Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779551
Qibao Kang, W. Cong, Mengxia Wang, G. Xian, Guoqiang Liu, Zengmin Guo, Ruipeng Yi
The frequency of broken-line fault occurred in distribution network is increasing over the past years. Broken-line fault will create negative sequence and zero sequence voltages, which will seriously affect the normal work of loads. However, distribution network has not equipped with special protection against broken-line fault yet. In this paper, single-phase broken-line fault in distribution network is studied, features of the voltages at both ends of the fault line and the current flowing through the fault line are analyzed by using symmetrical component method combined with phasor diagrams when various single-phase broken-line fault occurs, and it proposes the main criterion and the additional criterions based on the theoretical analyses, as well as a method to judge the section that the broken-line fault located. Finally, simulation analysis is carried out through PSCAD/EMTDC, which ensures the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the protection criterions.
{"title":"Analyses and judgment methods of single-phase broken-line fault for loaded distribution line","authors":"Qibao Kang, W. Cong, Mengxia Wang, G. Xian, Guoqiang Liu, Zengmin Guo, Ruipeng Yi","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779551","url":null,"abstract":"The frequency of broken-line fault occurred in distribution network is increasing over the past years. Broken-line fault will create negative sequence and zero sequence voltages, which will seriously affect the normal work of loads. However, distribution network has not equipped with special protection against broken-line fault yet. In this paper, single-phase broken-line fault in distribution network is studied, features of the voltages at both ends of the fault line and the current flowing through the fault line are analyzed by using symmetrical component method combined with phasor diagrams when various single-phase broken-line fault occurs, and it proposes the main criterion and the additional criterions based on the theoretical analyses, as well as a method to judge the section that the broken-line fault located. Finally, simulation analysis is carried out through PSCAD/EMTDC, which ensures the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the protection criterions.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114219269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779476
Joan Sebastian Chaves Huertas, M. Tavares
This paper proposes an innovative solution to electrification of micro loads in the surroundings of high voltage transmission lines routes. Rural electrification of these loads is not trivial due to technical and economical aspects. These loads can be supplied by using the energy loss that is confined near to isolated shielding wires. The alternative consists of isolating a section of a shielding wire and needs a resonant reactor for voltage regulation. The main characteristics of the proposed system are presented, together with steady state results obtained with PSCAD and ATP programs.
{"title":"Rural electrification using capacitive induced voltage on transmission lines' shield wires","authors":"Joan Sebastian Chaves Huertas, M. Tavares","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779476","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an innovative solution to electrification of micro loads in the surroundings of high voltage transmission lines routes. Rural electrification of these loads is not trivial due to technical and economical aspects. These loads can be supplied by using the energy loss that is confined near to isolated shielding wires. The alternative consists of isolating a section of a shielding wire and needs a resonant reactor for voltage regulation. The main characteristics of the proposed system are presented, together with steady state results obtained with PSCAD and ATP programs.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114857171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779628
Zece Zhang, Jiankang Liang, Xiuli Wang, Rong Ye, Zhangsui Lin
An important purpose of building VSC-HVDC is to eliminate the overload and optimize the power flow in electric power network. From the points of the transmission network, a VSC-HVDC in electric power network influences the two end nodes' injection power of DC transmission line virtually and the injection power will further influence the distribution of branch power. The elimination of overload in electric power network that caused by VSC-HVDC has been considered when making transmission network expansion planning. A fast optimization model for power of transmission network including VSC-HVDC is built to minimize the network power loss. A new genetic operation called shift operation which will change the order of chromosome's local coding is added to the algorithm to keep the diversity of population. Garver-6 system is taken as an example to verify the correctness of the fast optimization model and prove that the genetic algorithm with shift operation can avoid local convergence more effectively. The genetic algorithm with shift operation is a beneficial attempt to improve the global convergence of genetic algorithm. The fast optimization model for power of transmission network including VSC-HVDC is proved to be practical.
