second largest barley producer in Africa, next to Morocco, accounting for about 25 % of the total barley production in the continent [10]. However, there is great yield gap between national average yield (2.11 t/ha -1 ) [7] and world average yield (3.04 t/ha -1 ) (Foreign Agricultural Service/USDA April 2017 Office of Global Analysis). This production limitation may be attributed to primarily the low yielding ability of farmers’ cultivars, which are the dominant varieties in use; the influence of several biotic and a biotic stresses; and poor promotion of improved barley production package technologies [1].","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130782977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0707004
Alemnesh Sisay addisu, Endashaw Girma Seyoum
Pot experiment incubation study was carried out to investigate the influence of biochar and lime on selected soil chemical properties of Nitisol loam soil with characteristic of high Phosphorus fixation and acidity. The treatments included (control, 10 t h coffee husk biochar (CHB), 20 t h CHB, lime and 10 t h CHB +50% lime). These were employed in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The studied soil were collected and subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means were compared at the 0.05 probability level using list significant difference test .The results showed that soil pH increased from 4.89 to 6.68 by applying 20 t h CHB biochar at the same times the exchangeable acidity and acicd cation are reduced significantly and. Moreover, liming significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and available Phosphorus. This study stresses the importance of long-term lime experiments on major crops in order to investigate the residual effects and reduce lime costs.
采用盆栽试验培养研究了生物炭和石灰对高固磷酸性硝土壤土部分土壤化学性质的影响。对照、咖啡壳生物炭(CHB) 10 t、CHB +石灰20 t和CHB +50%石灰10 t。这些研究采用随机完全区组设计，有三个重复。结果表明，施用20 t CHB生物炭可使土壤pH由4.89提高到6.68，同时显著降低土壤的交换性酸性和酸性阳离子。石灰处理显著(P≤0.05)提高了阳离子交换容量(CEC)和有效磷。本研究强调了在主要作物上进行长期石灰试验的重要性，以便研究石灰的残留效应和降低石灰成本。
{"title":"Effect of Incubation Study of Coffee Husk on the Amendment of Chemical Properties on Acid Soil","authors":"Alemnesh Sisay addisu, Endashaw Girma Seyoum","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0707004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0707004","url":null,"abstract":"Pot experiment incubation study was carried out to investigate the influence of biochar and lime on selected soil chemical properties of Nitisol loam soil with characteristic of high Phosphorus fixation and acidity. The treatments included (control, 10 t h coffee husk biochar (CHB), 20 t h CHB, lime and 10 t h CHB +50% lime). These were employed in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The studied soil were collected and subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means were compared at the 0.05 probability level using list significant difference test .The results showed that soil pH increased from 4.89 to 6.68 by applying 20 t h CHB biochar at the same times the exchangeable acidity and acicd cation are reduced significantly and. Moreover, liming significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and available Phosphorus. This study stresses the importance of long-term lime experiments on major crops in order to investigate the residual effects and reduce lime costs.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114672203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0204002
G. X. P. Filho, Miquéias Freitas Calvi, R. A. Castro
Hunger and malnourishment control and school meal programs became commercialization channels for family production and have been implemented mainly by way of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) and the National School Feeding Program (PNAE). The objective of this work is to evaluate access to the PAA and the PNAE by family farmers within the Transamazonian Territory, which is a central region in the Brazilian Amazon. To obtain the information, semistructured questionnaires were applied to the implementing organizations and the farmers who benefited from the aforementioned programs in the year of 2014. The data obtained was analyzed by way of descriptive and inferential statistics. A reduced access to these programs was observed, which is associated to a strong bureaucratic process, a delay in the approval of projects (PAA), a delay in payment by the city halls, difficulty in issuing invoices and political instability within the cities (PNAE). The conclusion was that the effectuation of these programs is directly related to the socioeconomic and productive dynamics of the cities, and depends on the participation of farmer organizations, buying agents and especially on the political will of the managers.
