Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2023.2197849
Anchal Garg, N. Gupta, Arvind Kumar
ABSTRACT Background Delhi, the capital city of India has experienced the problem of the great smog during November since a long time. Adverse meteorological conditions, stubble burning, and the celebration of Diwali were considered as the major responsible factors for the smog episodes. This study was designed to identify the concentration and relative risks associated with the exposure of PM2.5 in ambient air of Delhi during the episodic events. Methods 24-h average ambient levels of PM2.5 were procured for the year 2015–2020. Relative risks of cardiopulmonary and lung cancer diseases associated with PM2.5 exposure have been estimated using a probabilistic approach of risk assessment. Findings The average relative risks (2015–2020) for lung cancer mortality (RR 2.15; 95% CI 2.13, 2.17., p < 0.001) were observed higher than cardiopulmonary mortality (RR 1.66; 95% CI 1.65, 1.67., p < 0.001). An attempt has been done to identify the effect of high exposure concentration on relative risks particularly during smog period. The estimated relative risks during November (2016–2018) for lung cancer mortality were ranged as 2.51–2.68 and cardiopulmonary mortality were ranged as 1.85–1.93. Conclusion Such high levels of associated relative risks during such episodes could be considered as an important additive hazard factor for overall mortality burden. Graphical Abstract Highlights PM2.5 produced during smog event has a serious impact on the respiratory and cardiopulmonary health, resulted in increment of relative risks; Relative risks of lung cancer mortality were higher in compare of cardiopulmonary mortality, suggesting more carcinogenic effects of fine particles on human health; The results of the study suggest that there is a strong effect of location, days and burning practices, when estimating air quality.
{"title":"Relative Risks of Cardiopulmonary and Lung Cancer Mortality by PM2.5 Exposure in Ambient Air of Delhi Particularly During Smog Episode","authors":"Anchal Garg, N. Gupta, Arvind Kumar","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2023.2197849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2023.2197849","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Delhi, the capital city of India has experienced the problem of the great smog during November since a long time. Adverse meteorological conditions, stubble burning, and the celebration of Diwali were considered as the major responsible factors for the smog episodes. This study was designed to identify the concentration and relative risks associated with the exposure of PM2.5 in ambient air of Delhi during the episodic events. Methods 24-h average ambient levels of PM2.5 were procured for the year 2015–2020. Relative risks of cardiopulmonary and lung cancer diseases associated with PM2.5 exposure have been estimated using a probabilistic approach of risk assessment. Findings The average relative risks (2015–2020) for lung cancer mortality (RR 2.15; 95% CI 2.13, 2.17., p < 0.001) were observed higher than cardiopulmonary mortality (RR 1.66; 95% CI 1.65, 1.67., p < 0.001). An attempt has been done to identify the effect of high exposure concentration on relative risks particularly during smog period. The estimated relative risks during November (2016–2018) for lung cancer mortality were ranged as 2.51–2.68 and cardiopulmonary mortality were ranged as 1.85–1.93. Conclusion Such high levels of associated relative risks during such episodes could be considered as an important additive hazard factor for overall mortality burden. Graphical Abstract Highlights PM2.5 produced during smog event has a serious impact on the respiratory and cardiopulmonary health, resulted in increment of relative risks; Relative risks of lung cancer mortality were higher in compare of cardiopulmonary mortality, suggesting more carcinogenic effects of fine particles on human health; The results of the study suggest that there is a strong effect of location, days and burning practices, when estimating air quality.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"205 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45897279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2023.2207857
S. Srinivasan, Roshini Josepherson
Abstract Individual wind energy generators and entire wind farms have grown larger in recent times; the larger among the machines are less easily accessible for preventive and corrective maintenance. A large proportion of wind farm assets remain uninsured against fire damage and insurance companies need to come up with effective mechanisms to elicit information relating to the fire risks faced by the underlying assets and then to design and deploy the means to absorbing and diversifying such risks. The present paper offers suggestions to acquire information to bridge the apparent information asymmetry and to defray the associated risks more efficiently.