{"title":"Transmission network including VSC-HVDC expansion planning based on genetic algorithm with shift operation","authors":"Zece Zhang, Jiankang Liang, Xiuli Wang, Rong Ye, Zhangsui Lin","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779628","url":null,"abstract":"An important purpose of building VSC-HVDC is to eliminate the overload and optimize the power flow in electric power network. From the points of the transmission network, a VSC-HVDC in electric power network influences the two end nodes' injection power of DC transmission line virtually and the injection power will further influence the distribution of branch power. The elimination of overload in electric power network that caused by VSC-HVDC has been considered when making transmission network expansion planning. A fast optimization model for power of transmission network including VSC-HVDC is built to minimize the network power loss. A new genetic operation called shift operation which will change the order of chromosome's local coding is added to the algorithm to keep the diversity of population. Garver-6 system is taken as an example to verify the correctness of the fast optimization model and prove that the genetic algorithm with shift operation can avoid local convergence more effectively. The genetic algorithm with shift operation is a beneficial attempt to improve the global convergence of genetic algorithm. The fast optimization model for power of transmission network including VSC-HVDC is proved to be practical.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"293 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116873492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779508
Xin Huang, Qing Chen, Xinyue Si, J. Si
With the development of smart distribution network, the distribution system is introduced with a large number of distributed generations (DGs). It becomes an active network that both the load and fault currents flow two-way, which leads to serious impacts on the protection's selectivity and sensitivity. In this paper, by analyzing current characteristics of a typical distribution network with DGs, a new distributed decision protection method which combines traditional over-current scheme and distributed wide-area protection is proposed. In this method, each line needs to install a smart terminal unit (STU) which obtains local data of current amplitude and direction in real time and processes them into logical values used to realize a specified logical operation. According to local and adjacent STU's calculation results, STUs can judge the fault area without synchronous sampling and isolate the fault by controlling the local protective devices accurately and quickly.
随着智能配电网的发展，配电系统引入了大量分布式代(dg)。负载电流和故障电流双向流动成为一个有源网络，严重影响了保护的选择性和灵敏度。本文通过分析典型配电网络的电流特性，提出了一种将传统过流方案与分布式广域保护相结合的分布式决策保护方法。在这种方法中，每条线路需要安装一个智能终端单元(smart terminal unit, STU)，实时获取本地的电流幅度和方向数据，并将其处理成逻辑值，用于实现指定的逻辑操作。根据本地和相邻STU的计算结果，无需同步采样即可判断出故障区域，通过控制本地保护装置准确、快速地隔离故障。
{"title":"A new protection scheme based on distributed decision in smart distribution grid","authors":"Xin Huang, Qing Chen, Xinyue Si, J. Si","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779508","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of smart distribution network, the distribution system is introduced with a large number of distributed generations (DGs). It becomes an active network that both the load and fault currents flow two-way, which leads to serious impacts on the protection's selectivity and sensitivity. In this paper, by analyzing current characteristics of a typical distribution network with DGs, a new distributed decision protection method which combines traditional over-current scheme and distributed wide-area protection is proposed. In this method, each line needs to install a smart terminal unit (STU) which obtains local data of current amplitude and direction in real time and processes them into logical values used to realize a specified logical operation. According to local and adjacent STU's calculation results, STUs can judge the fault area without synchronous sampling and isolate the fault by controlling the local protective devices accurately and quickly.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115876215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779580
Xuan Wu, Qianzhi Zhang, Jiahong He
the aim of this work is to develop an application which has the capability of modeling and optimizing regular shape (rectangular, square or L shape) ground grids under a two-layer soil model. The ground grid optimal design is the focus of this paper by using a 3-step optimization method: 1) using IEEE-80 equations to calculate touch and step potentials, which makes constraints continuous and differentiable for gradient descent methods; 2) using the optimal solutions from step 1 as the initial input into a pattern search algorithm by applying a more accurate but non-differentiable touch and step potential calculation method; 3) performing a perturbation test to determine whether the results from step 2 are globally optimal, otherwise using a genetic algorithm to re-optimize the solution from step 2 until it passes the perturbation test.
