Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0309002
Wakuma Merga
Broadly, participatory plant breeding (PPB) is the development of a plant breeding program in collaboration between breeders and farmers, marketers, processors, consumers, and policy makers (food security, health and nutrition, employment)(Ceccarelli, 2012). In the context of plant breeding in the developing world, PPB is breeding that involves close farmer-researcher collaboration to bring about plant genetic improvement within a species. PPB is a strategy for plant breeding with its own set of methodologies that applies in situations where the demand for specific varietal traits among producers, traders, industries and consumers is poorly understood and difficult to diagnose with conventional market research methods. Depending on who controls the breeding process (researchers or farmers) and the scale on which the work is undertaken (community-centered or research to extrapolate results) two broad categories are usually differentiated: 'farmer-led' and 'formal-led' PPB(Probst, 2016).
{"title":"Review on Participatory Plant Breeding","authors":"Wakuma Merga","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0309002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0309002","url":null,"abstract":"Broadly, participatory plant breeding (PPB) is the development of a plant breeding program in collaboration between breeders and farmers, marketers, processors, consumers, and policy makers (food security, health and nutrition, employment)(Ceccarelli, 2012). In the context of plant breeding in the developing world, PPB is breeding that involves close farmer-researcher collaboration to bring about plant genetic improvement within a species. PPB is a strategy for plant breeding with its own set of methodologies that applies in situations where the demand for specific varietal traits among producers, traders, industries and consumers is poorly understood and difficult to diagnose with conventional market research methods. Depending on who controls the breeding process (researchers or farmers) and the scale on which the work is undertaken (community-centered or research to extrapolate results) two broad categories are usually differentiated: 'farmer-led' and 'formal-led' PPB(Probst, 2016).","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114266628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0509003
M. Adnyana, P. Wardana, R. Ramadhan
Rice is cultivated in Indonesia in a very wide range of ecosystems from irrigated to rainfed, flood prone (shallow, mid-deep, and deep water), swampy land, to uplands, but irrigated land stills the largest planted rice area. Transplanting is the major method of rice cultivation in Indonesia. However, transplanting is becoming increasingly difficult due to shortage and high cost of labor, scarcity of water, and reduced on-farm profit. Thus, direct-seeding is gaining popularity and highly prospective among farmers of Indonesia as in other Asian countries. Direct-seeding constitutes both wet-seeding and dry-seeding, and it does away with the need for, nursery preparation, uprooting of seedlings and transplanting. In the rice agro-ecosystems ideal environment conditions are provided for optimal rice productivity are being exploited by the associated weeds. Irrespective of the method of rice establishment, weeds are a major impediment to rice production through their ability to compete for resources and their impact on product quality.
{"title":"Integrated Weed Management for Large Scale Direct Seeding Hybrid Rice Cultivation at Irrigated Land in Indonesia","authors":"M. Adnyana, P. Wardana, R. Ramadhan","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0509003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0509003","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is cultivated in Indonesia in a very wide range of ecosystems from irrigated to rainfed, flood prone (shallow, mid-deep, and deep water), swampy land, to uplands, but irrigated land stills the largest planted rice area. Transplanting is the major method of rice cultivation in Indonesia. However, transplanting is becoming increasingly difficult due to shortage and high cost of labor, scarcity of water, and reduced on-farm profit. Thus, direct-seeding is gaining popularity and highly prospective among farmers of Indonesia as in other Asian countries. Direct-seeding constitutes both wet-seeding and dry-seeding, and it does away with the need for, nursery preparation, uprooting of seedlings and transplanting. In the rice agro-ecosystems ideal environment conditions are provided for optimal rice productivity are being exploited by the associated weeds. Irrespective of the method of rice establishment, weeds are a major impediment to rice production through their ability to compete for resources and their impact on product quality.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114649130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0501002
T. Tefera, Beniam Yaziz, Tesfaye Shimbir
Coffee has a substantial source of income for the Ethiopian growers as well as world market contributing (Worku and Astatkie, 2010). The coffee market fluctuation in the international trade has been affected by the low production of coffee and its quality (ITC, 2010). South-West Ethiopia is well known for tropical humid and lowland crop cultivation including coffee. The area receives an annual average of 1500mm precipitation. However, the presence of erratic rainfall has created moisture stress during the critical period of coffee cultivation and the yield has been severely reduced.