{"title":"Indemnity Against Wind-Turbine Fires: An Estimate of the Cost of Overcoming Information Asymmetry","authors":"S. Srinivasan, Roshini Josepherson","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2023.2207857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2023.2207857","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Individual wind energy generators and entire wind farms have grown larger in recent times; the larger among the machines are less easily accessible for preventive and corrective maintenance. A large proportion of wind farm assets remain uninsured against fire damage and insurance companies need to come up with effective mechanisms to elicit information relating to the fire risks faced by the underlying assets and then to design and deploy the means to absorbing and diversifying such risks. The present paper offers suggestions to acquire information to bridge the apparent information asymmetry and to defray the associated risks more efficiently.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"223 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41816316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2022.2159316
Calie Gihl, Michael Miller, Matthew Taylor, A. Love
Abstract As the once carbon-fueled world of energy turns to renewables, there is one component which is essential for developing robust and resilient systems: batteries. Through the last two centuries, batteries have been steadily improving in functionality, size, environmental impact, and safety. The market for battery use today is in the multi-hundred billion and anticipated to continue growing with the demand. As this ubiquitous nature of batteries grow – so do the prevalence of the associated risks they pose. The functionality of any battery system is a chemical reaction, and not only are these chemicals potentially toxic, but they are also inherently unstable. Throughout the life cycle of a battery, mismanagement of this delicate yet powerful technology can lead to costly business disruptions, potential harm to human health, or environmental damage. This paper seeks to identify the primary risks at each stage of a battery’s life cycle and understand how such risks are managed for the unique chemistries and operations.
{"title":"Charging Ahead: Understanding the Potential Risks and Management Options for Battery Systems","authors":"Calie Gihl, Michael Miller, Matthew Taylor, A. Love","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2022.2159316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2022.2159316","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As the once carbon-fueled world of energy turns to renewables, there is one component which is essential for developing robust and resilient systems: batteries. Through the last two centuries, batteries have been steadily improving in functionality, size, environmental impact, and safety. The market for battery use today is in the multi-hundred billion and anticipated to continue growing with the demand. As this ubiquitous nature of batteries grow – so do the prevalence of the associated risks they pose. The functionality of any battery system is a chemical reaction, and not only are these chemicals potentially toxic, but they are also inherently unstable. Throughout the life cycle of a battery, mismanagement of this delicate yet powerful technology can lead to costly business disruptions, potential harm to human health, or environmental damage. This paper seeks to identify the primary risks at each stage of a battery’s life cycle and understand how such risks are managed for the unique chemistries and operations.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44509868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2022.2160428
Tal Avrhami
Abstract The textile sector is one of the most environmentally harmful industries in the world. From 1974-2004, trade in textiles was subject to quota-based restrictions that effectively limited global apparel production. Since these quotas were phased out in the early 2000s, global clothing production has roughly doubled. Despite this, there is currently no literature – legal or otherwise – assessing the environmental impacts of such a major change in global trade policy. This paper shows how the textile quota phase-out has enabled the ‘fast fashion’ phenomenon, and exacerbated the environmental consequences that accompany it. In addition, it assesses the legal viability of reintroducing some form of textile quotas under current international trade law. Based on this analysis, it concludes that reforms in trade-related policy and jurisprudence are urgently needed and ultimately inevitable.
{"title":"The Clothes (Un)Make the Man: How the Textile Quota Phase-out Wears-out the Planet","authors":"Tal Avrhami","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2022.2160428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2022.2160428","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The textile sector is one of the most environmentally harmful industries in the world. From 1974-2004, trade in textiles was subject to quota-based restrictions that effectively limited global apparel production. Since these quotas were phased out in the early 2000s, global clothing production has roughly doubled. Despite this, there is currently no literature – legal or otherwise – assessing the environmental impacts of such a major change in global trade policy. This paper shows how the textile quota phase-out has enabled the ‘fast fashion’ phenomenon, and exacerbated the environmental consequences that accompany it. In addition, it assesses the legal viability of reintroducing some form of textile quotas under current international trade law. Based on this analysis, it concludes that reforms in trade-related policy and jurisprudence are urgently needed and ultimately inevitable.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"17 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45634764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2022.2160429
Onyekachi Eni, M. U. Nnam, P. Okoli, E. Unuabonah
Abstract The inability of environmental litigation plaintiffs to discharge the evidential burden of proof imposed on them often frustrate their attempts to obtain remedy for injuries suffered. Scientific evidence is an effective approach to aid victims of pollution ground their claims and help the court determine whether contested facts are proved or not. This article examines the factors that impede the deployment of environmental forensics in litigations affecting Nigeria’s extractive industry and recommends appropriate remedial interventions.