{"title":"Substation grounding system optimization with utilizing a novel MATLAB application","authors":"Xuan Wu, Qianzhi Zhang, Jiahong He","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779580","url":null,"abstract":"the aim of this work is to develop an application which has the capability of modeling and optimizing regular shape (rectangular, square or L shape) ground grids under a two-layer soil model. The ground grid optimal design is the focus of this paper by using a 3-step optimization method: 1) using IEEE-80 equations to calculate touch and step potentials, which makes constraints continuous and differentiable for gradient descent methods; 2) using the optimal solutions from step 1 as the initial input into a pattern search algorithm by applying a more accurate but non-differentiable touch and step potential calculation method; 3) performing a perturbation test to determine whether the results from step 2 are globally optimal, otherwise using a genetic algorithm to re-optimize the solution from step 2 until it passes the perturbation test.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115258757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS) is a promising solution to offshore wind power integration. The back-to-back modular multilevel converter (MMC) and modular multilevel matrix converter (M3C) are universally regarded as two promising ac/ac converter candidates of the next generation. This paper performs a detailed comparison between back-to-back MMC and M3C with special emphasis on their total capacitor and semiconductor ratings. The arm current and capacitor ripples are first analyzed, then comparison results of a 220 kV, 500 MW case is given. In terms of peak-current-based and RMS-current-based total semiconductor ratings the M3C is 42.56 % and 22.97 % larger respectively, while its total capacitor rating is merely 33.15% of the back-to-back MMC. The better candidate can be determined according to the quantitative comparison results and the latest prices of semiconductors and capacitors.
{"title":"Comparison between back-to-back MMC and M3C as high power AC/AC converters","authors":"Shenquan Liu, Xifan Wang, Biyang Wang, Pengwei Sun, Qian Zhou, Yong Cui","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779588","url":null,"abstract":"Fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS) is a promising solution to offshore wind power integration. The back-to-back modular multilevel converter (MMC) and modular multilevel matrix converter (M3C) are universally regarded as two promising ac/ac converter candidates of the next generation. This paper performs a detailed comparison between back-to-back MMC and M3C with special emphasis on their total capacitor and semiconductor ratings. The arm current and capacitor ripples are first analyzed, then comparison results of a 220 kV, 500 MW case is given. In terms of peak-current-based and RMS-current-based total semiconductor ratings the M3C is 42.56 % and 22.97 % larger respectively, while its total capacitor rating is merely 33.15% of the back-to-back MMC. The better candidate can be determined according to the quantitative comparison results and the latest prices of semiconductors and capacitors.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115506761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the relationship between traditional gas stations and electric vehicle charging stations in the automotive fuel market, the static Cournot model with profit maximization as the objective function and a dynamic one based on difference method are established to get the Cournot equilibrium of every fuel station. Numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis show feasibility and robustness of the model. All results acquired can be used in the electric vehicle charging stations and the traditional gas stations in the automobile fuel market for output policy guidance.
{"title":"The output planning model of the electric vehicle charging stations based on game theory","authors":"Hongliang Liu, Biao Zhang, Mengying Cui, Peng Xiao, Lijuan Li, Jun Wu","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779780","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the relationship between traditional gas stations and electric vehicle charging stations in the automotive fuel market, the static Cournot model with profit maximization as the objective function and a dynamic one based on difference method are established to get the Cournot equilibrium of every fuel station. Numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis show feasibility and robustness of the model. All results acquired can be used in the electric vehicle charging stations and the traditional gas stations in the automobile fuel market for output policy guidance.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123674660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779477
K. Cheung, Jun Wu
Facing the challenges posed by the penetration of a new fleet of renewable energy resources which are variable and distributed in nature, transmission organizations and grid operators around the world are in the process of enhancing their dispatch systems with broader capabilities and higher economic efficiency. Traditionally, static line rating (SLR) of a line is conservatively calculated under the “worst-case” operating conditions and are updated infrequently. These conservative assumptions may restrict the line capacity whenever the real weather condition is less stressful. More accurate assessment of transmission flow limits will directly impact the efficiency of system operations. Weather-based real-time dynamic line rating (DLR) is the current limit determined by real-time measurements of weather conditions surrounding the conductor. Increasing thermal line ratings, DLR has the potential to reduce transmission congestion and enhance operational efficiency. This paper applies DLR to the co-optimization problem of real-time energy and reserves using a security constrained economic dispatch (SCED) algorithm. Using real-time DLR, we demonstrate that the real-time SCED is able to dispatch the system more economically, relieve transmission congestion and reserve scarcity, and as a whole improved operational efficiency without compromising system security. Case studies are performed on a large power system of 48,000 transmission lines.