{"title":"Response of Coffee Genotypes (Coffea Arabica) for Moisture Stress Condition at Tepi, South West of Ethiopia","authors":"T. Tefera, Beniam Yaziz, Tesfaye Shimbir","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0501002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0501002","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee has a substantial source of income for the Ethiopian growers as well as world market contributing (Worku and Astatkie, 2010). The coffee market fluctuation in the international trade has been affected by the low production of coffee and its quality (ITC, 2010). South-West Ethiopia is well known for tropical humid and lowland crop cultivation including coffee. The area receives an annual average of 1500mm precipitation. However, the presence of erratic rainfall has created moisture stress during the critical period of coffee cultivation and the yield has been severely reduced.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"307 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114524723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0207001
K. Kelemu
This paper investigates the impact of mobile telephone on technical efficiency of wheat producing farmers in Ethiopia using data collected by Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). The study indicated significant impact of mobile telephone on technical efficiency implying the potential role of mobile telecommunication service in improving overall wheat productivity through improving technical efficiency of farmers.
{"title":"Impact of Mobile Telephone on Technical Efficiency of WheatGrowing Farmers in Ethiopia","authors":"K. Kelemu","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0207001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0207001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of mobile telephone on technical efficiency of wheat producing farmers in Ethiopia using data collected by Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). The study indicated significant impact of mobile telephone on technical efficiency implying the potential role of mobile telecommunication service in improving overall wheat productivity through improving technical efficiency of farmers.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115256462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0702002
K. Premakumar, S. Sahana, M. A. S. F. Sabrana
A research study was conducted, to evaluate the physicochemical properties and quality of spontaneously fermented cabbage at five NaCl salt concentrations: 1.0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% (w/w) were used as treatments and 0% (w/w) NaCl was used as control with 4 weeks of storage period. For this study, Brassica oleracea L. was shredded, salted and packed into glass jars and kept under anaerobic conditions for fermentation at 29°C±2 for 7 days. After initial fermentation physico-chemical analysis vz-pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids(TSS), total sugars(TS), ascorbic acid, moisture and ash content and sensory evaluation was conducted and based on the scores, most preferred three formulations T2, T3, T4 were selected for storage study at ambient conditions for 4 weeks. The physico-chemical analysis of stored sauerkraut samples revealed an increasing trend in titratable acidity (0.21-0.7%), TSS (18.94-110.51mg/kg) and decreasing trend in pH (5.72-3.94), moisture (90.84-83.86%), ash (3.51-2.94%) and vitamin C content (0.41-0.08 mg/kg), and TS was observed increasing on week 1 and shown a decreasing trend in the later part (45.21-37.85mg/kg). The sensory assessment revealed that there was significant increase in overall acceptability for the treatments with 2-3% salt solution in colour, aroma and taste, and all the salted treatments were observed for microbial test. At the end of the study, sauerkraut prepared with 3% NaCl was preferred for desirable nutritive values up to 21 days at ambient storage.
{"title":"Effects of Salt Concentration on Storage Ability of Sauerkraut","authors":"K. Premakumar, S. Sahana, M. A. S. F. Sabrana","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0702002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0702002","url":null,"abstract":"A research study was conducted, to evaluate the physicochemical properties and quality of spontaneously fermented cabbage at five NaCl salt concentrations: 1.0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% (w/w) were used as treatments and 0% (w/w) NaCl was used as control with 4 weeks of storage period. For this study, Brassica oleracea L. was shredded, salted and packed into glass jars and kept under anaerobic conditions for fermentation at 29°C±2 for 7 days. After initial fermentation physico-chemical analysis vz-pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids(TSS), total sugars(TS), ascorbic acid, moisture and ash content and sensory evaluation was conducted and based on the scores, most preferred three formulations T2, T3, T4 were selected for storage study at ambient conditions for 4 weeks. The physico-chemical analysis of stored sauerkraut samples revealed an increasing trend in titratable acidity (0.21-0.7%), TSS (18.94-110.51mg/kg) and decreasing trend in pH (5.72-3.94), moisture (90.84-83.86%), ash (3.51-2.94%) and vitamin C content (0.41-0.08 mg/kg), and TS was observed increasing on week 1 and shown a decreasing trend in the later part (45.21-37.85mg/kg). The sensory assessment revealed that there was significant increase in overall acceptability for the treatments with 2-3% salt solution in colour, aroma and taste, and all the salted treatments were observed for microbial test. At the end of the study, sauerkraut prepared with 3% NaCl was preferred for desirable nutritive values up to 21 days at ambient storage.