{"title":"Institutional Markets for Family Agriculture: Analysis of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) and the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) within a Territory in the Brazilian Amazon 1","authors":"G. X. P. Filho, Miquéias Freitas Calvi, R. A. Castro","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0204002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0204002","url":null,"abstract":"Hunger and malnourishment control and school meal programs became commercialization channels for family production and have been implemented mainly by way of the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) and the National School Feeding Program (PNAE). The objective of this work is to evaluate access to the PAA and the PNAE by family farmers within the Transamazonian Territory, which is a central region in the Brazilian Amazon. To obtain the information, semistructured questionnaires were applied to the implementing organizations and the farmers who benefited from the aforementioned programs in the year of 2014. The data obtained was analyzed by way of descriptive and inferential statistics. A reduced access to these programs was observed, which is associated to a strong bureaucratic process, a delay in the approval of projects (PAA), a delay in payment by the city halls, difficulty in issuing invoices and political instability within the cities (PNAE). The conclusion was that the effectuation of these programs is directly related to the socioeconomic and productive dynamics of the cities, and depends on the participation of farmer organizations, buying agents and especially on the political will of the managers.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122186310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0512002
C. Alamanjo, J. Osuji, I. Alabi, C. Chizea
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is among the most important staple food crop in sub-Saharan Africa, consumed frequently by a population of more than 800 million people across this region (Lebot, 2009). Cassava is the third most important source of calories in the tropics (FAO, 2010) and the sixth most significant food crop after rice, maize, sugar cane, wheat and potato, in terms of global annual production (FAOSTAT, 2010). Cassava global annual production is approximately 291.9 million tons with Africa contributing more than 177 million tons, which is about 60.9% of global production (FAOSTAT, 2019). Added to this, Nigeria has the largest contribution to global productivity, with an annual production of about 59 million tonnes (FAOSTAT, 2019), more than Abstract: The quest to establish cassava cultivars with increased yield, pest and drought resistance has led to the establishment of several cassava germplasms but with little or no independent study on these germplasms. Hence, we employed basic morphological and anatomical protocol to ascertain the similarities and variabilities among 10 cassava germplasms and their potentials for yield, pest and drought resistance. Cassava germplasms were grown in soil-filled polypots, maintained at 50% field capacity and parameters like plant height, leaf area, petiole length, petiole insertion type, lobe margins, nature of cuticles, number of vasculatures in stems and petioles, presence/absence of trichomes in midribs and estimated area of vascular bundles were measured at 45 days after planting. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and petiole insertion type, reticulate venation, lobe margin and number vasculatures in stems revealed similarities among all germplasms studied, thus indicating an identical ancestral origin. Nonetheless, variations were observed in plant height, leaf area, nature of cuticles, petiole length, number of vasculatures in petiole and presence/absence of trichomes in midrib. Germplasms like TMS 95/0289, TMS 95/0166, TMS 92/0057, TMS 91/02324 were among the top performing lines on plant height, petiole length, leaf area and number of vasculatures present in the petiole and Pearson coefficient correlation among these four parameters revealed a strong positive relationships statistically significant at p < 0.05, thus indicating that these germplasms will contribute to breeding of cassava cultivar with improved yield capabilities, as the selection of one of these parameters will positively influence others. Germplasms like TMS 96/0166, TMS 97/0211, TMS 9/1089A and TMS 98/2101 were top performers on qualities of drought and pest resistance via the presence of trichomes, thick leaf cuticles, reduced number of petiole vasculatures and area of vascular bundles in both petioles and midribs. Thus, our results suggest a possible tradeoff between breeding for increased yield and breeding for resistance to pest and drought but an exception was revealed in germplasm TMS 96/01
{"title":"Similarities and Variabilities in Ten Cassava Germplasms from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Onne Rivers State Nigeria","authors":"C. Alamanjo, J. Osuji, I. Alabi, C. Chizea","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0512002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0512002","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is among the most important staple food crop in sub-Saharan Africa, consumed frequently by a population of more than 800 million people across this region (Lebot, 2009). Cassava is the third most important source of calories in the tropics (FAO, 2010) and the sixth most significant food crop after rice, maize, sugar cane, wheat and potato, in terms of global annual production (FAOSTAT, 2010). Cassava global annual production is approximately 291.9 million tons with Africa contributing more than 177 million tons, which is about 60.9% of global production (FAOSTAT, 2019). Added to this, Nigeria has the largest contribution