{"title":"Impediments to Environmental Forensics in the Implementation of Polluter Pays Principle in Nigeria’s Extractive Industry","authors":"Onyekachi Eni, M. U. Nnam, P. Okoli, E. Unuabonah","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2022.2160429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2022.2160429","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The inability of environmental litigation plaintiffs to discharge the evidential burden of proof imposed on them often frustrate their attempts to obtain remedy for injuries suffered. Scientific evidence is an effective approach to aid victims of pollution ground their claims and help the court determine whether contested facts are proved or not. This article examines the factors that impede the deployment of environmental forensics in litigations affecting Nigeria’s extractive industry and recommends appropriate remedial interventions.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"52 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42311923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2022.2059211
P. Kumari, A. Kaur, N. Gupta, R. Tanwar, Sudeep Asthana
Abstract The landfill leachate contains high level of heavy metals which ultimately contaminate either groundwater, surface water or both owing to infiltration and surface runoff. These heavy metals have no useful role in human life and may be toxic even at trace concentration and ultimately causes serious health concern. Thus the removal of heavy metals from landfill leachate is necessary and one of the effective ways to minimize the further contamination. In this article Kaolinite is used as an adsorbent to remove lead and copper ions through the batch adsorption process. The maximum removal efficiency of 81.96% was observed for lead and 57.58% for copper with 20 g/l of kaolinite. Thus, it can be observed that kaolinite has a good potential to be used for the removal of heavy metal ions from landfill leachate as it is cost effective, abundant and easily available adsorbent.
{"title":"Removal of Hazardous Lead and Copper Ions from Landfill Leachate Using Kaolinite for Preventing Groundwater Contamination","authors":"P. Kumari, A. Kaur, N. Gupta, R. Tanwar, Sudeep Asthana","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2022.2059211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2022.2059211","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The landfill leachate contains high level of heavy metals which ultimately contaminate either groundwater, surface water or both owing to infiltration and surface runoff. These heavy metals have no useful role in human life and may be toxic even at trace concentration and ultimately causes serious health concern. Thus the removal of heavy metals from landfill leachate is necessary and one of the effective ways to minimize the further contamination. In this article Kaolinite is used as an adsorbent to remove lead and copper ions through the batch adsorption process. The maximum removal efficiency of 81.96% was observed for lead and 57.58% for copper with 20 g/l of kaolinite. Thus, it can be observed that kaolinite has a good potential to be used for the removal of heavy metal ions from landfill leachate as it is cost effective, abundant and easily available adsorbent.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"184 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45549328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-12DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2022.2071537
Urs Broderick Furrer and, Sarah J. Lipnick
Abstract While Electrical vehicles have a place in our future, policy makers and automakers must first acknowledge that current EV technologies negatively impact the environment through resource depletion and water impacts in developing nations, that the minerals needed for current battery technologies are limited, and that there is a lack of consumer demand due to inconvenience and cost. This article focuses on these issues which lawmakers, policymakers, and the automotive industry must address.
{"title":"Electric Vehicles Not Ready for Prime Time","authors":"Urs Broderick Furrer and, Sarah J. Lipnick","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2022.2071537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2022.2071537","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While Electrical vehicles have a place in our future, policy makers and automakers must first acknowledge that current EV technologies negatively impact the environment through resource depletion and water impacts in developing nations, that the minerals needed for current battery technologies are limited, and that there is a lack of consumer demand due to inconvenience and cost. This article focuses on these issues which lawmakers, policymakers, and the automotive industry must address.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"267 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44378299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2021.1932335
Nguyen Thi Xuan Son, Pham Thi Gam
Abstract With the advantage of a coastline of more than 3000 km, Vietnam has an advantage in the development of offshore wind. In recent years, the Vietnamese government has issued many policies that promote wind power development. To advance such development, Vietnam has also promulgated regulations related to environmental impact assessment. This article will provide an update on the current Vietnamese legal and policy framework applying to the development of offshore wind power, as well as Vietnamese regulations on the assessment of environmental impact in order to guarantee sustainable wind development.