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124939246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0302004
I. Bushara, S. F. Salih, Muna Ahmed
The present study was initiated with the investigate the effect of agroforestry and seasonality (during two successive years) on five range species using moringa tree in the model. The study utilized an enclosure located in a peri-urban area in west Omdurman within Khartoum state. 960 meters square was divided into five blocks were allocated for the plantation with five range species; one used as a control and the other for agroforestry experimentation. Each block was divided into 4 plots and subplots as replicates where range species were randomly selected for plantation trials. Measured parameters included days to germination, flowering and seed setting as well as productivity dry matter yields (ton/hectare). The nutritive value was analyzed for preand post-flowering physiological status. Soil samplings were done before and after plantation for the study of soil minerals and pH. The results showed that agroforestry showed significant (P ≤ 0.001) positive effects for all range species. During the year 2014, the highest yield was obtained by Dactyloctnium aegyptium (90 Ton), followed by Farsetia longisiliqua Decne (21Ton), then Lasiurus scindicus Henrard (14Ton), Clitoria ternatae (7 Ton) and finally Alysicerpusmonilifer (2.1 Ton). During the year 2015, the highest yield was obtained by Lasiurus scindicus Henrard (2489 Ton)followed by Clitoria ternatae (289 Ton), then Dactyloctnium aegyptium (92Ton)then Alysicerpus monilifer (91Ton) and Farsetia longisiliqua Decne(90 Ton). The effect of year on control and agroforestry treatment, was significant (P ≤ 0.001) with better yield for year 2015. Nearly all range species showed the same days for germination (~ 8 days), while Moringa showed longer days (21days). For the nutritive value of the plants, crude protein (CP) contents increased in postcompared with pre-flowering. CP increased for Moringa (P ≤ 0.01), Dactyloctnium aegyptium and Clitoria ternatae (P ≤ 0.05). Dry matter (DM) increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) only in Moringa, whereas, both Dactyloctnium aegyptium and Clitoria ternatae showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in DM. Ether extract content decreased with post-flowering for all plant species, but significant differences were only observed with Moringa (P ≤ 0.01), Lasiurus scindicus Henrard and Clitoria ternatae (P ≤ 0.05). Significant (P ≤ 0.05) decreases in ash contents were observed for all plant species with post-flowering except for Moringa which showed significant (P ≤ 0.01) increase. Anaylsised soil showed significant improvement after plantation as compared before plantation, however, soil salinity and phosphours was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced due to plantation. It could be concluded that the use of agroforestry in range could greatly improve range condition.
{"title":"Range Lands as Affected by Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) Agroforestry under Semi-Arid Condition of Khartoum State (Omdurman)","authors":"I. Bushara, S. F. Salih, Muna Ahmed","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0302004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0302004","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was initiated with the investigate the effect of agroforestry and seasonality (during two successive years) on five range species using moringa tree in the model. The study utilized an enclosure located in a peri-urban area in west Omdurman within Khartoum state. 