{"title":"Enhancement of real-time operational efficiency by applying dynamic line ratings","authors":"K. Cheung, Jun Wu","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779477","url":null,"abstract":"Facing the challenges posed by the penetration of a new fleet of renewable energy resources which are variable and distributed in nature, transmission organizations and grid operators around the world are in the process of enhancing their dispatch systems with broader capabilities and higher economic efficiency. Traditionally, static line rating (SLR) of a line is conservatively calculated under the “worst-case” operating conditions and are updated infrequently. These conservative assumptions may restrict the line capacity whenever the real weather condition is less stressful. More accurate assessment of transmission flow limits will directly impact the efficiency of system operations. Weather-based real-time dynamic line rating (DLR) is the current limit determined by real-time measurements of weather conditions surrounding the conductor. Increasing thermal line ratings, DLR has the potential to reduce transmission congestion and enhance operational efficiency. This paper applies DLR to the co-optimization problem of real-time energy and reserves using a security constrained economic dispatch (SCED) algorithm. Using real-time DLR, we demonstrate that the real-time SCED is able to dispatch the system more economically, relieve transmission congestion and reserve scarcity, and as a whole improved operational efficiency without compromising system security. Case studies are performed on a large power system of 48,000 transmission lines.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121600472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779817
Y. Adamian, S. Krivosheev, N. Korovkin, A. E. Monastyrsky, Y. Bocharov, I. S. Kolodkin, P. I. Kuligin, V. Titkov
It is demonstrated experimentally at surge protecting device connection to grounding system overvoltage limitation level depends on inductive part of the grounding impedance. Experimental study of resistive-inductive equivalent circuit parameters effect has shown presence of high frequency voltage component with characteristic period 1-3 μs. Depending on the grounding inductance the overvoltage limitation level rises up to 20-40%/. It can substantially reduce the protected equipment life time.
{"title":"Dependence of over-voltage level of different voltage class surge arrestors on grounding device parameters. Experimental study and simulation","authors":"Y. Adamian, S. Krivosheev, N. Korovkin, A. E. Monastyrsky, Y. Bocharov, I. S. Kolodkin, P. I. Kuligin, V. Titkov","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779817","url":null,"abstract":"It is demonstrated experimentally at surge protecting device connection to grounding system overvoltage limitation level depends on inductive part of the grounding impedance. Experimental study of resistive-inductive equivalent circuit parameters effect has shown presence of high frequency voltage component with characteristic period 1-3 μs. Depending on the grounding inductance the overvoltage limitation level rises up to 20-40%/. It can substantially reduce the protected equipment life time.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121809490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-01DOI: 10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779919
H. Zha, Wenhui Shi, Jixian Qu, Lin Zhu
Wind power utilization technology by thermal storage heating in demand-side had been studied. The basic principle, system structure, direct and transfer supply connection mode, technical benefits, technical and economic evaluation criteria, peak shaving characteristics, and optimal operating model of the thermal storage heating system were investigated. A simple case analysis based on the optimal model of minimizing wind power abandon electricity shows the effectiveness for wind power utilization. Also, some influence factors and problems for the electric heating system application had been put forward.
{"title":"Study on wind power utilization technology by thermal storage heating in demand-side","authors":"H. Zha, Wenhui Shi, Jixian Qu, Lin Zhu","doi":"10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2016.7779919","url":null,"abstract":"Wind power utilization technology by thermal storage heating in demand-side had been studied. The basic principle, system structure, direct and transfer supply connection mode, technical benefits, technical and economic evaluation criteria, peak shaving characteristics, and optimal operating model of the thermal storage heating system were investigated. A simple case analysis based on the optimal model of minimizing wind power abandon electricity shows the effectiveness for wind power utilization. Also, some influence factors and problems for the electric heating system application had been put forward.","PeriodicalId":117485,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122650146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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