{"title":"Vietnam’s Policy for Promoting Offshore Wind Power and Environmental Impact Assessment","authors":"Nguyen Thi Xuan Son, Pham Thi Gam","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2021.1932335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2021.1932335","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the advantage of a coastline of more than 3000 km, Vietnam has an advantage in the development of offshore wind. In recent years, the Vietnamese government has issued many policies that promote wind power development. To advance such development, Vietnam has also promulgated regulations related to environmental impact assessment. This article will provide an update on the current Vietnamese legal and policy framework applying to the development of offshore wind power, as well as Vietnamese regulations on the assessment of environmental impact in order to guarantee sustainable wind development.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"156 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2021.1932335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60086340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2022.2047430
N. Khatri, Krutarth Raval, A. K. Jha, Maithri Tharmavaram, Dr. Deepak Rawtani
Abstract The study is focused on the seasonal assessments of riverine water quality and the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates community at Mahisagar river, India. 27 physiochemical indicators and benthic macroinvertebrates community were identified as per aquatic ecological health criteria to evaluate water quality. Indices like Margalef’s species richness Fisher’s alpha diversity, Saprobic score, Diversity score were calculated to understand the effect of seasonal changes on the pollution tolerance levels of benthic macroinvertebrates. PCA was performed for identifying major pollutants. Applications of such statistical tools and scores, a solution toward the sustainable management of the ecological health of a river can be developed. Graphical Abstract Highlights Impact of seasonal variation on macrobenthos and physicochemical status was assessed. 22 samples were collected during the pre- & post-monsoon season from 11 locations. 4 biological indices were applied for analysis of macrobenthos. PCA was also employed for the identification of influencing pollution components
{"title":"Impact of Seasonal Changes in the Abundance of Benthic Macroinvertebrates & Physico-Chemical Conditions of a Major River in Western India","authors":"N. Khatri, Krutarth Raval, A. K. Jha, Maithri Tharmavaram, Dr. Deepak Rawtani","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2022.2047430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2022.2047430","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study is focused on the seasonal assessments of riverine water quality and the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates community at Mahisagar river, India. 27 physiochemical indicators and benthic macroinvertebrates community were identified as per aquatic ecological health criteria to evaluate water quality. Indices like Margalef’s species richness Fisher’s alpha diversity, Saprobic score, Diversity score were calculated to understand the effect of seasonal changes on the pollution tolerance levels of benthic macroinvertebrates. PCA was performed for identifying major pollutants. Applications of such statistical tools and scores, a solution toward the sustainable management of the ecological health of a river can be developed. Graphical Abstract Highlights Impact of seasonal variation on macrobenthos and physicochemical status was assessed. 22 samples were collected during the pre- & post-monsoon season from 11 locations. 4 biological indices were applied for analysis of macrobenthos. PCA was also employed for the identification of influencing pollution components","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"157 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42071533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-18DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2021.2010892
Jacob Elkin
Abstract For the past two decades, the Department of Homeland Security has housed both the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). This article discusses two ways that DHS’s structure has impaired FEMA’s ability to equitably provide disaster aid: the historical refusal to guarantee undocumented people that FEMA would not share their information within DHS for removal purposes, and DHS’s reprogramming of appropriated funds from FEMA to ICE. This article frames these issues in the context of climate change, arguing for legislative solutions to ensure that ICE’s immigration enforcement functions do not overwhelm FEMA’s disaster relief mission.
{"title":"The Climate Justice Implications of Co-Locating FEMA and ICE within DHS","authors":"Jacob Elkin","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2021.2010892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2021.2010892","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For the past two decades, the Department of Homeland Security has housed both the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). This article discusses two ways that DHS’s structure has impaired FEMA’s ability to equitably provide disaster aid: the historical refusal to guarantee undocumented people that FEMA would not share their information within DHS for removal purposes, and DHS’s reprogramming of appropriated funds from FEMA to ICE. This article frames these issues in the context of climate change, arguing for legislative solutions to ensure that ICE’s immigration enforcement functions do not overwhelm FEMA’s disaster relief mission.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"281 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48044375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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