960 meters square was divided into five blocks were allocated for the plantation with five range species; one used as a control and the other for agroforestry experimentation. Each block was divided into 4 plots and subplots as replicates where range species were randomly selected for plantation trials. Measured parameters included days to germination, flowering and seed setting as well as productivity dry matter yields (ton/hectare). The nutritive value was analyzed for preand post-flowering physiological status. Soil samplings were done before and after plantation for the study of soil minerals and pH. The results showed that agroforestry showed significant (P ≤ 0.001) positive effects for all range species. During the year 2014, the highest yield was obtained by Dactyloctnium aegyptium (90 Ton), followed by Farsetia longisiliqua Decne (21Ton), then Lasiurus scindicus Henrard (14Ton), Clitoria ternatae (7 Ton) and finally Alysicerpusmonilifer (2.1 Ton). During the year 2015, the highest yield was obtained by Lasiurus scindicus Henrard (2489 Ton)followed by Clitoria ternatae (289 Ton), then Dactyloctnium aegyptium (92Ton)then Alysicerpus monilifer (91Ton) and Farsetia longisiliqua Decne(90 Ton). The effect of year on control and agroforestry treatment, was significant (P ≤ 0.001) with better yield for year 2015. Nearly all range species showed the same days for germination (~ 8 days), while Moringa showed longer days (21days). For the nutritive value of the plants, crude protein (CP) contents increased in postcompared with pre-flowering. CP increased for Moringa (P ≤ 0.01), Dactyloctnium aegyptium and Clitoria ternatae (P ≤ 0.05). Dry matter (DM) increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01) only in Moringa, whereas, both Dactyloctnium aegyptium and Clitoria ternatae showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in DM. Ether extract content decreased with post-flowering for all plant species, but significant differences were only observed with Moringa (P ≤ 0.01), Lasiurus scindicus Henrard and Clitoria ternatae (P ≤ 0.05). Significant (P ≤ 0.05) decreases in ash contents were observed for all plant species with post-flowering except for Moringa which showed significant (P ≤ 0.01) increase. Anaylsised soil showed significant improvement after plantation as compared before plantation, however, soil salinity and phosphours was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced due to plantation. It could be concluded that the use of agroforestry in range could greatly improve range condition.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123263601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0305003
H. Alfallah
In Libya the varroa was first detected in the region of Al-Jabal Al-Akhader in 1976, where believed that it introduced by infected colonies that were imported from Bulgaria in 1974 to that region (Elshukri 2008).The mite then has spread covering almost the entire country in 1986 and has caused severe damage to the beekeeping industry, exceeded 50% losses in honey bee colonies. The miticide used in the first time is Folbex VA (bromopropylate)as a fumigant strip, replaced with apistan (Fluvalinate)in 1990 where used for long time till the mite has ultimately develop resistance (Alfallah 2000). Bayvaroll have been registered in 1994,Apilife Var where imported from Italy in 2002 which consist from natural material, Amitrazimported in formula of fumigant stripalthough is not registered by the government.In summer 1995 I lost 75% from my apiary because of delaying treatment only one month, emerge wingless and shortened abdomen young bee, in the end the colonies collapsed,colonies would collapse within 2 years without periodic treatment,by removing sealed drone brood for four to fiveconsecutive times in the beginning of season without using other method for controlling varroa is sufficient for several years in my apiary.in the last 10 years most of beekeepers reduce their uses of chemicals and miticide importing has been reduced.Many diseases such as American, and European foul brood and some other diseases has been disappeared in the last eight year’s because of honey bee organization stop their activity for importing bees from other countries. Many researchers try to spare the hive from residues of chemicals and found safe methods may introduced in program for alternative varroa control (AVC). Powdered sugar is most efficacious when it can be applied early in the season and exploit a winter brood-free period (Berry et al. 2012). Clove oil and tobacco extract both proved to be equally effective where gave the highest number of fallen Varroa mites (Rashid et al 2014). Good results achieved when lemon juice used with different concentrations with sugar syrup for controlling varroa on adult workers in honeybee colonies with little brood. (Abdel-Rahman and Rateb, 2008). In the United States they stop Amitraz from the marketing because of an issue of toxicity to bees through the strip plasticizer. (Jeff Pettis 2013). Researchers suggest that the drone-brood trapping method can be used as an element of an integrated control strategy to control varroa mites (Wantuch and Tarpy, 2009). By breeding mite-biting bees to control varroa, researcher found that it was possible to increase the proportion of chewed mites in the breeding population. Their results show that the trait is heritable. (Greg Hunt et al 2016)