to global productivity, with an annual production of about 59 million tonnes (FAOSTAT, 2019), more than Abstract: The quest to establish cassava cultivars with increased yield, pest and drought resistance has led to the establishment of several cassava germplasms but with little or no independent study on these germplasms. Hence, we employed basic morphological and anatomical protocol to ascertain the similarities and variabilities among 10 cassava germplasms and their potentials for yield, pest and drought resistance. Cassava germplasms were grown in soil-filled polypots, maintained at 50% field capacity and parameters like plant height, leaf area, petiole length, petiole insertion type, lobe margins, nature of cuticles, number of vasculatures in stems and petioles, presence/absence of trichomes in midribs and estimated area of vascular bundles were measured at 45 days after planting. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and petiole insertion type, reticulate venation, lobe margin and number vasculatures in stems revealed similarities among all germplasms studied, thus indicating an identical ancestral origin. Nonetheless, variations were observed in plant height, leaf area, nature of cuticles, petiole length, number of vasculatures in petiole and presence/absence of trichomes in midrib. Germplasms like TMS 95/0289, TMS 95/0166, TMS 92/0057, TMS 91/02324 were among the top performing lines on plant height, petiole length, leaf area and number of vasculatures present in the petiole and Pearson coefficient correlation among these four parameters revealed a strong positive relationships statistically significant at p < 0.05, thus indicating that these germplasms will contribute to breeding of cassava cultivar with improved yield capabilities, as the selection of one of these parameters will positively influence others. Germplasms like TMS 96/0166, TMS 97/0211, TMS 9/1089A and TMS 98/2101 were top performers on qualities of drought and pest resistance via the presence of trichomes, thick leaf cuticles, reduced number of petiole vasculatures and area of vascular bundles in both petioles and midribs. Thus, our results suggest a possible tradeoff between breeding for increased yield and breeding for resistance to pest and drought but an exception was revealed in germplasm TMS 96/01","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125766031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0306004
Nwankwo. I.I.M., O. Akinbo, V. Ezebuiro, G. Egbo, O. Okeagu, Ikoro A.I
A field study was conducted at National Root Crops Research Institute Umudike Southeast Nigeria to determine evidence of morphological variation, traits that would contribute to tuber yield and response of the progenies to major field diseases. Data were collected on 60 sampled yam progenies out of the 150 progenies evaluated on morphological parameters such as leading vine length, vine diameter, length of leaf, width of leaf, number of leaves, number of lateral vines and severity of major diseases attacking yam cultivars in the field. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Genstat 5.32 package and Regression analysis was used to determine the morphological characters influencing the tuber yield of the progenies. The result obtained showed significant (P<0.01) variability in the morphological attributes exhibited by the progenies as a result of genetic reshuffling. This was observed in the range for the measurement of each of the morphological characters from minimum to maximum. Also, the variation in the responses of the yam progenies to biotic stresses indicated that there was genetic segregation responsible for the variations exhibited for most of the progenies. Some of the progenies were susceptible, tolerant and resistant to biotic stresses. Keyword: Progenies, A cross, Variation, Morphological characters and Major diseases
{"title":"Evaluation of the Progenies from a Cross between Obiaoturugo and Adaka for Evidence of Segregation for Morphological Attributes and Resistance to Major Field Diseases of White Yam ( Dioscorea Rotundata Poir)","authors":"Nwankwo. I.I.M., O. Akinbo, V. Ezebuiro, G. Egbo, O. Okeagu, Ikoro A.I","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0306004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0306004","url":null,"abstract":"A field study was conducted at National Root Crops Research Institute Umudike Southeast Nigeria to determine evidence of morphological variation, traits that would contribute to tuber yield and response of the progenies to major field diseases. Data were collected on 60 sampled yam progenies out of the 150 progenies evaluated on morphological parameters such as leading vine length, vine diameter, length of leaf, width of leaf, number of leaves, number of lateral vines and severity of major diseases attacking yam cultivars in the field. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Genstat 5.32 package and Regression analysis was used to determine the morphological characters influencing the tuber yield of the progenies. The result obtained showed significant (P<0.01) variability in the morphological attributes exhibited by the progenies as a result of genetic reshuffling. This was observed in the range for the measurement of each of the morphological characters from minimum to maximum. Also, the variation in the responses of the yam progenies to biotic stresses indicated that there was genetic segregation responsible for the variations exhibited for most of the progenies. Some of the progenies were susceptible, tolerant and resistant to biotic stresses. Keyword: Progenies, A cross, Variation, Morphological characters and Major diseases","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127231440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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