在利比亚，1976年在Al-Jabal Al-Akhader地区首次发现了瓦罗亚病毒，据信它是由1974年从保加利亚进口到该地区的受感染菌落引入的(Elshukri 2008)。1986年，这种螨虫几乎覆盖了整个国家，对养蜂业造成了严重损害，蜜蜂种群损失超过50%。首次使用的杀螨剂是溴丙酯(Folbex VA)作为熏蒸剂条，1990年被apistan(氟valinate)取代，后者长期使用，直到螨虫最终产生抗药性(Alfallah 2000)。Bayvaroll于1994年注册，Apilife Var于2002年从意大利进口，由天然材料组成，阿米特拉唑以熏蒸条的配方进口，但没有得到政府的注册。1995年夏季，由于延迟处理仅一个月，我的蜂房损失了75%，出现了无翅、短腹的幼蜂，最终蜂群崩溃，如果不定期处理，蜂群将在2年内崩溃，在季节开始时连续四到五次去除密封的雄蜂巢，而不使用其他方法控制蜂病，在我的蜂房里已经足够几年了。在过去10年中，大多数养蜂人减少了化学品的使用，杀虫剂的进口也减少了。在过去的8年中，由于蜜蜂组织停止了从其他国家进口蜜蜂的活动，许多疾病如美国、欧洲的臭卵病和其他一些疾病已经消失。许多研究人员试图使蜂房免受化学物质残留的影响，并发现了安全的方法，可以引入替代瓦螨控制(AVC)计划。当糖粉可以在季节早期施用并利用冬季无卵期时最有效(Berry et al. 2012)。事实证明，丁香油和烟草提取物在杀灭瓦螨数量最多的地方同样有效(Rashid et al . 2014)。将不同浓度的柠檬汁与糖浆混合使用，对幼蜂较少的蜂群中工蜂的瓦螨进行防治，效果良好。(Abdel-Rahman and Rateb, 2008)。在美国，他们禁止Amitraz在市场上销售，因为条状增塑剂对蜜蜂有毒性。(杰夫·佩蒂斯，2013)。研究人员建议，无人机诱捕法可以作为控制瓦螨的综合控制策略的一个组成部分(Wantuch和Tarpy, 2009)。研究人员发现，通过培育叮咬螨虫的蜜蜂来控制瓦螨，有可能增加繁殖种群中咀嚼螨虫的比例。他们的研究结果表明，这种特征是可遗传的。(Greg Hunt et al . 2016)
{"title":"New Phenomenon for Natural Control of Varroa Destructor in Honey Bee Colonies A. Mellifera L. in Libya","authors":"H. Alfallah","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0305003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0305003","url":null,"abstract":"In Libya the varroa was first detected in the region of Al-Jabal Al-Akhader in 1976, where believed that it introduced by infected colonies that were imported from Bulgaria in 1974 to that region (Elshukri 2008).The mite then has spread covering almost the entire country in 1986 and has caused severe damage to the beekeeping industry, exceeded 50% losses in honey bee colonies. The miticide used in the first time is Folbex VA (bromopropylate)as a fumigant strip, replaced with apistan (Fluvalinate)in 1990 where used for long time till the mite has ultimately develop resistance (Alfallah 2000). Bayvaroll have been registered in 1994,Apilife Var where imported from Italy in 2002 which consist from natural material, Amitrazimported in formula of fumigant stripalthough is not registered by the government.In summer 1995 I lost 75% from my apiary because of delaying treatment only one month, emerge wingless and shortened abdomen young bee, in the end the colonies collapsed,colonies would collapse within 2 years without periodic treatment,by removing sealed drone brood for four to fiveconsecutive times in the beginning of season without using other method for controlling varroa is sufficient for several years in my apiary.in the last 10 years most of beekeepers reduce their uses of chemicals and miticide importing has been reduced.Many diseases such as American, and European foul brood and some other diseases has been disappeared in the last eight year’s because of honey bee organization stop their activity for importing bees from other countries. Many researchers try to spare the hive from residues of chemicals and found safe methods may introduced in program for alternative varroa control (AVC). Powdered sugar is most efficacious when it can be applied early in the season and exploit a winter brood-free period (Berry et al. 2012). Clove oil and tobacco extract both proved to be equally effective where gave the highest number of fallen Varroa mites (Rashid et al 2014). Good results achieved when lemon juice used with different concentrations with sugar syrup for controlling varroa on adult workers in honeybee colonies with little brood. (Abdel-Rahman and Rateb, 2008). In the United States they stop Amitraz from the marketing because of an issue of toxicity to bees through the strip plasticizer. (Jeff Pettis 2013). Researchers suggest that the drone-brood trapping method can be used as an element of an integrated control strategy to control varroa mites (Wantuch and Tarpy, 2009). By breeding mite-biting bees to control varroa, researcher found that it was possible to increase the proportion of chewed mites in the breeding population. Their results show that the trait is heritable. (Greg Hunt et al 2016)","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122161876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0702003
Birhanu Mengistu Aboye
Niger seed is among the most important oilseeds in Ethiopian Agriculture. The genetic divergence of niger seed genotypes collected from diverse ecologies of Ethiopia were evaluated using simple lattice design based on 12 quantitative traits to assess the genetic diversity of Ethiopian niger seed genotypes using multivariate techniques. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five distinct groups. Each group showed admixtures of accessions rather than traceable patterns of geographical origin. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and V (D2=94.75) and the lowest divergence was observed between cluster II and IV (D2=19.80). The first five Principle components explained 81 % of the total variation. The first component strongly influenced by days to flowering (-0.438) and number of head (0.377). Component two highly influenced by yield per plot (-0.542) and oil content (-0.532). Number of seed per head (0.623), number of primary branch and days to maturity (0.651) strongly influence component three, four and five respectively. Therefore, the study indicates the existence of genetic divergence among the tested genotypes and the possibility to identify divergent material with desirable agronomic features for the development of new superior niger seed cultivars through hybridization and selection by crossing accessions from different clusters.
{"title":"Cluster, Divergence and Principal Component Analysis of Niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.) Genotypes","authors":"Birhanu Mengistu Aboye","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0702003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0702003","url":null,"abstract":"Niger seed is among the most important oilseeds in Ethiopian Agriculture. The genetic divergence of niger seed genotypes collected from diverse ecologies of Ethiopia were evaluated using simple lattice design based on 12 quantitative traits to assess the genetic diversity of Ethiopian niger seed genotypes using multivariate techniques. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five distinct groups. Each group showed admixtures of accessions rather than traceable patterns of geographical origin. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and V (D2=94.75) and the lowest divergence was observed between cluster II and IV (D2=19.80). The first five Principle components explained 81 % of the total variation. The first component strongly influenced by days to flowering (-0.438) and number of head (0.377). Component two highly influenced by yield per plot (-0.542) and oil content (-0.532). Number of seed per head (0.623), number of primary branch and days to maturity (0.651) strongly influence component three, four and five respectively. Therefore, the study indicates the existence of genetic divergence among the tested genotypes and the possibility to identify divergent material with desirable agronomic features for the development of new superior niger seed cultivars through hybridization and selection by crossing accessions from different clusters.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122813637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0203001
Tadele Shiberu
This study was conducted under both open field and glasshouse conditions at Ambo University during the main cropping season of 2013-2014 using six different improved tomato varieties ‘Miya’, ‘Chali’, ‘Fetan’, ‘Melka-selsha’, ‘Melka shola’, ‘Cochoro’ and ‘Local round’ which were evaluated for their general performance,and resistance to insect pests The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was adopted with three replications. The result of the study revealed significant (P<0.001) differences for all parameters measured.. The maximum number of primary branches per plant was recorded in the varieties, ‘Chali’ (5.67), Miya’ (5.33), and ‘Melka shola’ (5.0) and the minimum number of primary branches per plant was recorded in variety, ‘Fetan’ (3.73). The maximum number of fruits per plant was recorded in ‘Melka shola’ (75.33) followed by ‘Melka-Selsa’ (64.33), while ‘Fetan’ and ‘Mira-1’variety hadthe minimum fruit numbers of (15.0and 15.67), respectively. The maximum marketable and non-marketable fruit yield per plant was observed in ‘Chali’ (2.0 kg/plant) and the minimum was in ‘Melka selsa’ (0.9 kg/plant) under open field. But in glasshouse, the maximum marketable yield (2.06 kg/plant) and the minimum (0.31kg/plant) was recorded in ‘Melka shola’ and ‘Chali’. Regarding insect pests and diseases, the varieties were significantly (P<0.001) different. The highest insect damage by fruit borer was in ‘Miya’ (4.33% / plant) and the minimum was observed in ‘Melka shola’ (1.67% / plant) under open field but in glass house condition, the maximum and the minimum was scored in ‘Melka selsa’(4.67% / plant) and in ‘Fetan’(1.0% / plant). Considering the total fruit yield, the maximum yield was recorded in ‘Chali’ (3.24 kg/plant) and the minimum was in ‘Fetan’ (1.13% / plant) under open field but in glasshouse condition, the maximum fruit yield was recorded in ‘Melka shola’ (4.04 kg/plant) and the minimum in ’Cochoro’ (1.61 kg / plant). This study was concluded that the tomato varieties, ‘Melka shola’ and ‘Fetan’ showed relatively good and poor performance in all parameters, respectively. Growing conditions within a glasshouse could be significantly different from growing conditions in open field production.
{"title":"Evaluation of Improved Tomato Varieties ( Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Performance against Major Insect Pests Under Open Field and Glasshouse Conditions","authors":"Tadele Shiberu","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0203001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0203001","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted under both open field and glasshouse conditions at Ambo University during the main cropping season of 2013-2014 using six different improved tomato varieties ‘Miya’, ‘Chali’, ‘Fetan’, ‘Melka-selsha’, ‘Melka shola’, ‘Cochoro’ and ‘Local round’ which were evaluated for their general performance,and resistance to insect pests The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was adopted with three replications. The result of the study revealed significant (P<0.001) differences for all parameters measured.. The maximum number of primary branches per plant was recorded in the varieties, ‘Chali’ (5.67), Miya’ (5.33), and ‘Melka shola’ (5.0) and the minimum number of primary branches per plant was recorded in variety, ‘Fetan’ (3.73). The maximum number of fruits per plant was recorded in ‘Melka shola’ (75.33) followed by ‘Melka-Selsa’ (64.33), while ‘Fetan’ and ‘Mira-1’variety hadthe minimum fruit numbers of (15.0and 15.67), respectively. The maximum marketable and non-marketable fruit yield per plant was observed in ‘Chali’ (2.0 kg/plant) and the minimum was in ‘Melka selsa’ (0.9 kg/plant) under open field. But in glasshouse, the maximum marketable yield (2.06 kg/plant) and the minimum (0.31kg/plant) was recorded in ‘Melka shola’ and ‘Chali’. Regarding insect pests and diseases, the varieties were significantly (P<0.001) different. The highest insect damage by fruit borer was in ‘Miya’ (4.33% / plant) and the minimum was observed in ‘Melka shola’ (1.67% / plant) under open field but in glass house condition, the maximum and the minimum was scored in ‘Melka selsa’(4.67% / plant) and in ‘Fetan’(1.0% / plant). Considering the total fruit yield, the maximum yield was recorded in ‘Chali’ (3.24 kg/plant) and the minimum was in ‘Fetan’ (1.13% / plant) under open field but in glasshouse condition, the maximum fruit yield was recorded in ‘Melka shola’ (4.04 kg/plant) and the minimum in ’Cochoro’ (1.61 kg / plant). This study was concluded that the tomato varieties, ‘Melka shola’ and ‘Fetan’ showed relatively good and poor performance in all parameters, respectively. Growing conditions within a glasshouse could be significantly different from growing conditions in open field production.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125401472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2454-6224.0708002
Awoke Ali Zeleke
Genetic diversity is a pre request for successful breeding program. The study was conducted at Adet in 2018/19 under field condition in simple lattice design with three replication. The aim of the study was to identify genetically divergent potato genotypes having desired traits for further potato breeding activity. A total of 36 potato genotypes were evaluated for 18 quantitative traits in simple lattice design. The analysis of variance revealed that highly significant (p < 0.001) difference among the tested potato genotypes for all quantitative traits except stem number per hill. The studied 36 potato genotypes were grouped in to five distinct clusters. Cluster V was the largest cluster which consisted of eleven genotypes (30.56%) and cluster III comprise three genotypes (8.33%). Clusters I and IV having divergence distance can be used as a parent for further breeding or crossing. The highest and lowest intra cluster distance was observed in cluster III (4.97) and V (2.37) respectively. A total of six principal component with an Eigen value >1 accounted for 78.22% of the total variation in the studied potato genotypes.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity Studies for Tuber Yield and Yield Related Traits in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotypes","authors":"Awoke Ali Zeleke","doi":"10.20431/2454-6224.0708002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0708002","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic diversity is a pre request for successful breeding program. The study was conducted at Adet in 2018/19 under field condition in simple lattice design with three replication. The aim of the study was to identify genetically divergent potato genotypes having desired traits for further potato breeding activity. A total of 36 potato genotypes were evaluated for 18 quantitative traits in simple lattice design. The analysis of variance revealed that highly significant (p < 0.001) difference among the tested potato genotypes for all quantitative traits except stem number per hill. The studied 36 potato genotypes were grouped in to five distinct clusters. Cluster V was the largest cluster which consisted of eleven genotypes (30.56%) and cluster III comprise three genotypes (8.33%). Clusters I and IV having divergence distance can be used as a parent for further breeding or crossing. The highest and lowest intra cluster distance was observed in cluster III (4.97) and V (2.37) respectively. A total of six principal component with an Eigen value >1 accounted for 78.22% of the total variation in the studied potato genotypes.","PeriodicalId":117425,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences","volume":"467 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125836168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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